Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563)
96-551: The Sisters of Charity of Montreal , formerly called The Sisters of Charity of the Hôpital Général of Montreal and more commonly known as the Grey Nuns of Montreal , is a Canadian religious institute of Roman Catholic religious sisters , founded in 1737 by Marguerite d'Youville , a young widow. The congregation was founded when Marguerite d'Youville and three of her friends formed a religious association to care for
192-574: A deputy commissioner. The commands are further divided into bureaus. The Culture and Strategy Services Command is responsible for corporate communications, strategic development, and the force's internal misconduct investigations unit; the Traffic Safety and Operational Support Command is responsible for highway policing, Indigenous policing, support services like the Tactics and Rescue Unit , and security at provincial government buildings excepting
288-479: A hermitage near Milan . He then moved on to Poitiers , where a community gathered around his hermitage. In 372 he was called to become Bishop of Tours , and established a monastery at Marmoutiers on the opposite bank of the Loire River . His monastery was laid out as a colony of hermits rather than as a single integrated community. Ontario Provincial Police The Ontario Provincial Police ( OPP )
384-410: A monk is one who lives in a monastery under a monastic rule such as that of Saint Benedict . The term friar properly refers to a male member of a mendicant order . The term nun was in the 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved for members of a women's religious institute of solemn vows , and is sometimes applied only to those who devote themselves wholly to the contemplative life and belong to one of
480-567: A mounted police service was created to keep the peace in areas surrounding the construction of public works. It became the Ontario Mounted Police Force after Canadian Confederation . In 1877, the Constables Act extended jurisdiction and gave designated police members authorization to act throughout the province. The first salaried provincial constable appointed to act as detective for the government of Ontario
576-520: A non-profit Catholic regional health care system, to direct, support and conduct their health care, elder care and social service systems throughout New England. In 1996, sponsorship of St. Joseph Hospital in Nashua was transferred from the Grey Nuns to Covenant Health Systems . The Sisters worked as nurses and teachers in a number of Indian Residential Schools , as the preferred missionary partners of
672-454: A notorious bootlegger. Marguerite d'Youville and her colleagues adopted the particular black and beige dress of their religious institute in 1755: despite a lack of grey colour, they kept the nickname. When a Grey Nun worked as a nurse in a hospital, she usually exchanged her taupe habit for a white one. They wore a bonnet instead of a veil, as that was more practical for everyday work. The rule given to Marguerite d'Youville and her companions by
768-405: A particular institute, members wishing to be admitted permanently are required to make public and perpetual vows . A vow is classified as public if a legitimate superior accepts it in the name of the church, as happens when one joins a religious institute. In making their religious profession, the members are "incorporated into the institute, with the rights and duties defined by law", and "through
864-675: A problem in northern Ontario . Police constables were gradually introduced in various areas, until an Order in Council decreed the establishment of a permanent organization of salaried constables designated as the Ontario Provincial Police Force on 13 October 1909. It consisted of 45 men under the direction of Superintendent Joseph E. Rogers. The starting salary for constables was $ 400 per annum, increased to $ 900 in 1912. There were many detachments simultaneously founded including Bala, Muskoka, and Niagara Falls. In
960-537: A religious institute lives in community with other members of the institute and observes the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience, which they bind themselves to observe by public vows. Since every religious institute has its own unique charism , it adheres to a particular way of religious living whether contemplative or apostolic . Thus, the nuns of some contemplative orders are subject to papal enclosure . Other religious institutes have apostolates that wherein their members interact with
1056-477: A rule; either a pre-existing one such as the Rule of Saint Augustine or the Rule of St Basil , etc. or one composed by the founder, which generally incorporates aspects of earlier, traditional rules such as those mentioned or the Rule of Saint Benedict . In common parlance, all members of male religious institutes are often termed monks and those of female religious institutes nuns , although in an accurate sense,
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#17327767776411152-546: A small percentage of the number of school-aged children in the region. Though often at odds, the Canadian government and the various religious organizations operating residential schools agreed that Indigenous cultural practices had to be suppressed. Students at the schools were subjected to physical and Sexual abuse ; insufficient food; and being forbidden to speak their native languages or engage in their cultural practices. This treatment has been deemed cultural genocide by
1248-943: A variety of use of force equipment in the performance of their duties. The current sidearm of the OPP is the Glock 17M pistol in 9x19mm. Previously, officers were issued either the Sig Sauer P229 DAO, or the P229 R DAK in .40S&W. Patrol vehicles are also equipped with the Colt Canada C8 patrol rifle in 5.56x45mm NATO, with the option of the Remington 870 in 12 gauge. All uniformed officers carry TASER X2 conducted energy weapons The Tactics and Rescue Unit have more specialized weapons at their disposal including: The Caledonia land dispute began in 2006 when members of
1344-453: Is called contemplative religious life. The Rule of Saint Augustine stresses self-denial, moderation, and care for those in need. Many canons regular follow the Rule of Saint Augustine. Carmelites follow the Rule of Saint Albert , which was written specifically for them in the early 1200s by Albert of Vercelli and approved in slightly revised form by Pope Innocent IV . Jesuits follow what
1440-490: Is called not a rule, but the constitutions composed by Saint Ignatius of Loyola , which laid aside traditional practices such as chanting the liturgy in favour of greater adaptability and mobility. Some institutes combine a rule with constitutions that give more precise indications for the life of the members. Thus the Capuchin Constitutions of 1536 are added to the Rule of Saint Francis. In addition to
1536-420: Is the provincial police service of Ontario , Canada. The OPP patrols provincial highways and waterways; protects provincial government buildings and officials, with the exception of the legislative precinct ; patrols unincorporated areas in northern Ontario; provides training, operational support, and funding to some Indigenous police forces ; and investigates complex or multi-jurisdictional crimes across
1632-803: The Chevrolet Suburban , Ford F250 Super Duty , and the Cambli International Thunder 1 armoured rescue vehicles used by the Tactics and Rescue Unit , as well as an International-based truck used by the Highway Safety Division and Mobile Support Units. Previously, models of the Ford Crown Victoria and Chevrolet Impala were used. During the 2022-23 fiscal year, the OPP engaged in a proof-of-concept program in East Region which included
1728-592: The Ipperwash Crisis . The park had been expropriated from the Stoney Point Ojibway during World War II. The protest increased in tensions, resulting in the shooting and subsequent death of a protester, Anthony O'Brien "Dudley" George, by Acting Sergeant Ken Deane of the Tactics and Rescue Unit. Deane was subsequently convicted of criminal negligence causing death. In 2003, an inquiry called
1824-641: The Ipperwash Inquiry , into the events at Ipperwash was convened, and concluded in 2007. The OPP now uses a variety of different methods in resolving conflicts at major events, most notably by the use of the Provincial Liaison Teams (PLT), formerly known as the Major Event Liaison Team (MELT) In 1993 an Ontario Divisional Court case, John Doe v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner) , Judge Matlow of
1920-635: The King's Highways , enforcement of the provincial liquor laws, aiding the local police, and maintaining a criminal investigation branch. In March 1969, a meeting took place at the Ontario Securities Commission to incorporate a separate but included group of the Ontario Provincial Police Association. Women joined the uniformed ranks in 1974. Between 1983-1993, the OPP officer Al Robinson served as
2016-666: The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate , who were not allowed to teach girls. The Oblates paid parents to allow their children to attend boarding schools. At the schools, they participated in the effort to remove children from their traditional Indigenous ways of life, in order to "civilize" them. The main goal of the Oblates and the Grey Nuns was to provide a Catholic education (in competition with schools operated by Anglicans ) and to give limited secular education. These early mission boarding schools never recruited more than
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#17327767776412112-621: The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation . As of 2021, the Catholic Church as a whole had not issued a formal apology for its role in the residential school system, although some dioceses and orders had issued their own apologies. The city residents mocked the nuns by calling them "les grises" – a phrase meaning both "the grey women" and "the drunken women", in reference to the color of their attire and d'Youville's late husband, François-Magdeleine You d’Youville (1700–1730),
2208-804: The Ontario Legislative Building ; the Field Operations Command is responsible for frontline policing in communities that do not maintain independent police forces; the Investigations and Organized Crime Command is responsible for investigating complex, major, or multi-jurisdictional crimes or organized criminal networks across the province and administering firearms licenses; and the Corporate Services Command administers various business, contract, and career management bureaus. Previously,
2304-621: The Six Nations of the Grand River began an occupation of land that they believed belonged to them, to bring light to their land claims, and to the plight of aboriginal land claims across Canada. The land at the centre of the dispute was owned by a corporation planning to build a subdivision known as the Douglas Creek Estates. The Ontario Provincial Police were called in to keep the peace. Tensions led to violence and over
2400-486: The desert . They have left no confirmed archaeological traces and only hints in the written record. Communities of virgins who had consecrated themselves to Christ are found at least as far back as the 2nd century. There were also individual ascetics, known as the "devout", who usually lived not in the deserts but on the edge of inhabited places, still remaining in the world but practicing asceticism and striving for union with God, although extreme ascetism such as encratism
2496-515: The enclosed religious orders living and working within the and reciting the Liturgy of the Hours in community . Historically, what are now called religious institutes were distinguished as either religious orders , whose members make solemn vows , or religious congregations , whose members make simple vows. Since the 1983 Code of Canon Law , only the term religious institute is used, while
2592-552: The 1920s, restructuring was undertaken with the passing of the Provincial Police Force Act, 1921 . The title of the commanding officer was changed to "commissioner" and given responsibility for enforcing the provisions of the Ontario Temperance Act and other liquor regulations. Major-General Harry Macintyre Cawthra-Elliot was appointed as the first commissioner. The OPP's first death in
2688-483: The 2022-23 fiscal year, the OPP engaged in a proof-of-concept program in East Region which included the use of body worn cameras (BWC), along with its accompanying mobile applications. Officers serving with specialty tactical units are also issued cargo pants without piping, utility tops, and subdued placards for their external tactical vests. Officers serving with the Tactics and Rescue Unit are issued olive green uniforms. Since 1985, wide, light blue stripes down
2784-492: The 2023 Annual Report. Officers mainly patrol using all-wheel drive versions of the Ford Taurus Police Interceptor , Ford Explorer Police Utility , Ford F-150 Police Responder , Dodge Charger Pursuit , Dodge Durango Special Service Package , Chevrolet Silverado , Chevrolet Tahoe , and Dodge Ram 2500 Power Wagon for frontline patrol. For specialized roles, a variety of vehicles are used, such as
2880-515: The Beatles were on their way to Montreal. On the online social networking website Habbo Hotel Canada, OPP officers and spokespersons visit the online application to talk to teens on board the web site's "Infobus". During the weekly sessions, users of the Habbo service are able to ask the officers and spokespersons questions, primarily regarding online safety. In the television series Cardinal ,
2976-531: The Discovery Channel aired the reality TV series Heavy Rescue: 401 , following members of the OPP and local heavy tow operators, profiling their efforts during events and routine operations on Highway 401 , a highway that crosses southern Ontario. In the Canadian horror film Pontypool , the OPP is called into the eponymous town to control a zombie outbreak, ultimately resulting in a massacre. The film's lead character, Grant Mazzy, vocally denounces
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3072-587: The Dominican Republic. They once operated a number of major hospitals in Canada; as provincial governments and church, authorities moved to standardize both ownership and operation of hospitals, many of these hospitals passed into the hands of Church corporations (or, in some cases, governmental organizations) and the Grey Nuns changed focus. The Grey Nuns' Hospital building built in 1765 in Montreal
3168-540: The FIPPA commissioner, but a judicial review of the FIPPA commissioner's order to release the report resulted in publication of the OPP report being banned. The OPPA was established in 1954 to represent sworn and civilian members of the OPP, as well as OPP retirees. In March 2015, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced they were investigating fraud allegations against three top executives of
3264-512: The Great decided to organize his disciples into a form of community in which they lived in individual huts or rooms ( cellula in Latin ), but worked, ate, and worshipped in shared space. Guidelines for daily life were drawn up (a monastic 'rule'); and several monasteries were founded, nine for men and two for women. This method of monastic organization is called cenobitic or "community-based". Toward
3360-567: The Grey nuns in 1803. She served in the infirmary and pharmacy, and later became mistress of novices. In 1840, Thuot and three other sisters left Montreal to establish a community in the rural farming community of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, and soon founded the Hotel-Dieu for their health care ministry. As a way to raise funds to support themselves and their ministry, they also took in female pensionnaires. In response to increased industrialization of
3456-1026: The Holy Angels Residential School in Fort Chipewyan . The Mikisew Cree First Nation , Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation and Fort Chipewyan Métis Community have hired archaeologists from the University of Alberta to search the grounds of the school for unmarked graves reported by former students. The search began in March 2022. Other residential schools where the sisters worked include Île-à-la-Crosse Residential School , Lac la Biche (Notre Dame des Victoires) Residential School , St. Albert (Youville) Residential School, Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School , St. Boniface Residential School, Assiniboia Indian Residential School , Shubenacadie Indian Residential School , Fort Providence Residential School, Blue Quills Residential School ,
3552-525: The Holy See, may formally set it up as a religious institute under his own jurisdiction. Later, when it has grown in numbers, perhaps extending also into other dioceses, and further proved its worth, the Holy See may grant it formal approval, bringing it under the Holy See's responsibility, rather than that of the Bishops of the dioceses where it is present. For the good of such institutes and to provide for
3648-590: The Lincoln M. Alexander Building in Orillia , Ontario. The relocation of general headquarters to Orillia was part of a government move to decentralize ministries and operations to other parts of Ontario. Previously, from 1973 to 1995, the headquarters were located in Toronto at 90 Harbour Street, the site of the former Workmen's Compensation Board building. The force is organized into five commands, each answering to
3744-487: The OPP are uniquely known as "provincial constables". Detective ranks fall laterally with the uniform ranks and are not a promotion above. The rank of sergeant major is reserved for members of the Professional Standards Bureau, where the rank has a unique investigative function within the force's chain-of-command. (slip-on) (shoulder board) The Commissioner's Own Pipes and Drums serves as
3840-592: The OPP came into being. The Ontario Auxiliary Police were organized in 12 of the 17 OPP districts and by the end of the year, 376 volunteers had signed up to be equipped and trained by experienced OPP personnel. Two OPP inspectors were assigned to work with Emergency Measures Ontario as liaison officers for the volunteers. This close connection continues today with the OPP auxiliary playing a critical role in emergency and disaster planning and occurrences. By 1961 there were 466 auxiliary volunteers who accompanied regular provincials on traffic and law enforcement patrols and during
3936-529: The OPP is fictionalized as the Ontario Police Department (OPD), with a shoulder patch similar to that of the actual OPP except that the top element is replaced by three stylized maple leaves on a branch. OPP cruisers in the series are marked similar to actual cruisers, however the Queen's crown is replaced with a stylized beaver, and the vehicles are marked "O.P.D." instead of "O.P.P." In 2016,
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4032-416: The OPP switched to an all-white livery with blue and gold striping. Vehicles of this era were equipped with Federal Signal 's Vector light bars with integrated traffic advisers. In 2007, the OPP announced that it would return to a black and white colour scheme. The colour scheme is accomplished with the use of vinyl wraps during in-house vehicle outfitting. The change was implemented starting in March 2007 and
4128-590: The OPP was divided into seventeen different regions. In 1995, OPP operations were amalgamated into six regions, with five providing general policing services, and one providing traffic policing services on provincial highways in the Greater Toronto Area (local police services in the GTA are provided by municipal and regional police forces) following recommendations by the Ipperwash Inquiry . OPP police stations are known as "detachments". Police constables in
4224-578: The OPP's officially recognised pipe band. Formed as the Ontario Provincial Pipes and Drums in 1968 by two constables, the band saw active service to wide acclaim in the 1970s and 80s before being disbanded in 1991 due to department financial constraints. The band was shortly re-formed three years after, and is now composed of volunteer officers, auxiliary officers, and civilian volunteers. The majority of policing services are provided by uniformed front-line police constables. In addition to
4320-559: The OPPA. In 2018, Toronto Police Superintendent Ron Taverner, was nominated to replace outgoing Commissioner Vince Hawkes. The appointment of Taverner brought about controversy given the personal relationship between him and Premier Doug Ford , potential nepotism, and the OPP's role in investigating political corruption. It was also discovered that the requirements of the position were changed to allow someone in rank equivalent to Taverner to apply. Ultimately, Taverner rescinded his interest in
4416-707: The Ontario Divisional Court, suspected that four officers of the Toronto Police Service engaged in a fabrication of evidence and harassment of an accused party. Judge Matlow under the Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA), sought access to the report of the Ontario Provincial Police exonerating the officers, but was denied access to it by the OPP. Access was later granted by
4512-618: The Provincial Civil Defence Organization was dissolved. A new oversight body known as the Emergency Measures Organization—Ontario (EMO) came into being. Each department of the government became responsible for its own operational planning. The organization of auxiliary police forces became the responsibility of all interested municipal police forces, as well as the OPP. In April 1960, a new organization more closely affiliated with
4608-511: The Provincial Police Academy and qualified with all use of force options. The auxiliary uniform is distinct from the uniform of a regular OPP officer. Auxiliary officers wear light blue shirts, checkered hat bands, and have their own cap badges. They wear slip-ons with the word "auxiliary" embroidered on them, and their jackets and dress uniforms have tabs sewn on that indicates that they are auxiliary officers. Following
4704-764: The Sisters moved to a larger building that came to be called L'Hopital Generale Ste. Marie - St. Mary's General Hospital. St. Mary's developed into Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center . The only American congregation of Grey Nuns, the Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart branched off from the Ottawa congregation in 1921, to establish an independent English-speaking congregation to minister in the United States. They founded D'Youville College in Buffalo, New York. In 1966,
4800-480: The Sulpician priest, Father Louis Normant de Faradon, P.S.S, in 1745 received episcopal sanction in 1754, when Monseigneur de Pontbriant formed the society into an official religious community. This rule forms the basis of the present constitution, which was approved by Pope Leo XIII on 30 July 1880. Besides the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience , the sisters pledge themselves to devote their lives to
4896-666: The Veterans Guard was formed. This was a body of volunteers (primarily World War I veterans) whose duty was to protect vulnerable hydroelectric plants and the Welland Ship Canal under the supervision of regular police members. In the late 1940s, policing functions were reorganized in Ontario, with the OPP given responsibility for all law enforcement in the province outside areas covered by municipal police forces, together with overall authority for law enforcement on
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#17327767776414992-692: The area, in 1864 they founded the workhouse of Saint Geneviève to " procure work for the poor women when they are unable to find any on the outside." The workhouse produced woollen fabric and soap, and provided employment for ten women, fifteen girls, one man, and three boys. They became a separate pontifical congregation in 1896. In 1888 the sisters founded the first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, called variously "the Sisters' Hospital", "the French Hospital", or "the Catholic Hospital". In 1902
5088-453: The authority of a police officer. This can occur in an emergency situation, or where the OPP requires additional strength to assist with a special event. Auxiliary officers are unpaid, however are compensated for travel and meals. They are required to attend routine training administered by the OPP, and must contribute a certain number of hours monthly. The auxiliary is made up of people from diverse backgrounds. Auxiliary members are trained at
5184-494: The basic training provided to all police officers in Ontario, the OPP mandates additional training at the Provincial Police Academy before and after attendance at the Ontario Police College , resulting in the longest training period among Ontario police services. After this, probationary police constables are assigned to a detachment within the OPP's six regions with a coach officer for a year of field training. At
5280-606: The counsels of chastity and evangelical poverty. Some institutes take additional vows (a "fourth vow" is typical), specifying some particular work or defining condition of their way of life (e.g., the Jesuit vow to undertake any mission upon which they are sent by the pope; the Missionaries of Charity vow to serve always the poorest of the poor). The traditional distinction between simple and solemn vows no longer has any juridical effect. Solemn vows once meant those taken in what
5376-475: The deployment and implementation of In-Car Camera Systems which includes an integrated Automatic Licence Plate Recognition (ALPR) technology. In March 2023, the OPP completed a provincial implementation of In-Car Camera systems with integrated ALPR into over 1,300 frontline vehicles across all regions of the province. Historically, from 1941 to 1989, the OPP livery was black and white . In 1989, in response to manufacturers no longer offering dual tone vehicles,
5472-478: The disabled, and some health care facilities. St. Boniface General Hospital in Winnipeg is still owned by the Grey Nuns; hospitals previously owned, operated, or enlarged by the institute include the former Holy Cross Hospital in Calgary , St. Paul's Hospital in Saskatoon , and the Grey Nuns Community Hospital in Edmonton . Many of these health care institutions were founded by missionary nuns sent out from convents in Quebec and Ontario. Grey Nuns may work with
5568-413: The disbanding of World War II auxiliary forces, growing Cold War tension and fear of a nuclear attack led to the belief that police services should "recruit and train volunteers to augment their strength in times of emergency". As a result, in 1954, the Provincial Civil Defence Auxiliary was created, but the need to more closely associate the auxiliary with the OPP soon became apparent. On 14 January 1960,
5664-504: The distinction between solemn and simple vows is still maintained. Admittance to a religious institute is regulated by the requirements canon law states. Religious profession can be temporary or perpetual: "Temporary profession is to be made for the period defined by the institute's own law. This period may not be less than three years nor longer than six years." Broadly speaking, after a period spanning postulancy , and novitiate and while in temporary vows to test their vocation with
5760-488: The driver side. Licence plates on the cruisers are generally the standard Ontario licence plates with a special validation sticker denoting permanent registration. As of February 2023, the OPP has the following aircraft listed with Transport Canada as the Province Of Ontario, Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, and operate as Nav Canada airline designator GD, and telephony GUARDIAN. Unmanned aerial vehicles Ontario Provincial Police officers carry
5856-423: The end of his life Saint Pachomius was therefore not only the abbot of a monastery but also the head of a whole group of monasteries. The Greeks (e.g. St Basil the Great of Cappadocian Caesarea) and the Syriac-speaking east had their own monastic traditions (e.g. St Ephrem of Nisibis and Edessa). The earliest forms of monasticism in Western Europe involved figures such as Martin of Tours , who established
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#17327767776415952-475: The end of probation, a decision is made regarding retention. First Nations constables employed by OPP-supported police services undergo the same training as OPP officers, spending time at the Provincial Police Academy as well as at the Ontario Police College before returning to their home communities. Auxiliary members have no police authority. They must rely on the same arrest provisions as regular citizens. There are some instances when an auxiliary member may have
6048-459: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the Catholic Church , a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows , either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when
6144-502: The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . The Sisters worked at one of the most notorious schools, St. Anne's Indian Residential School (located in Fort Albany , Ontario ), where a homemade electric chair was reportedly used on the children for the amusement of the staff, among other severe abuses. Survivor testimony later sparked a long-running OPP investigation; two nuns were eventually convicted of assault for their actions at St Anne's. The Sisters also worked at
6240-427: The four great religious rules: Rule of St Basil , Rule of Saint Benedict , Rule of Saint Augustine , and the Rule of Saint Francis . The Rule of St Basil, one of the earliest rules for Christian religious life, is followed primarily by monastic communities of Byzantine tradition. Western monastics ( Benedictines , Trappists , Cistercians , etc.) observe the Rule of Saint Benedict, a collection of precepts for what
6336-493: The incarcerated. Some chapters are also dedicated to peace and justice; at least one chapter, the Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart , has declared its properties a nuclear-free zone. Although the institute's informal name contains the word "nuns", members are actually classified by the Roman Catholic Church as religious sisters , as they are not cloistered and belong to a congregation, not an order . They no longer wear their distinctive habit and now wear street clothes. In 1993 it
6432-445: The line of duty occurred in 1923, when escaped convict Leo Rogers shot and killed Sergeant John Urquhart near North Bay . Rogers, who was later killed in a shootout with OPP officers, had already mortally wounded North Bay City constable, Fred Lefebvre. The first OPP motorcycle patrol was introduced in 1928, phased out in 1942, and then reintroduced in 1949. The first marked OPP patrol car was introduced in 1941. During World War II ,
6528-470: The ministry of the Church they are consecrated to God". Typically, members of religious institutes either take vows of evangelical chastity, poverty, and obedience (the "Evangelical Counsels") to lead a life in imitation of Christ Jesus, or, those following the Rule of Saint Benedict, the vows of obedience, stability (that is, to remain with this particular community until death and not seek to move to another), and "conversion of life" which implicitly includes
6624-434: The more fundamental provisions of the rule or constitutions, religious institutes have statutes that are more easily subject to change. Religious institutes normally begin as an association formed, with the consent of the diocesan bishop, for the purpose of becoming a religious institute. After time has provided proof of the rectitude, seriousness and durability of the new association, the bishop, having obtained permission of
6720-409: The mother house moved to Yardley, Pennsylvania . The sisters serve in a variety of ministries in the East Coast states New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts as well as in Georgia and Alaska. As of 2008 the various Grey Nun branches operate in Canada, the United States, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Haiti, Central African Republic, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Bahamas, and
6816-434: The needs of their apostolate, the Holy See may exempt them from the governance of the local Bishops, bringing them entirely under the authority of the Holy See itself or of someone else. In some respects, for example public liturgical practice, they always remain under the local bishop's supervision. From the earliest times there were probably individual hermits who lived a life in isolation in imitation of Jesus' 40 days in
6912-459: The nuns' legacy will live on in other ways. Religious institute Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
7008-403: The particular rule they have adopted and their own constitutions and customs. Their respective timetables (" horarium ") allocate due time to communal prayer, private prayer, spiritual reading, work, meals, communal recreation, sleep, and fixes any hours during which stricter silence is to be observed, in accordance with their own institute's charism . Religious institutes generally follow one of
7104-458: The period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common." A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life ; the other is the secular institute , where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life . A member of
7200-618: The police hander for the informer Marvin Elkind in what has been described as the most successful undercover operation ever ran by the OPP. In 1994, as part of a tripartite agreement between the government of Canada, the Province of Ontario, and the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, the OPP began the process of relinquishing a majority of northern policing duties to the newly created Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service (NAPS). The transition
7296-599: The poor. They rented a small house in Montreal on 30 October 1738, taking in a small number of destitute persons. On 3 June 1753 the society received royal sanction, which also transferred to them the rights and privileges previously granted by letters patent in 1694 to the Frères Hospitaliers de la Croix et de Saint-Joseph, known after their founder as the Frères Charon. At that time they also took over
7392-459: The position, resulting in the appointment York Regional Police Deputy Chief Thomas Carrique as the OPP's new commissioner. The Beatles 's 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band contains cover art with Paul McCartney wearing an OPP patch on his fictional uniform (more easily seen in the gatefold picture). In January 2016 the origins of the patch was confirmed as a gift from an OPP corporal on 28 September 1964, at Malton Airport as
7488-419: The province. The OPP also has a number of local mandates through contracts with municipal governments and First Nations , where it acts as the local police force and provides front-line services. With an annual budget of nearly $ 1.4 billion, the OPP employed more than 6,100 uniformed officers, 500 auxiliary officers, and 2,800 civilian employees in 2023, making it the largest police service in Ontario and
7584-534: The residence at Fort Smith , Fort Resolution Indian Residential School, and Chesterfield Inlet (Turquetil Hall) Residential School. The Sisters and the Oblates objected to the characterization of their actions during the IRSSA process, stating that they felt many students had positive experiences and that some of their members had been falsely accused. As of 2018, the Sisters had not turned over several thousand photos and records which they had promised to return to
7680-410: The same light blue colour. As of 2021, officers may also choose to wear a baseball cap instead of the traditional forage cap. Officers wear duty belts, which, at a minimum, carry an officer's issued use of force equipment, and also wear an external Pacific Safety Products vest with MOLLE webbing to store additional items and large placards that read "police" in gold text on their chest and back. During
7776-806: The second-largest in Canada (after the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ). The OPP's operations are directed by its commissioner ( Thomas Carrique ) and it is a division of the Ministry of the Solicitor General . At the First Parliament of Upper Canada in Niagara-on-the-Lake on 17 September 1792, a provision was made for the formation of a "police system". Initially, policing jurisdictions were limited to districts, townships, and parishes. In 1845,
7872-416: The secular world, such as in teaching, healthcare, social work, while maintaining their distinctiveness in communal living . Several founders required members of their institute not only to profess the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience, but also to vow or promise enclosure or loyalty. Religious orders are discerned as: In each instance, the term "regular" means those following
7968-487: The service of suffering humanity. The sisters undertook the first mission by a female religious institute to Western Canada in 1844, when a colony of Grey Nuns left their convent in Montreal and travelled to Saint Boniface , on the shore of the Red River . Several sister communities branched off from the Sisters of Charity of Montreal: The congregation was founded by Marie-Michel-Archange Thuot (Mother Thuot). She joined
8064-663: The sick. Those assisted included the First Nations people in Oka, who were among the benefactors who later helped rebuild the hospital after a fire in 1765. After 1840, the order rapidly expanded, and over the next 100 years became a major provider of health care and other social services throughout Quebec, Western and Northern Canada, and the northern United States. In 1855, the Grey Nuns were called to Toledo, Ohio, to care for many suffering from cholera. St. Vincent's later became part of Catholic Health Partners . St. Joseph Hospital
8160-405: The side of issued trousers have been standard. Prior to this, officers wore pants with thin, red trouser piping. From 1997 to 2008, the official headdress of the OPP was the stetson , though commissioned ranks were still issued the forage cap. Starting in 2008, the OPP returned to the peaked cap for all officers. The OPP has approximately 5,200 cruisers in service across the province according to
8256-528: The span of several years, the Ontario Provincial Police were criticized for perceived inaction against the native protesters by local residents. In 2011, a class-action lawsuit against the government of Ontario was settled. The Ipperwash Provincial Park is a former provincial park in Lambton County, Ontario. On 4 September 1995, first nations people occupied the park to bring attention to decades-old land claims that had not been recognized, resulting in
8352-466: The work of the bankrupt Frères Charon at the Hôpital Général de Montréal located outside the city walls. (In the seventeenth century, a "general hospital" was an institution that took in old people, the ill, and the poor. Medical care was dispensed at the Hôtel Dieu.) In 1755 the sisters cared for those stricken during a smallpox epidemic. As the sisters were not cloistered, they could go out to visit
8448-486: The year logged more than twenty-six thousand hours of volunteer duty. Uniformed officers below the rank of staff sergeant wear navy blue uniforms with gold lettering and shoulder flashes. Sworn managers at or above the rank of staff sergeant wear slightly smaller, black shoulder flashes and white shirts, and wear navy trousers with black piping. Officers below the rank of staff sergeant use trousers with light blue trouser piping, and forage caps for all ranks are banded with
8544-609: Was John Wilson Murray , hired on a temporary appointment in 1875 and made permanent upon passage of the 1877 act. Murray was joined by two additional detectives in 1897, marking the beginnings of the Criminal Investigation Branch. However, for the most part, policing outside of Ontario's cities was non-existent. With the discovery of silver in Cobalt and gold in Timmins , lawlessness was increasingly becoming
8640-430: Was called a religious order. "Today, in order to know when a vow is solemn it will be necessary to refer to the proper law of the institutes of consecrated life." Should the members want to leave the institute after perpetual vows, they would have to seek a papal indult of dispensation. The benefits of the profession are of a spiritual nature. Daily living in religious institutes is regulated by canon law as well as
8736-558: Was complete on 1 April 1999, when the OPP's Northwest Patrol was transferred to NAPS. The OPP still administers First Nations policing for Big Trout Lake , Weagamow , Muskrat Dam , and Pikangikum . The OPP provides police services to the provincial government - patrolling provincial highways and waterways, investigating multijurisdictional crimes, and protecting high profile government officials - under provincial mandate, and to municipalities and First Nations under contract. The force operates out of its General Headquarters , located in
8832-420: Was completed in 2009. Vehicles of this era had detachment markings on the rear quarter panel and used Federal Signal Arjent S2 light bars. Current vehicles have eschewed the detachment markings and are equipped with Whelen Legacy light bars. Unmarked vehicles are generally white, black, grey or dark blue. All marked cruisers are equipped with pushbars, also generally have black steel rims, and spotlights mounted on
8928-408: Was designated a national Historic Site of Canada in 1973 to commemorate the Grey Nuns. In 2011, Grey Nuns Motherhouse , the former motherhouse of the Grey Nuns in Montreal, now part of Concordia University , was also designated a National Historic Site. They now operate shelters for battered women (with and without children), shelters for women in need, clothing and food dispensaries, centres for
9024-518: Was estimated that there were just under 3,000 Grey Nuns in Canada, mainly in Quebec and Ontario . In March 2013, the Mother House in downtown Montreal was vacated by its remaining Grey Nuns, after having sold the property to Concordia University in 2005. The building was subsequently renovated. The Quebec congregation has not recruited any new members since before 2000. Sister Bernadette said
9120-557: Was founded in 1906 in Nashua, by the parish of St. Louis de Gonzague primarily to serve Nashua's French Canadian community. The Sisters of Charity of Montreal began to staff it in 1907. The hospital was dedicated on 1 May 1908, the Feast of St. Joseph the Worker. The sister also started a nursing school. In 1938, the parish transferred ownership to the "Grey Nuns". In 1983 the Sisters of Charity of Montreal established Covenant Health Systems ,
9216-668: Was regarded as suspect by the Church. Paul of Thebes ( fl. 3rd century), commemorated in the writings of St Jerome , is regarded as the first Christian hermit in Egypt , his withdrawal into the desert apparently having been prompted by the persecution of the Christians at the time. Saint Anthony was the first to leave the world to live in the desert for specifically spiritual reasons; St Athanasius speaks of him as an anchorite . In upper Egypt , sometime around 323, Saint Pachomius
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