Misplaced Pages

#492507

88-595: (Redirected from Grosser Kurfürst ) SMS Grosser Kurfürst (in German orthography : Großer Kurfürst ) may refer to one of two vessels of the Imperial German Navy : SMS  Grosser Kurfürst  (1875) , commissioned in 1875, one of Germany's first armored ships to be built in Germany. SMS  Grosser Kurfürst  (1913) , commissioned in 1914,

176-484: A battleship which served during World War I . See also [ edit ] SS  Grosser Kurfürst , an ocean liner for North German Lloyd launched in 1899 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1620–1688), the Great Elector (German: Großer Kurfürst ), the namesake for these ships [REDACTED] [REDACTED] List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes

264-434: A breve ( ⟨˘⟩ ), a tiny ⟨N⟩ or ⟨e⟩ , a tilde ( ⟨˜⟩ ), and such variations are often used in stylized writing (e.g. logos). However, the breve – or the ring ( ⟨°⟩ ) – was traditionally used in some scripts to distinguish a ⟨u⟩ from an ⟨n⟩ . In rare cases, the ⟨n⟩ was underlined. The breved ⟨u⟩

352-893: A diaeresis , used as in French and English to distinguish what could be a digraph , for example, ⟨ai⟩ in Karaïmen , ⟨eu⟩ in Alëuten , ⟨ie⟩ in Piëch , ⟨oe⟩ in von Loë and Hoëcker (although Hoëcker added the diaeresis himself), and ⟨ue⟩ in Niuë . Occasionally, a diaeresis may be used in some well-known names, i.e.: Italiën (usually written as Italien ). Swiss keyboards and typewriters do not allow easy input of uppercase letters with umlauts (nor ⟨ß⟩ ) because their positions are taken by

440-518: A list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_Grosser_Kurfürst&oldid=1046017270 " Categories : Set index articles on ships German Navy ship names Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description

528-619: A diacritic or modified letter. These include exposé , lamé , maté , öre , øre , résumé and rosé. In a few words, diacritics that did not exist in the original have been added for disambiguation, as in maté ( from Sp. and Port. mate) , saké ( the standard Romanization of the Japanese has no accent mark ) , and Malé ( from Dhivehi މާލެ ) , to clearly distinguish them from the English words mate, sake, and male. The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics:

616-472: A dispute over the exact number of letters the German alphabet has, the number ranging between 26 (considering special letters as variants of ⟨a, o, u, s⟩ ) and 30 (counting all special letters separately). The accented letters ⟨ ä , ö , ü ⟩ are used to indicate the presence of umlauts ( fronting of back vowels). Before the introduction of the printing press , frontalization

704-506: A hyphen if they mean two colours: rot-braun 'red and brown', but without a hyphen if they mean an intermediate colour: rotbraun 'reddish brown' (from the spelling reform of 1996 to the 2024 revision of the orthographic rules, both variants could be used in both meanings). Optionally the hyphen can be used to emphasize individual components, to clarify the meaning of complicated compounds, to avoid misunderstandings or when three identical letters occur together (in practice, in this case it

792-478: A simple ⟨e⟩ (but see List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature ): Präsens ' present tense ' (Latin tempus praesens ), Föderation 'federation' (Latin foederatio ). The etymological spelling ⟨-ti-⟩ for the sounds [tsɪ̯] before vowels is used in many words of Latin origin, mostly ending in ⟨-tion⟩ , but also ⟨-tiell, -tiös⟩ , etc. Latin ⟨-tia⟩ in feminine nouns

880-414: A way of indicating that adjacent vowels belonged to separate syllables, but this practice has become far less common. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space. A few English words, often when used out of context, especially in isolation, can only be distinguished from other words of the same spelling by using

968-417: A word has one form with a doubled consonant, all forms of that word are written with a doubled consonant, even if they do not fulfill the conditions for consonant doubling; for instance, re nn en 'to run' → er re nn t 'he runs'; Kü ss e 'kisses' → Ku ss 'kiss'. Doubled consonants can occur in composite words when the first part ends in the same consonant the second part starts with, e.g. in

SECTION 10

#1732801259493

1056-534: Is Bayern (" Bavaria ") and derived words like bayrisch ("Bavarian"); this actually used to be spelt with an ⟨i⟩ until the King of Bavaria introduced the ⟨y⟩ as a sign of his philhellenism (his son would become King of Greece later). The Latin and Ancient Greek diphthongs ⟨ae (αι)⟩ and ⟨oe (οι)⟩ are normally rendered as ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ in German, whereas English usually uses

1144-493: Is created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark, followed by the letter to place it on. This method is known as the dead key technique, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics. English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks. Instead, digraphs are

1232-461: Is derived from a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ ( long s ) and ⟨z⟩ ( ⟨ ß ⟩ ; called Eszett "ess-zed/zee" or scharfes S "sharp s"). They have their own names separate from the letters they are based on. While the Council for German Orthography considers ⟨ä, ö, ü, ß⟩ distinct letters, disagreement on how to categorize and count them has led to

1320-643: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles German orthography Today, Standard High German orthography is regulated by the Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung (Council for German Orthography), composed of representatives from most German-speaking countries . The modern German alphabet consists of the twenty-six letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet plus four special letters. German has four special letters; three are vowels accented with an umlaut sign ( ⟨ ä , ö , ü ⟩ ) and one

1408-481: Is exactly as long as the ff in Schaffell . According to the spelling before 1996, the three consonants would be shortened before vowels, but retained before consonants and in hyphenation, so the word Schifffahrt ('navigation, shipping', composed of Schiff 'ship' and Fahrt 'drive, trip, tour') was then written Schiffahrt , whereas Sauerstoffflasche already had a triple ⟨fff⟩ . With

1496-520: Is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it . For historical reasons, almost all the letter-with-accent combinations used in European languages were given unique code points and these are called precomposed characters . For other languages, it is usually necessary to use a combining character diacritic together with the desired base letter. Unfortunately, even as of 2024, many applications and web browsers remain unable to operate

1584-672: Is mostly used when writing nouns with triple vowels, e. g. See-Elefant 'elephant seal'). The hyphen is used in compounds where the second part or both parts are proper names, e. g. Foto-Hansen 'the photographer Hansen', Müller-Lüdenscheid ' Lüdenscheid , the city of millers', double-barrelled surnames such as Meyer-Schmidt ; geographical names such as Baden-Württemberg . Double given names are variously written as Anna-Maria, Anna Maria, Annamaria . Some compound geographical names are written as one word (e. g. Nordkorea 'North Korea') or as two words (e. g. geographical names beginning with Sankt or Bad ). The hyphen

1672-483: Is not used when compounds with a proper name in the second part are used as common nouns, e. g. Heulsuse 'crybaby'; also in the name of the fountain Gänseliesel . The hyphen is used in words derived from proper names with hyphen, from proper names of more than one word, or from more than one proper name (optional in derivations with the suffix -er from geographical names from more than one word). Optionally

1760-664: Is one of the official languages, people are less prone to use adapted and especially partially adapted spellings of loanwords from French and more often use original spellings, e.g. Communiqué . In one curious instance, the word Ski ('ski') is pronounced as if it were * Schi all over the German-speaking areas (reflecting its pronunciation in its source language Norwegian ), but only written that way in Austria. This section lists German letters and letter combinations, and how to pronounce them transliterated into

1848-454: Is only an adjective . Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨ó⟩ , grave ⟨ò⟩ , and circumflex ⟨ô⟩ (all shown above an 'o'), are often called accents . Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of

SECTION 20

#1732801259493

1936-424: Is pronounced Geschoß in certain regions), Heyse spelling also introduces reading ambiguities that do not occur with Adelung spelling such as Prozessorientierung (Adelung: Prozeßorientierung ) vs. Prozessorarchitektur (Adelung: Prozessorarchitektur ). It is therefore recommended to insert hyphens where required for reading assistance, i.e. Prozessor-Architektur vs. Prozess-Orientierung . In

2024-423: Is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ⟨ü⟩ is frequently sorted as ⟨y⟩ . Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut,

2112-553: Is the general capitalization of nouns and of most nominalized words. In addition, capital letters are used: at the beginning of sentences (may be used after a colon, when the part of a sentence after the colon can be treated as a sentence); in the formal pronoun Sie 'you' and the determiner Ihr 'your' (optionally in other second-person pronouns in letters); in adjectives at the beginning of proper names (e.g. der Stille Ozean 'the Pacific Ocean'); in adjectives with

2200-589: Is typically simplified to ⟨-z⟩ in German; in related words, both ⟨-ti-⟩ and ⟨-zi-⟩ are allowed: Potenz 'power' (from Latin potentia ), Potential/Potenzial 'potential' (noun), potentiell/potenziell 'potential' (adj.). Latin ⟨-tia⟩ in neuter plural nouns may be retained, but is also Germanized orthographically and morphologically to ⟨-zien⟩ : Ingrediens 'ingredient', plural Ingredienzien ; Solvens 'expectorant', plural Solventia or Solvenzien . In loan words from

2288-575: Is used either as an alternative letter for ⟨ i ⟩ , for instance in Mayer / Meyer (a common family name that occurs also in the spellings Maier / Meier ), or especially in the Southwest, as a representation of [iː] that goes back to an old IJ (digraph) , for instance in Schwyz or Schnyder (an Alemannic variant of the name Schneider ). Another notable exception

2376-589: Is used when adding suffixes to letters: n-te 'nth'. It is used in substantivated compounds such as Entweder-oder 'alternative' (literally 'either-or'); in phrase-word compounds such as Tag-und-Nacht-Gleiche 'equinox', Auf-die-lange-Bank-Schieben 'postponing' (substantivation of auf die lange Bank schieben 'to postpone'); in compounds of words containing hyphen with other words: A-Dur-Tonleiter 'A major scale'; in coordinated adjectives: deutsch-englisches Wörterbuch 'German-English dictionary'. Compound adjectives meaning colours are written with

2464-716: The Fraktur typeface and similar scripts, a long s ( ⟨ſ⟩ ) was used except in syllable endings (cf. Greek sigma ) and sometimes it was historically used in antiqua fonts as well; but it went out of general use in the early 1940s along with the Fraktur typeface. An example where this convention would avoid ambiguity is Wachſtube ( IPA: [ˈvax.ʃtuːbə] ) "guardhouse", written ⟨Wachſtube/Wach-Stube⟩ and Wachstube ( IPA: [ˈvaks.tuːbə] ) "tube of wax", written ⟨Wachstube/Wachs-Tube⟩ . There are three ways to deal with

2552-607: The French là ("there") versus la ("the"), which are both pronounced /la/ . In Gaelic type , a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other writing systems , diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat and the Hebrew niqqud systems, indicate vowels that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama (  ्  etc.) and

2640-480: The French language , spelling and accents are usually preserved. For instance, café in the sense of "coffeehouse" is always written Café in German; accentless Cafe would be considered erroneous, and the word cannot be written Kaffee , which means "coffee". ( Café is normally pronounced /kaˈfeː/ ; Kaffee is mostly pronounced /ˈkafe/ in Germany but /kaˈfeː/ in Austria.) Thus, German typewriters and computer keyboards offer two dead keys : one for

2728-580: The Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Mandarin in China, diacritics are used to mark the tones of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur. In orthography and collation , a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter–diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language. In some cases, letters are used as "in-line diacritics", with

SMS Grosser Kurfürst - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-489: The International Phonetic Alphabet . This is the pronunciation of Standard German . Note that the pronunciation of standard German varies slightly from region to region. In fact, it is possible to tell where most German speakers come from by their accent in standard German (not to be confused with the different German dialects ). Foreign words are usually pronounced approximately as they are in

2904-517: The acute and grave accents and one for circumflex . Other letters occur less often such as ⟨ ç ⟩ in loan words from French or Portuguese, and ⟨ ñ ⟩ in loan words from Spanish. A number of loanwords from French are spelled in a partially adapted way: Quarantäne /kaʁanˈtɛːnə/ (quarantine), Kommuniqué /kɔmyniˈkeː, kɔmuniˈkeː/ (communiqué), Ouvertüre /u.vɛʁˈtyː.ʁə/ (overture) from French quarantaine, communiqué, ouverture . In Switzerland, where French

2992-513: The machine-readable zone , e.g. ⟨Müller⟩ becomes ⟨MUELLER⟩ , ⟨Weiß⟩ becomes ⟨WEISS⟩ , and ⟨Gößmann⟩ becomes ⟨GOESSMANN⟩ . The transcription mentioned above is generally used for aircraft tickets et cetera, but sometimes (like in US visas) simple vowels are used ( MULLER, GOSSMANN ). As a result, passport, visa, and aircraft ticket may display different spellings of

3080-484: The uppercase ⟨ß⟩ . The uppercase ⟨ß⟩ was included in Unicode 5.1 as U+1E9E in 2008. Since 2010 its use is mandatory in official documentation in Germany when writing geographical names in all-caps. The option of using the uppercase ⟨ẞ⟩ in all-caps was officially added to the German orthography in 2017. Although nowadays substituted correctly only by ⟨ss⟩ ,

3168-591: The Arabic sukūn (  ـْـ  ) mark the absence of vowels. Cantillation marks indicate prosody . Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo stroke (  ◌҃  ) and the Hebrew gershayim (  ״  ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms , and Greek diacritical marks, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals . In Vietnamese and

3256-818: The Germanized version Büro even earlier. Except for the common sequences sch ( /ʃ/ ), ch ( [x] or [ç] ) and ck ( /k/ ), the letter ⟨c⟩ appears only in loanwords or in proper nouns . In many loanwords, including most words of Latin origin, the letter ⟨c⟩ pronounced ( /k/ ) has been replaced by ⟨k⟩ . Alternatively, German words which come from Latin words with ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e, i, y, ae, oe⟩ are usually pronounced with ( /ts/ ) and spelled with ⟨z⟩ . However, certain older spellings occasionally remain, mostly for decorative reasons, such as Circus instead of Zirkus . The letter ⟨q⟩ in German appears only in

3344-535: The Roman alphabet are transliterated , or romanized, using diacritics. Examples: Possibly the greatest number of combining diacritics required to compose a valid character in any Unicode language is 8, for the "well-known grapheme cluster in Tibetan and Ranjana scripts" or HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ . It consists of An example of rendering, may be broken depending on browser: ཧྐྵྨླྺྼྻྂ Some users have explored

3432-542: The Vienna public libraries, for example (before digitization). Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are: The tilde, dot, comma, titlo , apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses. Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. In the Wali language of Ghana, for example, an apostrophe indicates a change of vowel quality, but occurs at

3520-414: The acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous ( rébel vs. rebél ) or nonstandard for metrical reasons ( caléndar ), the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced ( warnèd, parlìament ). In certain personal names such as Renée and Zoë , often two spellings exist, and the person's own preference will be known only to those close to them. Even when

3608-506: The acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis: ( Cantillation marks do not generally render correctly; refer to Hebrew cantillation#Names and shapes of the ta'amim for a complete table together with instructions for how to maximize the possibility of viewing them in a web browser.) The diacritics 〮 and 〯  , known as Bangjeom ( 방점; 傍點 ), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean . They were written to

SMS Grosser Kurfürst - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-466: The aforementioned change in ⟨ß⟩ spelling, even a new source of triple consonants ⟨sss⟩ , which in pre-1996 spelling could not occur as it was rendered ⟨ßs⟩ , was introduced, e.g. Mussspiel ('compulsory round' in certain card games, composed of muss 'must' and Spiel 'game'). For technical terms, the foreign spelling is often retained such as ⟨ph⟩ /f/ or ⟨y⟩ /yː/ in

3784-402: The base letter. The ISO/IEC 646 standard (1967) defined national variations that replace some American graphemes with precomposed characters (such as ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ë⟩ ), according to language—but remained limited to 95 printable characters. Unicode was conceived to solve this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code

3872-530: The base vowel (e.g. ⟨u⟩ instead of ⟨ü⟩ ) would be wrong and misleading. However, such transcription should be avoided if possible, especially with names. Names often exist in different variants, such as Müller and Mueller , and with such transcriptions in use one could not work out the correct spelling of the name. Automatic back-transcribing is wrong not only for names. Consider, for example, das neue Buch ("the new book"). This should never be changed to das neü Buch , as

3960-425: The beginning of the word, as in the dialects ’Bulengee and ’Dolimi . Because of vowel harmony , all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word. In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai , diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle (dot) on the letter ⟨i⟩ or

4048-419: The case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume ) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd , learnèd , blessèd , and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd , breathèd ). Most other words with diacritics in English are borrowings from languages such as French to better preserve

4136-462: The combining diacritic concept properly. Depending on the keyboard layout and keyboard mapping , it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Keyboards used in countries where letters with diacritics are the norm, have keys engraved with the relevant symbols. In other cases, such as when the US international or UK extended mappings are used, the accented letter

4224-582: The diacritic developed from initially resembling today's acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today. Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds. Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none (with some exceptions ). These diacritics are used in addition to

4312-420: The exact shape of the umlaut diacritics – especially when handwritten – is not important, because they are the only ones in the language (not counting the tittle on ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ ). They will be understood whether they look like dots ( ⟨¨⟩ ), acute accents ( ⟨ ˝ ⟩ ) or vertical bars ( ⟨ ⟩ ). A horizontal bar ( macron , ⟨¯⟩ ),

4400-493: The hyphen can be used in compounds where the first part is a proper name. Compounds of the type "geographical name+specification" are written with a hyphen or as two words: München-Ost or München Ost . Even though vowel length is phonemic in German, it is not consistently represented. However, there are different ways of identifying long vowels: Even though German does not have phonemic consonant length , there are many instances of doubled or even tripled consonants in

4488-442: The latter case the revised one does not usually occur. For some words for which the Germanized form was common even before the reform of 1996, the foreign version is no longer allowed. A notable example is the word Foto "photograph", which may no longer be spelled as Photo . Other examples are Telephon (telephone) which was already Germanized as Telefon some decades ago or Bureau (office) which got replaced by

SECTION 50

#1732801259493

4576-710: The left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə , e̊ or superscript (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. For example, French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks

4664-474: The letter ⟨j⟩ , of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish ⟨i⟩ from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence ii (as in ingeníí ), then spread to i adjacent to m, n, u , and finally to all lowercase i s. The ⟨j⟩ , originally a variant of i , inherited the tittle. The shape of

4752-442: The letter actually originates from a distinct ligature: long s with (round) z ( ⟨ſz/ſʒ⟩ ). Some people therefore prefer to substitute ⟨ß⟩ by ⟨sz⟩ , as it can avoid possible ambiguities (as in the above Maßen vs Massen example). Incorrect use of the ⟨ß⟩ letter is a common type of spelling error even among native German writers. The spelling reform of 1996 changed

4840-467: The letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the <oo> letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/ . Other examples are the acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in

4928-400: The longest word in regular use, Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften ('legal protection insurance companies'), consists of 39 letters. Compounds involving letters, abbreviations, or numbers (written in figures, even with added suffixes) are hyphenated: A-Dur 'A major', US-Botschaft 'US embassy', 10-prozentig 'with 10 percent', 10er-Gruppe 'group of ten'. The hyphen

5016-489: The main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. Exceptions are unassimilated foreign loanwords, including borrowings from French (and, increasingly, Spanish , like jalapeño and piñata ); however, the diacritic is also sometimes omitted from such words. Loanwords that frequently appear with the diacritic in English include café , résumé or resumé (a usage that helps distinguish it from

5104-508: The middle or at the end of a word. The proper transcription when it cannot be used is ⟨ss⟩ ( ⟨sz⟩ and ⟨SZ⟩ in earlier times). This transcription can give rise to ambiguities, albeit rarely; one such case is in Maßen "in moderation" vs. in Massen "en masse". In all-caps, ⟨ß⟩ is replaced by ⟨SS⟩ or, optionally, by

5192-430: The minuscule ⟨ß⟩ as a capital letter in family names in documents (e.g. HEINZ GRO ß E , today's spelling: HEINZ GRO ẞ E ). German naming law accepts umlauts and/or ⟨ß⟩ in family names as a reason for an official name change. Even a spelling change, e.g. from Müller to Mueller or from Weiß to Weiss is regarded as a name change. A typical feature of German spelling

5280-538: The most frequent French diacritics. Uppercase umlauts were dropped because they are less common than lowercase ones (especially in Switzerland). Geographical names in particular are supposed to be written with ⟨a, o, u⟩ plus ⟨e⟩ , except Österreich . The omission can cause some inconvenience, since the first letter of every noun is capitalized in German. Unlike in Hungarian ,

5368-741: The name of a person is spelled with a diacritic, like Charlotte Brontë , this may be dropped in English-language articles, and even in official documents such as passports , due either to carelessness, the typist not knowing how to enter letters with diacritical marks, or technical reasons ( California , for example, does not allow names with diacritics, as the computer system cannot process such characters). They also appear in some worldwide company names and/or trademarks, such as Nestlé and Citroën . The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters. Several languages that are not written with

SECTION 60

#1732801259493

5456-511: The original language. Diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark , diacritical point , diacritical sign , or accent ) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός ( diakritikós , "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω ( diakrínō , "to distinguish"). The word diacritic is a noun , though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical

5544-412: The preceding vowel (by acting as a Dehnungs-e ), as in the former Dutch orthography, such as Straelen , which is pronounced with a long ⟨a⟩ , not an ⟨ä⟩ . Similar cases are Coesfeld and Bernkastel-Kues . In proper names and ethnonyms, there may also appear a rare ⟨ ë ⟩ and ⟨ ï ⟩ , which are not letters with an umlaut, but

5632-495: The rules concerning ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ (no forced replacement of ⟨ss⟩ to ⟨ß⟩ at word's end). This required a change of habits and is often disregarded: some people even incorrectly assumed that the ⟨ß⟩ had been abolished completely. However, if the vowel preceding the ⟨s⟩ is long, the correct spelling remains ⟨ß⟩ (as in Straße ). If

5720-786: The same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. The Scandinavian languages and the Finnish language , by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ⟨å⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ö⟩ as distinct letters of the alphabet, and sort them after ⟨z⟩ . Usually ⟨ä⟩ (a-umlaut) and ⟨ö⟩ (o-umlaut) [used in Swedish and Finnish] are sorted as equivalent to ⟨æ⟩ (ash) and ⟨ø⟩ (o-slash) [used in Danish and Norwegian]. Also, aa , when used as an alternative spelling to ⟨å⟩ ,

5808-442: The same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in the English pronunciation of "sh" and "th". Such letter combinations are sometimes even collated as a single distinct letter. For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in

5896-410: The same name. The three possible spelling variants of the same name (e.g. Müller/Mueller/Muller ) in different documents sometimes lead to confusion, and the use of two different spellings within the same document may give persons unfamiliar with German orthography the impression that the document is a forgery. Even before the introduction of the capital ⟨ẞ⟩ , it was recommended to use

5984-426: The second ⟨e⟩ is completely separate from the ⟨u⟩ and does not even belong in the same syllable; neue ( [ˈnɔʏ.ə] ) is neu (the root for "new") followed by ⟨e⟩ , an inflection. The word ⟨neü⟩ does not exist in German. Furthermore, in northern and western Germany, there are family names and place names in which ⟨e⟩ lengthens

6072-945: The sequence ⟨qu⟩ ( /kv/ ) except for loanwords such as Coq au vin or Qigong (the latter is also written Chigong ). The letter ⟨x⟩ ( Ix , /ɪks/ ) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords such as Xylofon (xylophone) and names, e.g. Alexander and Xanthippe . Native German words now pronounced with a /ks/ sound are usually written using ⟨chs⟩ or ⟨(c)ks⟩ , as with Fuchs (fox). Some exceptions occur such as Hexe ( witch ), Nixe ( mermaid ), Axt ( axe ) and Xanten . The letter ⟨y⟩ ( Ypsilon , /ˈʏpsilɔn/ ) occurs almost exclusively in loanwords, especially words of Greek origin, but some such words (such as Typ ) have become so common that they are no longer perceived as foreign. It used to be more common in earlier centuries, and traces of this earlier usage persist in proper names. It

6160-443: The spelling, such as the diaeresis on naïve and Noël , the acute from café , the circumflex in the word crêpe , and the cedille in façade . All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage. In Latin-script alphabets in other languages, diacritics may distinguish between homonyms , such as

6248-423: The spelling. A single consonant following a checked vowel is doubled if another vowel follows, for instance i mm er 'always', la ss en 'let'. These consonants are analyzed as ambisyllabic because they constitute not only the syllable onset of the second syllable but also the syllable coda of the first syllable, which must not be empty because the syllable nucleus is a checked vowel. By analogy, if

6336-535: The suffix '-er' from geographical names (e.g. Berliner ); in adjectives with the suffix '-sch' from proper names if written with the apostrophe before the suffix (e.g. Ohm'sches Gesetz 'Ohm's law', also written ohmsches Gesetz ). Compound words , including nouns, are usually written together, e.g. Haustür ( Haus + Tür ; 'house door'), Tischlampe ( Tisch + Lampe ; 'table lamp'), Kaltwasserhahn ( Kalt + Wasser + Hahn ; 'cold water tap/faucet). This can lead to long words:

6424-419: The two dots of umlaut look like those in the diaeresis (trema), the two have different origins and functions. When it is not possible to use the umlauts (for example, when using a restricted character set) the characters ⟨Ä, Ö, Ü, ä, ö, ü⟩ should be transcribed as ⟨Ae, Oe, Ue, ae, oe, ue⟩ respectively, following the earlier postvocalic- ⟨e⟩ convention; simply using

6512-523: The umlaut getting immediate precedence). A possible sequence of names then would be Mukovic; Muller; Müller; Mueller; Multmann in this order. Eszett is sorted as though it were ⟨ss⟩ . Occasionally it is treated as ⟨s⟩ , but this is generally considered incorrect. Words distinguished only by ⟨ß⟩ vs. ⟨ss⟩ can only appear in the (presently used) Heyse writing and are even then rare and possibly dependent on local pronunciation, but if they appear,

6600-411: The umlauts in alphabetic sorting . Microsoft Windows in German versions offers the choice between the first two variants in its internationalisation settings. A sort of combination of nos. 1 and 2 also exists, in use in a couple of lexica: The umlaut is sorted with the base character, but an ⟨ae, oe, ue⟩ in proper names is sorted with the umlaut if it is actually spoken that way (with

6688-467: The unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word or denotes a distinction between homonyms , and does not modify the sound of a letter. For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence . Modern computer technology

6776-428: The underlying vowel). In Spanish, the grapheme ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a distinct letter, different from ⟨n⟩ and collated between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain ⟨n⟩ . But the accented vowels ⟨á⟩ , ⟨é⟩ , ⟨í⟩ , ⟨ó⟩ , ⟨ú⟩ are not separated from

6864-463: The verb resume ), soufflé , and naïveté (see English terms with diacritical marks ). In older practice (and even among some orthographically conservative modern writers), one may see examples such as élite , mêlée and rôle. English speakers and writers once used the diaeresis more often than now in words such as coöperation (from Fr. coopération ), zoölogy (from Grk. zoologia ), and seeër (now more commonly see-er or simply seer ) as

6952-409: The vocalic digraphs ⟨ai, ei⟩ (historically ⟨ay, ey⟩ ), ⟨au, äu, eu⟩ and the historic ⟨ui, oi⟩ never are. German names containing umlauts ( ⟨ä, ö, ü⟩ ) and/or ⟨ß⟩ are spelled in the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone of the passport, but with ⟨AE, OE, UE⟩ and/or ⟨SS⟩ in

7040-401: The vowel is short, it becomes ⟨ss⟩ , e.g. Ich denke, dass… "I think that…". This follows the general rule in German that a long vowel is followed by a single consonant, while a short vowel is followed by a double consonant. This change towards the so-called Heyse spelling, however, introduced a new sort of spelling error, as the long/short pronunciation differs regionally. It

7128-495: The word Physik (physics) of Greek origin. For some common affixes however, like -graphie or Photo- , it is allowed to use -grafie or Foto- instead. Both Photographie and Fotografie are correct, but the mixed variants * Fotographie or * Photografie are not. For other foreign words, both the foreign spelling and a revised German spelling are correct such as Delphin / Delfin or Portemonnaie / Portmonee , though in

7216-468: The word Schaffell ('sheepskin', composed of Schaf 'sheep' and Fell 'skin, fur, pelt'). Composite words can also have tripled letters. While this is usually a sign that the consonant is actually spoken long, it does not affect the pronunciation per se: the ⟨fff⟩ in Sauerstoffflasche ('oxygen bottle', composed of Sauerstoff 'oxygen' and Flasche 'bottle')

7304-431: The word with ⟨ß⟩ gets precedence, and Geschoß (storey; South German pronunciation) would be sorted before Geschoss (projectile). Accents in French loanwords are always ignored in collation. In rare contexts (e.g. in older indices) ⟨sch⟩ (phonetic value equal to English ⟨sh⟩ ) and likewise ⟨st⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ are treated as single letters, but

7392-406: The word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e.g. schon and then schön , or fallen and then fällen ). However, when names are concerned (e.g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed ⟨e⟩ ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following

7480-580: Was already mostly abolished in the late 19th century (and finally with the first unified German spelling of 1901) in favor of the Adelung spelling. Besides the long/short pronunciation issue, which can be attributed to dialect speaking (for instance, in the northern parts of Germany Spaß is typically pronounced short, i.e. Spass , whereas particularly in Bavaria elongated may occur as in Geschoss which

7568-532: Was common in some Kurrent -derived handwritings; it was mandatory in Sütterlin . Eszett or scharfes S ( ⟨ ß ⟩ ) represents the “s” sound. The German spelling reform of 1996 somewhat reduced usage of this letter in Germany and Austria. It is not used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein . As ⟨ß⟩ derives from a ligature of lowercase letters, it is exclusively used in

7656-669: Was developed mostly in countries that speak Western European languages (particularly English), and many early binary encodings were developed with a bias favoring English—a language written without diacritical marks. With computer memory and computer storage at premium, early character sets were limited to the Latin alphabet, the ten digits and a few punctuation marks and conventional symbols. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ), first published in 1963, encoded just 95 printable characters. It included just four free-standing diacritics—acute, grave, circumflex and tilde—which were to be used by backspacing and overprinting

7744-596: Was indicated by placing an ⟨e⟩ after the back vowel to be modified, but German printers developed the space-saving typographical convention of replacing the full ⟨e⟩ with a small version placed above the vowel to be modified. In German Kurrent writing, the superscripted ⟨e⟩ was simplified to two vertical dashes (as the Kurrent ⟨e⟩ consists largely of two short vertical strokes), which have further been reduced to dots in both handwriting and German typesetting. Although

#492507