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41-459: Greenspring Avenue is currently divided into three sections, as follows: Greenspring Avenue begins inside of Druid Hill Park, near the Maryland Zoo . The first section, which is approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) long, is mostly lined with high-rise and garden apartments . This section ends at Northern Parkway, at Sinai Hospital, and across from Cylburn Park . From here, a left and then

82-575: A North American porcupine , and a rescued bald eagle . It originally opened in 2003 as the Polar Bear Watch and formerly featured polar bears , arctic foxes , snowy owls , and common ravens . Guests can view the bears from underwater viewing areas, or from the windows of an actual massive Tundra Buggy, purchased from the Canadian company that creates these one of kind vehicles for viewing the polar bear in its natural habitat. The exhibit

123-467: A national security viewpoint and the impact on the community that the loss of such facilities would entail. Furthermore, the term public works has recently been expanded to include digital public infrastructure projects. For example, in the United States , the first nationwide digital public works project is an effort to create an open source software platform for e-voting (created and managed by

164-655: A broader term. Construction may be undertaken either by directly employed labour or by a private operator. Public works has been encouraged since antiquity. The Roman emperor Nero encouraged the construction of various infrastructure projects during widespread deflation . Public works is a multi-dimensional concept in economics and politics , touching on multiple arenas including: recreation (parks, beaches, trails), aesthetics (trees, green space), economy (goods and people movement, energy), law (police and courts), and neighborhood (community centers, social services buildings). It represents any constructed object that augments

205-447: A government, are characteristic of socialism and other public or collectivist forms of government because of their 'tax and spend' policies to achieve long-term economic improvement. However, in the private sector, entrepreneurs bear their own losses and so private-sector firms are generally unwilling to undertake projects that could result in losses or would not develop a revenue stream. Governments will invest in public works because of

246-519: A group of supportive friends, animal and wildlife lovers in the Baltimore City Zoological Society, which performed a saving function in the late 1960s when changing demographic and historical populations in the surrounding communities around Druid Hill Park resulted in increased crime and some harassment incidents to the animal population, resulting in a few deaths and maimings, resulted in a protective fence erected around

287-517: A nation's physical infrastructure. Municipal infrastructure, urban infrastructure , and rural development usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or developing nations ' concerns respectively. The terms public infrastructure or critical infrastructure are at times used interchangeably. However, critical infrastructure includes public works (dams, waste water systems, bridges, etc.) as well as facilities like hospitals, banks, and telecommunications systems and views them from

328-519: A right two blocks later is required to continue along Greenspring. The next section of Greenspring Avenue starts off of Northern Parkway about one block west of Sinai Hospital, and continues for about 3/4 of a mile to a five-way intersection consisting of Cross Country Boulevard and Pimlico Road, in an area known as Cheswolde . A right turn is required here to continue along Greenspring. The third and longest section of Greenspring Avenue continues from this intersection for about 10 miles (16 km) until

369-444: A short-term period of employment, has come to dominate practice, particularly in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa . Applied in the short term, this is appropriate as a response to transient shocks and acute labour market crises. Investing in public works projects in order to stimulate the general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. Spearheaded by U.S. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins ,

410-637: A year after it opened, and worked on the massive public works project during its construction from 1858 to 1873. The Maryland Zoo is now currently home to over 1,500 animals and is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore is generally considered to be the third oldest (or by some other circumstances, the second oldest) zoological park in the United States, having opened in 1876, sixteen years after

451-399: Is the provision of employment by the creation of predominantly public goods at a prescribed wage for those unable to find alternative employment. This functions as a form of social safety net . Public works programmes are activities which entail the payment of a wage (in cash or in kind) by the state, or by an Agent (or cash-for work/CFW). One particular form of public works, that of offering

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492-542: The 2008 European Union stimulus plan , and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . While it is argued that capital investment in public works can be used to reduce unemployment, opponents of internal improvement programs argue that such projects should be undertaken by the private sector , not the public sector , because public works projects are often inefficient and costly to taxpayers. Further, some argue that public works, when used excessively by

533-632: The Baltimore Zoo — is a 135-acre park located in historic Druid Hill Park in the northwestern area of the City of Baltimore , Maryland , with the postal address of 1876 Mansion House Drive. Druid Hill was opened in 1876 as the first major park purchase by the City under foreseeing Mayor Thomas Swann (1809-1883), (and later as 33rd Governor of Maryland , 1866-1869) and was later designed by famed nationally-known landscaper Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) . Additional work on various park buildings

574-483: The Inner Harbor by developer James Rouse , opened by downtown Baltimore's waterfront business district and its Patapsco River and Harbor, one of the stalls/stores was of stuffed and children's play fiber animals called "Dr. Watson's Zoo," owned and operated by the now retired Dr. Watson. In 2004, the zoo was struck by financial problems and was forced to reduce its collection size temporarily by closing parts of

615-662: The Philadelphia Zoo in Pennsylvania as part of the expanded elephant exhibit, but construction was then indefinitely delayed and later the elephant loan was canceled. However, two new elephants came to the Maryland Zoo from Arkansas in 2007. On March 19, 2008, "Felix," one of the Zoo's female elephants, gave birth to a 290-pound male calf named "Samson", the first elephant born in the Zoo's history. In spring 2010,

656-541: The 1863-era " C. P. Huntington " locomotive, named for a famous railroading tycoon and magnate in California and Virginia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The largest area of the zoo, "The African Journey" displays a wide range of animals originating from the continent of Africa . The main exhibit areas are: Renovations on the elephant exhibit facility began 2007. In March 2006, the Maryland Zoo announced it would be accepting three female African elephants from

697-527: The Main Valley are currently empty. A passenger shuttle also connects visitors to Zoo Central free of charge. Zoo Central features a concessions area, carousel , and children's train ride that traverses the north side of the African Journey exhibit. The small-model diesel train makes a one-mile circuit and over a 105-foot bridge through parts and scenery of the Zoo, remembering the heritage of

738-690: The Open Source Digital Voting Foundation). Reflecting increased concern with sustainability , urban ecology and quality of life , efforts to move towards sustainable municipal infrastructure are common in developed nations , especially in the European Union and Canada (where the FCM InfraGuide provides an officially mandated best practice exchange to move municipalities in that direction). A public employment programme or public works programme

779-465: The Zoo campus, and entrance ticketing center and gates which previously had been open to the surrounding Park. In later decades, by 2004, a course of action between the City and the Society resulted in a semi-private and new independent operation arrangement with a separate board of trustees for the Zoo with increased private, state and suburban counties funding to supplement the restricting resources of

820-497: The Zoo welcomed two baby chimpanzees. Displaying animals found in Maryland, visitors can watch otters swim over their heads, jump across lily pads, explore a cave, or climb into giant bird nests . The "Maryland Wilderness" featuring The Children's Zoo is dedicated to donator and supporter, Lyn P. Meyerhoff (1927-1988), who was the wife of philanthropist Harvey Meyerhoff . The Northern Passage currently features grizzly bears ,

861-467: The Zoo's warthogs had two male offspring, which were viewable beginning in May of that year. In February 2017, the first giraffe calf was born at the Zoo in over 20 years. Willow was born to parents Juma and Caesar, and was 6'1", and 125 lbs at birth. In March 2018, the zoo announced plans to expand the zoo's elephant, giraffe and lion exhibits. This $ 20 million project was made to improve living standards for

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902-535: The animals and also to give a much better viewing experience for guests of the zoo. The details of this initiative included the expansion of the Elephant habitat from 0.92 acres (0.37 ha) to 2.1 acres (0.85 ha), the expansion of the Giraffe habitat by 33%, the removal of what used to be "Rock Island" and several new viewing areas for the lions. The renovations finished in the summer of 2019. In July and December 2019,

943-476: The central City. This also resulted in a renaming of the old City Zoo as "The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore." For several decades from the 1950s to the 1970s, the City Zoo was made famous locally through the media-savvy and through the new medium of television with programs and promotions of Dr. Arthur Watson, the long-time zoo director. In 1980, when the famous iconic " Harborplace " festival marketplace pavilions at

984-771: The coasts and islands of South Africa . There is an underwater viewing window and view to a tidal pool that creates a wave-like effect for the birds. The Zoo gives guests an extra peek into the lives of the penguins with the opportunity to see them get their daily fill of fish with morning and afternoon feedings. Penguin Coast also includes an interpretive building which includes a multi-purpose room for education programs and animal demonstrations, restrooms, and indoor space for special events. The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore has been always active in many conservation programs, notably "Polar Bears International," "Project Golden Frog," and their work with African black-footed penguins . The zoo has

1025-636: The development features is 40-acre (160,000 m) lake, which is 500 feet (150 m) deep, one of the deepest lakes in the state of Maryland. Public transportation, provided by the Maryland Transit Administration , is available on or near parts of Greenspring Avenue. 39°22′42.95″N 76°41′2.91″W  /  39.3785972°N 76.6841417°W  / 39.3785972; -76.6841417 Maryland Zoo The Maryland Zoo — also known as The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore and formerly known as The Baltimore City Zoo or

1066-533: The end of the name Greenspring Avenue for the road. However, the road physically continues beyond this point and is known as Worthington Avenue for the next mile and a half. It finally continues into Butler Road ( Maryland Route 128 ) before it reaches Hanover Pike ( Maryland Route 30 ), at which point going straight will lead to I-795 . This section of the road can be accessed from the Baltimore Beltway at exit 22. The Green Spring Avenue Company

1107-474: The exhibit and the name of the exhibit changed to the Northern Passage. The Zoo’s state-of-the-art African penguin exhibit located between Northern Passage and African Journey opened on September 27, 2014. It brings guests up-close to nearly 60 (and growing) African black-footed penguins , white-breasted cormorants , and great white pelicans in a vivid re-creation of their natural habitat along

1148-663: The first female Cabinet member in the United States, the New Deal resulted in the creation of programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps , Public Works Administration , and the Works Progress Administration , among others, all of which created public goods through labor and infrastructure investments. More recent examples are the 2008–2009 Chinese economic stimulus program , India's National Infrastructure Pipeline of 2020,

1189-770: The greater community . They include public buildings ( municipal buildings , schools , and hospitals ), transport infrastructure ( roads , railroads , bridges , pipelines , canals , ports , and airports ), public spaces ( public squares , parks , and beaches ), public services ( water supply and treatment , sewage treatment , electrical grid , and dams ), environmental protection ( drinking water protection , soil erosion reduction, wildlife habitat preservation , preservation and restoration of forests and wetlands) and other, usually long-term, physical assets and facilities . Though often interchangeable with public infrastructure and public capital , public works does not necessarily carry an economic component, thereby being

1230-482: The historic Park itself was purchased and opened to the city public. For a number of decades in the 20th century, it was operated and supervised by the Baltimore City Board of Park Commissioners, and organized in 1860 with the first major city park at Druid Hill and later the city Department of Parks and Recreation, through their subordinate Bureau of the Zoo. It was later assisted by the organization of

1271-476: The largest amount of African penguins in North America due in part to their active breeding program of the penguins. The zoo also helps rehabilitate local wildlife, especially birds of prey, such as bald eagles. Public works Public works are a broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and procured by a government body for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in

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1312-454: The main ticketing gate of the zoo at Schaefer Plaza named in honor of former Baltimore Mayor and Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer (1921-2011). The plaza features a gift shop, a playground area known as "Celebration Hill", the zoo's original lion statues, and the black-tailed prairie dog exhibit. Guests continue down the historic "Main Valley", to access the exhibits. The enclosures in

1353-513: The obsolete cages, but we have launched a planning process to consider ways to accommodate the return of animals to Main Valley at some point in the future.” said Kirby Fowler (The Maryland Zoo's President and CEO). On August 23, 2022, the Zoo unveiled a ten-year master plan that aims to enhance the visitor experience and include new habitats for the animals. The zoo has five main areas: Schaefer Plaza , Zoo Central , Maryland Wilderness , Northern Passage , and African Journey . Visitors enter

1394-462: The old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the city and state, with its long-time decorated colors of blue and gray colors on the locomotive and cars of the old historic road, first railroad built in America since 1827. There has been a zoo train for many years, though the equipment and route has changed several times. The current zoo train from 2010 is pulled by a bright red new detailed scale replica of

1435-479: The overall benefit to society when there is a lack of private sector benefit (a project that does generate revenue) or the risk is too great for a private company to accept on its own. According to research conducted at the Aalborg University , 86% of public works projects end up with cost overruns. Some findings of the research were the following: Generally, contracts awarded by public tenders include

1476-563: The zoo. The original Main Valley was closed due to its age, being incapable of holding animals comfortably with their older style of iron-barred cages and stone walls, and in addition, the Reptile House which is located some distance away from the main zoo in an adjacent section of the Park was closed. The reptiles , as well as gibbons , tigers , and snow leopards , were sent to other zoos and aquariums. By 2008, Baltimore's Maryland Zoo

1517-565: Was chartered in 1858 to build the portion south of Maryland Route 130 as a turnpike . Throughout the 2000s, construction has been underway for a new development now known as Quarry Lake at Greenspring , which is located between Old Court Road and Smith Avenue. In 2005, a rock-breaking ceremony was held. In 2006 and 2007, some commercial properties on the premises opened, including medical office space of Lifebridge Health , Walgreens , and The Fresh Market . The development also features 83 single-family homes and 500 condos. The center of

1558-506: Was contributed by future Baltimore City Hall architect George A. Frederick (1842-1924), and Park Commissioner John H.B. Latrobe (son of earlier famed British-American architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe [1764-1820]), who also was an accomplished lawyer, author, artist, amateur architect and civic leader. Olmsted had earlier won a contest for the design of plans for New York City 's famed Central Park in mid-town Manhattan in 1858,

1599-589: Was euthanized in April 2015 due to kidney disease. During his later years, he lived with two female polar bears, Alaska and Anoki, but did not produce any offspring. Beginning in March 2017, the Polar Bear Watch became home to two rescued orphaned grizzly bear cubs. They are named Nova and Nita after their names were chosen in a public contest in April 2017. The polar and grizzly bears regularly rotated around each exhibit. As of November 2021, polar bears were removed from

1640-510: Was featured in "America's Best Zoos 2008." On September 28, 2021, the zoo reopened the original Main Valley to guests as a walking path, providing the zoo's history and several historic landmarks. "While there are some bird species still residing in the Crane Barn, which has been updated throughout the years, there are no animals in the old exhibits and cages as they are hopelessly outdated and non-functional, Animals will not be returning to

1681-727: Was formerly home to Magnet the polar bear. Magnet was born in 1988 at the Toledo Zoo in Ohio and arrived at the zoo in 1991. He won the Beast in Show contest put forth by Microsoft 's Zoo Tycoon for best zoo animal in December 2001. Magnet was available as a downloadable patch for the game and during the game, polar bears purchased via the Magnet icon would play with a red ball. The real Magnet

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