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116-845: GroenLinks ( Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrunˈlɪŋks] , lit.   ' GreenLeft ' ) is a green political party in the Netherlands . It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four left-wing parties: the Communist Party of the Netherlands , the Pacifist Socialist Party , the Political Party of Radicals and the Evangelical People's Party , which shared left-wing and progressive ideals and had previously co-operated in

232-573: A book in which discussed in detail how she had taken part in the Iranian Revolution , because this information was already known by the party board this did not lead to any upheaval. In November 2005, the party board asked Senator Sam Pormes to give up his seat. Continuing rumours about his involvement with guerrilla-training in Yemen in the 1970s and the 1977 train hijacking by Moluccan youth and allegations of welfare fraud were harmful for

348-542: A combination with Leoni Sipkes (former PSP); there were also five individual candidates, including Wim de Boer (former chair of the PPR and member of the Senate ), Herman Meijer (former CPN, future chair of the party) and Ineke van Gent (former PSP and future MP). Some candidates ran in duos because they wanted to combine family life with politics. Brouwer, Rosenmöller and Sipkes already were MPs for GroenLinks, whilst Rabbae

464-414: A dual lead candidacy did not communicate well to the voters. GroenLinks lost one seat, leaving only five. Yet in the same election, the centre-left Labour Party also lost a lot of seats. After the disappointing elections, Brouwer left parliament. She was replaced as party leader by Paul Rosenmöller and her seat was taken by Tara Singh Varma . The charismatic Rosenmöller became the "unofficial leader" of

580-428: A job or education. If at the end of the year one should not succeed in finding a job, the government will offer one a job for the minimum wage . In order to create more employment, they want to implement the green tax shift which will lower taxes on lower paid labour. This would be compensated by higher taxes on pollution. In order to increase prospects for the underprivileged, it wants to invest in education, especially

696-530: A merger with that party; they participated in the 2023 Dutch Senate election as one. GroenLinks and the Labour Party announced in 2023 that they would also participate as one, GroenLinks–PvdA , in the general elections of 2023 , as members of both parties voted in favour of an alliance. The party combines green and left-wing ideals. The core ideals of GroenLinks are codified in the party's programme of principles (called Partij voor de Toekomst , "Party for

812-492: A motion "We want to choose". They wanted a serious choice for such an important office. The party's board announced a new electoral procedure. During the congress Kathalijne Buitenweg , an MEP and candidate, announced wish to be considered for the position of top candidate. She narrowly won the elections from Lagendijk. This came as a great surprise to all. Especially for Buitenweg who had not written an acceptance speech and read out Lagendijk's. In May 2005, MP Farah Karimi wrote

928-411: A new lead candidate for the 2009 European elections . There were five candidates for this position: Amsterdam city councillor Judith Sargentini , former MEP Alexander de Roo , senator Tineke Strik , environmental researcher Bas Eickhout and Niels van den Berge assistant of MEP Buitenweg. In an internal referendum Sargentini was elected. The party congress put Eickhout on a second position on

1044-541: A peace force, with the functions of NATO to be taken over by the European Union and the United Nations. GroenLinks wants to solve environmental problems, especially climate change , by stimulating durable alternatives. The party wants to use taxes and emissions trading to stimulate alternative energy as an alternative to both fossil fuel and nuclear plants . It wants to close all nuclear plants in

1160-563: A political talent who had left the Labour Party for GroenLinks in 1997. The party began to speculate openly about joining government after the elections of 2002. The 1999 Kosovo War divided the party internally. The parliamentary party in the House of Representatives supported the NATO intervention, while the Senate parliamentary party was against the intervention. Several former PSP members within

1276-407: A progressive Christian party, and the progressive Christian Evangelical People's Party . These four parties were frequently classified as "small left"; to indicate their marginal existence. In the 1972 general election , these parties won sixteen seats (out of 150); in the 1977 general election , they only won six. From that moment on, members and voters began to argue for close cooperation. From

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1392-846: A report. The four Federations of Green Parties issued a message to FARC. Ingrid Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian military in Operation Jaque in 2008. Separately from the Global Green Gatherings, Global Green Meetings take place. For instance, one took place on the fringe of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Green Parties attended from Australia, Taiwan, Korea, South Africa, Mauritius, Uganda, Cameroon, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Norway,

1508-695: A result, Green Parties all over the world have organized, pressing their governments to bring pressure to bear. For example, Green Parties in African countries, Austria, Canada, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, France, Scotland, Sweden and other countries have launched campaigns calling for Betancourt's release. Bob Brown , the leader of the Australian Greens , went to Colombia, as did an envoy from the European Federation, Alain Lipietz , who issued

1624-525: A single issue where Greens can appeal to ordinary citizens' concerns. In Germany, for example, the Greens' early opposition to nuclear power won them their first successes in the federal elections. There is a growing level of global cooperation between Green parties. Global gatherings of Green Parties now happen. The first Planetary Meeting of Greens was held 30–31 May 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, immediately preceding

1740-576: A split in the CPN; and the subsequent founding of the League of Communists in the Netherlands in 1982. In 1983, a group of "deep" Greens split from the PPR to found The Greens . The CPN and the PPR wanted to form an electoral alliance with the PSP for the 1986 elections. This led to a crisis within the PSP, in which chair of the parliamentary party ( Fractievoorzitter ) Fred van der Spek , who opposed cooperation,

1856-729: A state-level Cabinet in 1995. The German Greens followed, forming a government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the " Red-Green Alliance ") from 1998 to 2005. In 2001, they reached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power in Germany, and agreed to remain in coalition and support the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the 2001 Afghan War . This put them at odds with many Greens worldwide, but demonstrated that they were capable of difficult political tradeoffs. In Latvia, Indulis Emsis , leader of

1972-765: A statement by the US Green Party on the Israel-Palestine conflict. Thirdly, Global Green Gatherings are an opportunity for informal networking, from which joint campaigning may arise. For example, a campaign to protect the New Caledonian coral reef, by getting it nominated for World Heritage Status: a joint campaign by the New Caledonia Green Party, New Caledonian indigenous leaders, the French Green Party , and

2088-727: A variety of sources, from the values of indigenous peoples , to the ethics of Mahatma Gandhi , Baruch Spinoza , and Jakob von Uexküll . These people influenced green thought in their advocacy of long-term seventh generation foresight, and on the personal responsibility of every individual to make moral choices. Unease about adverse consequences of human actions on nature predates the modern concept of environmentalism . Social commentators as far apart as ancient Rome and China complained of air, water and noise pollution . The philosophical roots of environmentalism can be traced back to enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau in France, and later

2204-410: Is a matter of debate. As the left-wing green political philosophy developed, there also came into separate existence opposite movements on the right-wing that include ecological components such as eco-capitalism and green conservatism . Adherents to green politics tend to consider it to be part of a higher worldview and not simply a political ideology. Green politics draws its ethical stance from

2320-483: Is able to stop working earlier than if one starts working when one is older. Receiving unemployment or disability benefits is counted as work, as is caring for children or family members. The system of mortgage interest deductions should be abolished over a forty-year period. International cooperation is an important theme for the party. This includes development cooperation with underdeveloped countries. GroenLinks wants to increase spending on development aid to 0.8% of

2436-517: Is an undogmatic party. The election manifesto for the 2010 elections was adopted in April of that year. It was titled Klaar voor de Toekomst ("Prepared for the Future"). The manifesto emphasises international cooperation, welfare state reform, environmental policy and social tolerance. GroenLinks considers itself a " social reform party", which aims to reform the government finances and increase

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2552-704: Is composed of three representatives from each Green Party. A companion organization was set up by the same resolution: Global Green Coordination (GGC). This is composed of three representatives from each Federation (Africa, Europe, The Americas, Asia/Pacific, see below). Discussion of the planned organization took place in several Green Parties prior to the Canberra meeting. The GGC communicates chiefly by email. Any agreement by it has to be by unanimity of its members. It may identify possible global campaigns to propose to Green Parties worldwide. The GGC may endorse statements by individual Green Parties. For example, it endorsed

2668-451: Is considered a threat to well-being, which will replace natural environments and local cultures with a single trade economy, termed the global economic monoculture . This is not a universal policy of greens, as green liberals and green conservatives support a regulated free market economy with additional measures to advance sustainable development . Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health and biodiversity , an issue outside

2784-665: Is critical about the current policies of the European Commission . It favoured the European Constitution , but after it was voted down in the 2005 referendum , GroenLinks advocated a new treaty which emphasised democracy and subsidiarity . The party is critical about the war on terror . It wants to strengthen the peacekeeping powers of the United Nations and reform the Dutch armed forces into

2900-546: Is crucial that citizens play a direct role in the decisions that influence their lives and their environment. Therefore, green politics seeks to increase the role of deliberative democracy , based on direct citizen involvement and consensus decision making , wherever it is feasible. Green politics also encourages political action on the individual level, such as ethical consumerism , or buying things that are made according to environmentally ethical standards. Indeed, many green parties emphasize individual and grassroots action at

3016-413: Is hypocritical to ask for divestment without a boycott and that a boycott would be more effective. Some institutions that are leading by example in the academic area are Stanford University , Syracuse University , Sterling College and over 20 more. A number of cities, counties and religious institutions have also joined the movement to divest. Green politics mostly opposes nuclear fission power and

3132-900: Is not to be confused with the unrelated fact that in some far-right and fascist parties, nationalism has on occasion been tied into a sort of green politics which promotes environmentalism as a form of pride in the "motherland" according to a minority of authors. In June 1970, a Dutch group called Kabouters won 5 of the 45 seats on the Amsterdam Gemeenteraad (City Council), as well as two seats each on councils in The Hague and Leeuwarden and one seat apiece in Arnhem , Alkmaar and Leiden . The Kabouters were an outgrowth of Provo 's environmental White Plans and they proposed "Groene Plannen" ("Green Plans"). The first political party to be created with its basis in environmental issues

3248-605: Is the Irish Green Party 's commitment to the preservation of the Irish Language. Some of the green movement has focused on divesting in fossil fuels. Academics Stand Against Poverty states "it is paradoxical for universities to remain invested in fossil fuel companies". Thomas Pogge says that the fossil fuel divestment movement can increase political pressure at events like the international climate change conference (COP). Alex Epstein of Forbes notes that it

3364-456: Is the freedom of citizens from government influence; she applies this concept especially to the multicultural society and the rechtsstaat , where the government should protect the rights of citizens and not limit them. Positive freedom is the emancipation of citizens from poverty and discrimination. Halsema wants to apply this concept to welfare state and the environment where government should take more action. According to Halsema, GroenLinks

3480-527: The 2006 Dutch municipal election , the party stayed relatively stable, losing only a few seats. After the elections GroenLinks took part in 75 local executives, including Amsterdam where MP Marijke Vos became an alderwoman. In preparation of the 2006 general election the party held a congress in October. It elected Halsema, again the only candidate, as the party's top candidate. MEP Kathalijne Buitenweg and comedian Vincent Bijlo were last candidates . In

3596-461: The 2012 election , before increasing to 14 in 2017 and falling back to 8 in 2021 . After the 2021 general election, the party intensified cooperation with the Labour Party (PvdA) in an alliance called GroenLinks–PvdA . The two parties participated in the 2023 general election with a joint candidate list, and currently have a joint parliamentary group of 25 seats. Despite the fact that

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3712-472: The 2016 Austrian presidential election , making him the second green head of state worldwide and the first directly elected by popular vote. Van der Bellen placed second in the election's first round with 21.3% of the vote, the best result for the Austrian Greens in their history. He won the second-round run-off against the far-right Freedom Party 's Norbert Hofer with 53.8% of the votes, making him

3828-540: The 2017 general election . The party entered coalition talks with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , the Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 , but the talks failed after Klaver demanded more refugees to be accepted. GroenLinks lost the 2021 general election , and combined with the Labour Party during the subsequent government formation . There have been discussions about

3944-662: The Asia-Pacific Green Network . The member parties of the Global Greens are organised into four continental federations: The European Federation of Green Parties formed itself as the European Green Party on 22 February 2004, in the run-up to European Parliament elections in June 2004, a further step in trans-national integration. Green movements are calling for social change to reduce

4060-737: The Australian Greens . Another example concerns Ingrid Betancourt , the leader of the Green Party in Colombia , the Green Oxygen Party ( Partido Verde Oxigeno ). Ingrid Betancourt and the party's Campaign Manager, Claire Rojas, were kidnapped by a hard-line faction of FARC on 7 March 2002, while travelling in FARC-controlled territory. Betancourt had spoken at the Canberra Gathering, making many friends. As

4176-639: The Christian Democratic Appeal , the largest party of the Dutch centre-right . During its period in parliament, 1982–1986, it had trouble positioning itself between the small left parties (PSP, PPR and CPN), the PvdA and the CDA. The increasingly close cooperation between PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP, and the ideological change that accompanied it was not without internal dissent within the parties. The ideological change that CPN made from official communism to ' reformism ' led to

4292-399: The Communist Party of the Netherlands from the socialist and communist traditions. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, the parties had come to embrace environmentalism and feminism ; they all favoured democratisation of society and had opposed the creation of new nuclear plants and the placement of new nuclear weapons in the Netherlands . Halsema, the former political leader of

4408-530: The Constitution . GroenLinks values individual freedom and the rule of law . The party wants to legalise soft drugs . It wants to protect civil rights on the Internet by extending constitutional protection for free communication to email and other modern technologies. It also favours a reform of copyright to allow non-commercial reproduction and the use of open-source software in the public sector. In

4524-656: The Green Party of Canada in 1983 (the Ontario Greens and British Columbia Greens were also formed that year). Green Party of Canada leader Elizabeth May was the instigator and one of the candidates of the Small Party and she was eventually elected as a member of the Green Party in 2011 Canadian federal election . In Finland, the Green League became the first European Green Party to form part of

4640-499: The House of Representatives because she wanted more private time. Peter Lankhorst replaced her as chair ad interim, but he announced that he would not take part in the internal elections. Before the general election of 1994 , GroenLinks organised an internal election on the party's political leadership. Two duos entered: Ina Brouwer (former CPN) combined with Mohammed Rabbae (independent), while Paul Rosenmöller (independent) formed

4756-500: The New Communist Party in the same year. In 1991, the congresses of the four founding parties (PSP, PPR, CPN and EVP) decided to officially abolish their parties. GroenLinks had considerable problems formulating its own ideology. In 1990, the attempt to write the first manifesto of principles failed because of the difference between socialists and communists on the one side and the more liberal former PPR members on

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4872-550: The Rainbow coalition for the 1989 European Parliament election . After disappointing results in the 1989 and 1994 general elections , the nascent party fared particularly well in the 1998 and 2002 elections under the leadership of Paul Rosenmöller , who came to be seen as the unofficial Leader of the Opposition against the first Kok cabinet , a purple government . The party's number of seats fell from 10 to 4 seats in

4988-664: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held there. More than 200 Greens from 28 nations attended. The first formal Global Greens Gathering took place in Canberra , in 2001, with more than 800 Greens from 72 countries in attendance. The second Global Green Congress was held in São Paulo, Brazil, in May 2008, when 75 parties were represented. Global Green networking dates back to 1990. Following

5104-481: The United States "call for an end to the ' War on Drugs '" and "for the decriminalization of victimless crimes ", they also call for developing "a firm approach to law enforcement that directly addresses violent crime, including trafficking in hard drugs". In Europe, some green parties have tended to support the creation of a democratic federal Europe , while others have opposed European integration . In

5220-572: The conservation , environmental , feminist and peace movements . In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with civil liberties , social justice, nonviolence, sometimes variants of localism and tends to support social progressivism . Green party platforms are largely considered left in the political spectrum . The green ideology has connections with various other ecocentric political ideologies, including ecofeminism , eco-socialism and green anarchism , but to what extent these can be seen as forms of green politics

5336-442: The free market system, with some modification, is capable of addressing ecological problems. This belief is documented in the business experiences of eco-capitalists in the book, The Gort Cloud that describes the gort cloud as the green community that supports eco-friendly businesses. Since the beginning, green politics has emphasized local, grassroots -level political activity and decision-making. According to its adherents, it

5452-634: The gross national product . It wants to open the European markets to goods from Third World countries, under conditions of fair trade . In order to ensure free and fair trade, it wants to increase and democratise international economic organisations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . The party also favours greater international control over financial markets. GroenLinks favours European integration , but

5568-605: The pacifism of some of its predecessors: GroenLinks would support peacekeeping missions as long as they were mandated by the United Nations . In the fall of 1990, MEP Verbeek announced that he would not, as he had promised, leave the European Parliament after two-and-a-half years to make room for a new candidate. He would continue as an independent and remain in parliament until 1994. In the 1994 European elections , he would run unsuccessfully as top candidate of The Greens . In 1992, party leader Ria Beckers left

5684-451: The principles of her party . She emphasised individual freedom, tolerance , self-realisation and emancipation . In one interview she called her party "the last liberal party of the Netherlands" This led to considerable attention of media and other observers, which speculated about an ideological change. In 2005 the party's scientific bureau published the book "Vrijheid als Ideaal" ("Freedom as Ideal") in which prominent opinion-makers explored

5800-419: The vmbo (middle-level vocational education). In order to ensure that migrants have a better chance for jobs, it wants to deal firmly with discrimination, especially on the labour market . The party wants to decrease income differences by making child benefits . The party favours reform of government pensions : after 45 years of employment, one should get the right to a pension. If one starts working young, one

5916-559: The 1980s onwards, the four parties started to cooperate in municipal and provincial elections. As fewer seats are available in these representations, a higher percentage of votes is required to gain a seat. In the 1984 European election , the PPR, CPN and PSP formed the Green Progressive Accord that entered as one into the European elections . They gained one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party-members of

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6032-448: The 1990 elections separately, the pressure to cooperate increased. In 1989, the PPR, CPN and PSP entered the 1989 European Parliament election with a single list, called the Rainbow . Joost Lagendijk and Leo Platvoet , both PSP party board members, initiated an internal referendum in which the members of the PSP declared to support leftwing cooperation (70% in favour; 64% of all members voting). Their initiative for left-wing cooperation

6148-473: The 1998 elections. Before the 2003 general election Rosenmöller left parliament, citing the ongoing threats against his life and those of his family as the main reason. He was replaced as chair of the parliamentary party and top candidate by Femke Halsema . She was unable to keep ten seats and lost two. In 2003, GroenLinks almost unanimously turned against the Iraq War . It took part in the protests against

6264-498: The 2006 elections the party lost one seat. In the subsequent cabinet formation , an initial exploratory round among the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Labour Party (PvdA) and Socialist Party (SP) failed, Halsema announced that GroenLinks would not be involved in further discussion at that point in time, as the party lost, was too small, and had less in common with CDA than the SP had. Following this decision an internal debate about

6380-404: The Future"). The party places itself in the freedom-loving tradition of the left. Its principles include: The party's principles reflect the ideological convergence between the four founding parties which came from different ideological traditions: the Political Party of Radicals and the Evangelical People's Party , from a progressive Christian tradition; and the Pacifist Socialist Party and

6496-586: The German state of Baden-Württenburg , the Green Party became the leader of the coalition with the Social Democrats after finishing second in the 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election . In the following state election, 2016 , the Green Party became the strongest party for the first time in a German Landtag . In 2016, the former leader of the Austrian Greens (1997 to 2008), Alexander Van der Bellen , officially running as an independent, won

6612-545: The Green Party and part of the Union of Greens and Farmers , an alliance of a Nordic agrarian party and the Green Party, was Prime Minister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, making him the first Green politician to lead a country in the history of the world. In 2015, Emsis' party colleague, Raimonds Vējonis , was elected President of Latvia by the Latvian parliament. Vējonis became the first green head of state worldwide. In

6728-472: The Green Party in Finland has come out against its previous anti-nuclear stance and has stated that addressing global warming in the next 20 years is impossible without expanding nuclear power. These officials have proposed using nuclear-generated heat to heat buildings by replacing the use of coal and biomass to reach zero-emission outputs by 2040. Green ideology emphasizes participatory democracy and

6844-451: The House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. A compromise was found: GroenLinks would support the intervention as long as it limited itself to military targets. Prominent members of the founding parties including Marcus Bakker and Joop Vogt left the party over this issue. In February 2001, Roel van Duijn and a few former members of The Greens joined GroenLinks. In 2001,

6960-590: The Maritimes when 11 independent candidates (including one in Montreal and one in Toronto) ran in the 1980 federal election under the banner of the Small Party. Inspired by Schumacher's Small is Beautiful, the Small Party candidates ran for the expressed purpose of putting forward an anti-nuclear platform in that election. It was not registered as an official party, but some participants in that effort went on to form

7076-457: The Ministry of Economic Affairs in order to steal plans for nuclear power plants. This led to his resignation on 14 August, after media reported that the burglary also led to threats against civil servants . He was replaced by Jolande Sap . In 2008, MEPs Joost Lagendijk and Kathalijne Buitenweg announced that they would not seek a new term in the European Parliament. The party had to elect

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7192-588: The Netherlands and impose a tax on the use of coal in energy production, in order to discourage the building of new coal-based power plants. Moreover, it wants to stimulate energy saving . It wants to invest in clean public transport , as an alternative to private transport. Investments in public transport can be financed by not expanding highways and imposing tolls on the use of roads (called rekeningrijden ). The party wants to stimulate organic farming through taxes as an alternative to industrial agriculture . Moreover, GroenLinks wants to codify animal rights in

7308-443: The Planetary Meeting of Greens in Rio de Janeiro , a Global Green Steering Committee was created, consisting of two seats for each continent. In 1993 this Global Steering Committee met in Mexico City and authorized the creation of a Global Green Network including a Global Green Calendar, Global Green Bulletin, and Global Green Directory. The Directory was issued in several editions in the next years. In 1996, 69 Green Parties from around

7424-464: The UK came into existence. The German Green Party was not the first Green Party in Europe to have members elected nationally but the impression was created that they had been, because they attracted the most media attention: The German Greens , contended in their first national election in the 1980 federal election . They started as a provisional coalition of civic groups and political campaigns which, together, felt their interests were not expressed by

7540-474: The US, Mexico and Chile. The Global Green Meeting discussed the situation of Green Parties on the African continent; heard a report from Mike Feinstein , former mayor of Santa Monica , about setting up a web site of the GGN; discussed procedures for the better working of the GGC; and decided two topics on which the Global Greens could issue statements in the near future: Iraq and the 2003 WTO meeting in Cancun. Affiliated members in Asia, Pacific and Oceania form

7656-427: The announcement that elections would be held in the autumn of that year. This time the EVP was included in the discussion. The PPR was represented for a short while by an informal delegation led by former chair Wim de Boer , because the party board did not want to be seen re-entering the negotiations it had left only a short while earlier. In the summer of 1989, the party congresses of all four parties accepted to enter

7772-413: The author and naturalist Thoreau in America. Organised environmentalism began in late 19th-century Europe and the United States, as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution with its emphasis on unbridled economic expansion. "Green politics" first began as conservation and preservation movements, such as the Sierra Club , founded in San Francisco in 1892. Left-green platforms of the form that make up

7888-449: The board and the parliamentary party and stimulate the process of merger. In this council, all five groups – CPN, PPR, PSP, EVP and the Vereniging Groen Links – had seats on ratio of the number of their members. Originally, the three youth organisations, the CPN-linked General Dutch Youth League , the PSP-linked Pacifist Socialist Young Working Groups and the PPR-linked Political Party of Radical Youth refused to merge, but under pressure of

8004-504: The buildup of persistent organic pollutants , supporting adherence to the precautionary principle , by which technologies are rejected unless they can be proven to not cause significant harm to the health of living things or the biosphere . Green platforms generally favor tariffs on fossil fuels , restricting genetically modified organisms , and protections for ecoregions or communities . The Green Party supports phasing out of nuclear power, coal, and incineration of waste. However,

8120-418: The conventional parties. After contesting the 1979 European elections they held a conference which identified Four Pillars of the Green Party which all groups in the original alliance could agree as the basis of a common Party platform: welding these groups together as a single Party. This statement of principles has since been utilised by many Green Parties around the world. It was this party that first coined

8236-565: The election and participated in the formation talks of a Green/ Purple government . Halsema resigned as party leader when these talks failed and was succeeded by Jolande Sap . In the 2012 general election , GroenLinks lost six seats and was left with four out of 150 seats. Following the disappointing result, Sap was forced to resign as party leader and was succeeded by Bram van Ojik , who in turn handed his position to Jesse Klaver in 2015. Under Klaver's leadership, GroenLinks gradually rose in polls before climbing to an all-time high of 14 seats in

8352-428: The elections with a shared programme and list of candidates. Additionally, the association GroenLinks (Dutch: Vereniging GroenLinks ; VGL) was set up to allow sympathisers, not member of any of the four parties to join. Meanwhile, the European elections of 1989 were held, in which the same group of parties had entered as a single list under the name " Rainbow ". In practice, the merger of the parties had now happened and

8468-582: The environment. Greens want governments to stop subsidizing companies that waste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidies that Greens refer to as "dirty subsidies". Some currents of green politics place automobile and agribusiness subsidies in this category, as they may harm human health. On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that are seen to encourage both producers and consumers to make ecologically friendly choices. Many aspects of green economics could be considered anti-globalist . According to many left-wing greens, economic globalization

8584-865: The first president of Austria who was not backed by either the People's Party or the Social Democratic Party. According to Derek Wall , a prominent British green proponent, there are four pillars that define green politics: In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence in the United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten Key Values, which further included: In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an international green movement. The Global Greens Charter identified six guiding principles: Green economics focuses on

8700-419: The four parties also encountered each other in grassroots extraparliamentary protest against nuclear energy and nuclear weapons . More than 80% of the members of the PSP, CPN and PPR attended at least one of the two mass protests against the placement of nuclear weapons , which took place in 1981 and 1983. The Evangelical People's Party was a relatively new party, founded in 1981, as a splinter group from

8816-421: The fourth place. In the elections, the party doubled its seats in comparison to 1986 (from three to six), but the expectations had been much higher. In the 1990 municipal elections, the party fared much better, strengthening the resolve to cooperate. In the period 1989–1991, the merger developed further. A board was organised for the party-in-foundation and also a 'GroenLinks Council', which was supposed to control

8932-657: The globe and have achieved some electoral success. The political term green was used initially in relation to die Grünen (German for "the Greens"), a green party formed in the late 1970s. The term political ecology is sometimes used in academic circles, but it has come to represent an interdisciplinary field of study as the academic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrating ecological social sciences with political economy in topics such as degradation and marginalization, environmental conflict , conservation and control and environmental identities and social movements. Supporters of green politics share many ideas with

9048-461: The government (who controlled their subsidies) they did merge to form DWARS . In 1990, some opposition formed against the moderate, green course of GroenLinks. Several former PSP members united in the "Left Forum" in 1992 – they would leave the party to join former PSP-leader Van der Spek to found the PSP'92 . Similarly, former members of the CPN joined the League of Communists in the Netherlands to found

9164-460: The green parties today draw terminology from the science of ecology , and policy from environmentalism , deep ecology , feminism , pacifism , anarchism , libertarian socialism , libertarian possibilism , social democracy , eco-socialism , and/or social ecology or green libertarianism . In the 1970s, as these movements grew in influence, green politics arose as a new philosophy which synthesized their goals. The Green Party political movement

9280-444: The importance of the health of the biosphere to human well-being . Consequently, most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tends to emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecological health; the " full cost " of economic growth often includes damage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable according to green politics. Green economics considers such growth to be " uneconomic growth "— material increase that nonetheless lowers

9396-458: The income requirements for marriage migration. Green politics Green politics , or ecopolitics , is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in environmentalism , nonviolence , social justice and grassroots democracy . It began taking shape in the western world in the 1970s; since then green parties have developed and established themselves in many countries around

9512-550: The integrity of former MP Tara Singh Varma came into doubt: it was revealed that she had lied about her illness and that she had made promises to development organisations which she did not fulfill. In 2000, she had left parliament because as she claimed, she had only a few months to live before she would die of cancer. The TROS program "Opgelicht" (In English "Framed") revealed that she had lied and that she did not have cancer. Later, she apologised on public television and claimed she suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder . In

9628-529: The list. On 18 April 2010, the party congress composed the list of candidates for the 2010 general election . Two sitting MPs Ineke van Gent and Femke Halsema were granted dispensation to stand for a fourth term. Halsema was re-elected as party leader. Van Gent was put as fifth on the party list. All of the first five candidates were sitting MPs and four were women. Their other high newcomers were former Greenpeace director Liesbeth van Tongeren and chairman of CNV youth Jesse Klaver . The party won 10 seats in

9744-596: The local and regional levels over electoral politics . Historically, green parties have grown at the local level, gradually gaining influence and spreading to regional or provincial politics, only entering the national arena when there is a strong network of local support. In addition, many greens believe that governments should not levy taxes against strictly local production and trade. Some Greens advocate new ways of organizing authority to increase local control, including urban secession , bioregional democracy , and co-operative/local stakeholder ownership. Although Greens in

9860-499: The local press, some by translating it for their web site, some by incorporating it into their manifesto, some by incorporating it into their constitution. This process is taking place gradually, with online dialogue enabling parties to say where they are up to with this process. The Gatherings also agree on organizational matters. The first Gathering voted unanimously to set up the Global Green Network (GGN). The GGN

9976-416: The long term, it seeks to abolish the monarchy and create a republic . It also favours a reduction of the size of the government bureaucracy, for instance by decreasing the number of Dutch ministries and abolishing the Senate . Finally, GroenLinks favours liberal immigration and asylum policies. It wants to empower victims of human trafficking by giving them a residence permit and it wants to abolish

10092-432: The misuse of natural resources. These include grassroots non-governmental organizations like Greenpeace and green parties: Green Progressive Accord The parties entered in the 1984 European Parliament elections with a common list. The alliance won 2 seats, one was taken by Bram van der Lek (PSP) and another by Herman Verbeek (PPR). Five years later the Political Party of Radicals (PPR) , Communist Party of

10208-598: The new political space and the position of the left within that space. During the congress of February 2007 the party board was ordered to organise a party-wide discussion about the party's principles. During the European Elections congress of 2004, the candidacy committee proposed that the chair of the GroenLinks delegation, Joost Lagendijk , should become the party's lead candidate in those elections. A group of members, led by Senator Leo Platvoet submitted

10324-546: The opposition against the first Kok cabinet because the largest opposition party, the Christian Democratic Appeal , was unable to adapt well to its new role as opposition party. Rosenmöller set out a new strategy: GroenLinks should offer alternatives instead of only rejecting the proposals made by the government. In the 1998 general election , GroenLinks more than doubled its seats to eleven. The charisma of "unofficial leader" Rosenmöller played an important role in this. Many new faces entered parliament, including Femke Halsema ,

10440-467: The other side. The second manifesto of principles – which was not allowed to be called that – was adopted after a lengthy debate and many amendments in 1991. Although the party was internally divided, the GroenLinks parliamentary party was the only party in the Dutch parliament which opposed the Gulf War . A debate within the party about the role military intervention led to a more-nuanced standpoint than

10556-617: The overall quality of life. Green economics inherently takes a longer-term perspective than conventional economics, because such a loss in quality of life is often delayed. According to green economics, the present generation should not borrow from future generations, but rather attempt to achieve what Tim Jackson calls "prosperity without growth". Some Greens refer to productivism , consumerism and scientism as "grey", as contrasted with "green", economic views. "Grey" approaches focus on behavioral changes. Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economic policies designed to safeguard

10672-418: The parliamentary party changed its position: the attacks should be cancelled. The 2002 general election was characterised by changes in the political climate. The right-wing populist political commentator Pim Fortuyn entered into politics. He had an anti-establishment message, combined with a call for restrictions on immigration . Although his critique was oriented at the second Kok cabinet , Rosenmöller

10788-405: The party GroenLinks was officially founded on 24 November 1990. In the 1989 elections , the PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP entered in the elections with one single list called Groen Links. In the Netherlands, parties usually participate in the elections with one list for the whole country. The candidates on top of the list get the priority for the distribution of seats won. The GroenLinks list of candidates

10904-479: The party board has set up a commission led by former MP and chair of the PPR Bram van Ojik . They looked into the lost series of elections. In the summer of 2007 another committee was formed to organise a larger debate about the course of the party's principles, organisation and strategy. Van Ojik also led this committee. The committee implemented a motion already adopted by the party's congress in 2006 to re-evaluate

11020-707: The party does not want to defend the current welfare state – which the party calls "powerless", because it merely offers the worst-off a benefit rather than prospects for work. The party wants to reform the Dutch welfare state so it will benefit "outsiders" – those who have been excluded from the welfare state until now. To increase employment, the GroenLinks proposes a participation contract, where unemployment recipients sign an agreement with their local council to become involved in volunteer work, schooling, or work experience projects – for which they get paid minimum wage. The unemployment benefit should be increased and limited to one year. In this period, people would have to look for

11136-409: The party's principle in light of the party's course started by Halsema in 2004. Over the course of 2007 and 2008 the committee organised an internal debate about the party's principles, organisation and strategy. In November 2008 this led to the adoption of a new manifesto of principles. In August 2008, GroenLinks parliamentarian Wijnand Duyvendak published a book in which he admitted to a burglary of

11252-447: The party, has started a debate about the ideological course of GroenLinks. She emphasised the freedom-loving tradition of the left and chose freedom as a key value. Her course is called left-liberal by herself and observers, although Halsema herself claims that she does not want to force an ideological change. Following Isaiah Berlin , Halsema distinguishes between positive and negative freedom . According to Halsema, negative freedom

11368-420: The party, or at least so the party board claimed. When Pormes refused to step down, the party board threatened to expel him. Pormes fought this decision. The party council of March 2006 sided with Pormes. Party chair Herman Meijer felt forced to resign. He was succeeded by Henk Nijhof who was chosen by the party council in May 2006. In November 2006 Pormes left the Senate, he was replaced by Goos Minderman . In

11484-509: The political course and the leadership of Halsema re-erupted. The debate does not just concern the series of lost elections and the decision not to participate in the formation talks, but also the elitist image of the party, the new liberal course, initiated by Halsema, and the lack of party democracy. Since the last weeks of January 2007 several prominent party members have voiced their doubts including former leader Ina Brouwer , Senator Leo Platvoet and MEP Joost Lagendijk . In reaction to this

11600-407: The position of "outsiders" on the labour market, such as migrant youth, single parents, workers with short term-contracts and people with disabilities. It disagrees with the parties on the right which, in the eyes of GroenLinks, were only oriented towards cutting costs and did not offer the worst-off a chance for work, emancipation and participation. But, unlike the other opposition parties of the left,

11716-416: The principle of " thinking globally, acting locally ." As such, the ideal Green Party is thought to grow from the bottom up, from neighborhood to municipal to (eco-)regional to national levels. The goal is to rule by a consensus decision making process. Strong local coalitions are considered a prerequisite to higher-level electoral breakthroughs. Historically, the growth of Green parties has been sparked by

11832-434: The same year, the parliamentary party supported the invasion of Afghanistan after the terrorist attacks of September 11 . This invasion led to great upheaval within the party. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. Under pressure of internal opposition, led by former PSP members and the party's youth organisation DWARS ,

11948-465: The spirit of nonviolence, green politics oppose the war on terrorism and the curtailment of civil rights , focusing instead on nurturing deliberative democracy in war-torn regions and the construction of a civil society with an increased role for women. In keeping with their commitment to the preservation of diversity, greens are often committed to the maintenance and protection of indigenous communities, languages, and traditions. An example of this

12064-431: The spring of 1989, the PSP party board initiated formal talks between the CPN, the PSP and the PPR about a common list for the upcoming general elections. It soon became clear that the CPN wanted to maintain an independent communist identity and not merge into a new left-wing formation. This was reason for the PPR leaving the talks. Negotiations about cooperation were reopened after the fall of the second Lubbers cabinet and

12180-681: The term "Green" ("Grün" in German) and adopted the sunflower symbol. The term "Green" was coined by one of the founders of the German Green Party, Petra Kelly , after she visited Australia and saw the actions of the Builders Labourers Federation and their green ban actions. In the 1983 federal election , the Greens won 27 seats in the Bundestag . The first Canadian foray into green politics took place in

12296-466: The traditional left-right spectrum, different currents within green politics incorporate ideas from socialism and capitalism. Greens on the Left are often identified as eco-socialists , who merge ecology and environmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blame the capitalist system for environmental degradation , social injustice, inequality and conflict. eco-capitalists , on the other hand, believe that

12412-512: The two participate separately participate in a European Political Group, Groenlinks as a member of Greens–European Free Alliance and PvdA as a member of the Party of European Socialists , the parties campaigned together as GroenLinks-PvdA for the 2024 European Parliament election . GroenLinks describes itself as " green ", " social " and " tolerant ". The party's voters are concentrated in larger cities, particularly in college towns . GroenLinks

12528-466: The war , for instance by organising its party congress in Amsterdam at the day of the large demonstration, with an interval allowing its members to join the protest. At the end of 2003, Halsema temporarily left parliament to give birth to her twins . During her absence Marijke Vos took her place as chair of the parliamentary party. When she returned to parliament, Halsema started a discussion about

12644-672: The world signed a common declaration opposing French nuclear testing in the South Pacific, the first statement of global greens on a current issue. A second statement was issued in December 1997, concerning the Kyoto climate change treaty. At the 2001 Canberra Global Gathering delegates for Green Parties from 72 countries decided upon a Global Greens Charter which proposes six key principles. Over time, each Green Party can discuss this and organize itself to approve it, some by using it in

12760-456: Was founded in 1989 as a merger of four parties that were to the left of the Labour Party (PvdA), a social-democratic party which has traditionally been the largest centre-left party in the Netherlands. The founding parties were the (formerly-communist) Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP), which originated in the peace movement , the green -influenced Political Party of Radicals (PPR), originally

12876-479: Was new – he had been chair of the Dutch Centre for Foreigners. In the first round, the duos ended up ahead of the others, but neither had an absolute majority . A second round was needed, in which Brouwer and Rabbae won with 51%. Brouwer became the first candidate and Rabbae second, the second duo Rosenmöller and Sipkes occupied the following place followed by Marijke Vos , former chair of the party. The idea of

12992-437: Was one of the few politicians who could muster some resistance against his message. Days before the election, Fortuyn was assassinated . Ab Harrewijn, GroenLinks MP and candidate also died. Before and after the elections serious threats were made against Rosenmöller, his wife and his children. These events caused considerable stress for Rosenmöller. GroenLinks lost one seat in the election, although it had gained more votes than in

13108-453: Was organised in such a way that all the parties were represented and new figures could enter. The PPR, which had been the largest party in 1986 got the top candidate (the lead candidate , Ria Beckers ) and the number five; the PSP got the numbers two and six, the CPN the number three and the EVP number eleven. The first independent candidate was Paul Rosenmöller , trade unionist from Rotterdam, on

13224-417: Was replaced by Andrée van Es , who favoured cooperation. Van der Spek left the PSP to found his own Party for Socialism and Disarmament . The 1986 PSP congress , however, rejected the electoral alliance. In the 1986 general election , all four parties lost seats. The CPN and the EVP disappeared from parliament. The PPR was left with two and the PSP with one seat. While the parties were preparing to enter in

13340-673: Was supported by an open letter from influential members of trade unions (such as Paul Rosenmöller and Karin Adelmund ), of environmental movements (e.g., Jacqueline Cramer ) and from arts (such as Rudi van Dantzig ). This letter called for the formation of a single progressive party to the left of the Labour Party . Lagendijk and Platvoet had been taking part in informal meetings between prominent PSP, PPR and CPN-members, who favoured cooperation. Other participants were PPR chairman Bram van Ojik and former CPN leader Ina Brouwer . These talks were called "F.C. Sittardia" or Cliché bv. In

13456-753: Was the United Tasmania Group , founded in Australia in March 1972 to fight against deforestation and the creation of a dam that would damage Lake Pedder ; whilst it only gained three percent in state elections, it inspired the creation of Green parties all over the world. In May 1972, a meeting at Victoria University of Wellington launched the Values Party , the world's first countrywide green party to contest Parliamentary seats nationally. In November 1972, Europe's first green party, PEOPLE in

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