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80-664: The Grote Waard or Hollandse Waard was a farming region in the County of Holland at the border of the Duchy of Brabant , that disappeared in the St. Elizabeth's flood . Parts of this polder are now separated by water: Hoekse Waard , Eiland van Dordrecht , De Biesbosch , and parts of North Brabant . The Grote Waard was a damp peat region, which was roughly limited by what now is the Afgedamde Maas between Heusden and Woudrichem ,

160-455: A "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. In the early decades of the uprising, a great number of refugees from Flanders and Brabant settled in the big cities of Holland. They had a Frankish influence on the new dialect of urban Holland (that earlier had more Frisian influences) that in later centuries became the standard language of

240-546: A castle at Silva Meriwido , the future Vlaardingen. From this castle, he forced merchants that travelled per ship from Tiel to England to pay toll. The Bishop of Utrecht, Adalbold and the merchants of Tiel complained against this piracy at the Reichstag of Nijmegen in 1018, the merchants of Tiel effectively pointing out that the emperor was losing tax revenue when he allowed the Tiel merchants to being plundered by Dirk III. It

320-530: A confederation between the seven liberated provinces. From then on, the executive and legislative power would again rest with the States of Holland and West Friesland , which were led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The county, now a sovereign state within this larger confederation, became the cultural, political and economic centre of the Dutch Republic , in the 17th century,

400-403: A considerable amount of independence from Holy Roman Empire leadership in the 10th and 11th centuries. Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht . The count of Holland was in this period more of a military commander who had to resist Viking raids, and be subject to the authority of

480-692: A forest and field between the mouth of the Old Rhine (and presumably Bennebroek ), Suithardeshaga, the border between the former Frankish counties of Rijnland and Kennemerland. A line of Gerulf's descendants became the Counts of Holland. King Charles the Simple gave the church in Egmond and its possessions to Count Dirk I of Holland in 922 in gratitude for Dirk's support in the Battle of Soissons to suppress

560-458: A house. Fruits refers to any renewable commodity on the property, including (among others) actual fruits, livestock and even rental payments derived from the property. These may be divided into civil ( fructus civiles ), industrial ( fructus industriales ), and natural fruits ( fructus naturales ), the latter of which, in Roman law, included slaves and livestock . Under Roman law , usufruct

640-403: A landowner grants a lease for fewer than five years, the lease agreement is a usufruct, and the landowner retains the estate. Additionally, Georgia courts consider as a usufruct any relationship between a landowner and a lessee where the restrictions are "so pervasive as to be fundamentally inconsistent with the concept of an estate for years ", or the landowner retains "dominion and control" over

720-457: A literal no-man's land . However, during the reclamation the counts of Holland managed to expand their influence at the cost of Utrecht. Usufruct Usufruct ( / ˈ j uː z j uː f r ʌ k t / ) is a limited real right (or in rem right) found in civil law and mixed jurisdictions that unites the two property interests of usus and fructus : A usufruct is either granted in severalty or held in common ownership , as long as

800-412: A manner similar to other real rights, by gift ("donation"), will ("testament"), or operation of law . Nevertheless, they are typically granted cestui que vie . Unless otherwise provided in a will, a person's share of community property accedes to descendants as bare title holders ("naked owners"); nevertheless, if that person has a living spouse, the latter will receive a usufruct in that portion of

880-483: A property burdened by a usufruct is called the fiar and right of ownership is known as the fee. Usufruct has been revived as part of the agricultural change associated with Cuba's Special Period . As a legacy of sanctions and a struggling economy, Cuba had accumulated many crumbling buildings that could not be repaired. These were torn down and the empty lots lay idle for years until the food shortages forced Cuban citizens to make use of every piece of land. Initially, this

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960-570: A rebellion of his West Frankish vassals. The West Frankish king was able to do this because the lands and churches he granted to Dirk were outside his jurisdiction; Egmond was just north of possessions which Dirk had received from Gerulf and was a good match. He then founded Egmond Abbey , Holland's oldest monastery. When Charles the Simple was deposed in 923, King Henry the Fowler of East Francia allied with Count Gilbert of Hainaut (son of Duke Reginar of Lorraine ) and re-conquered Lotharingia. By 925,

1040-648: A revolt that by severe mismanagement by Philip II and his governor the Duke of Alva turned into the Eighty Years' War . As a consequence, Holland and the other six allied provinces became an independent nation called the Republic of the Seven United Provinces . Over William of Orange Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held

1120-479: A series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland . The Hook faction consisted of a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of

1200-516: A system of inheritance. This informal rule became more widespread and in 877 was legalised in the Capitulary of Quierzy . Upon the death of a king, the Frankish kingdom was frequently divided among his heirs. The system of partible inheritance often caused internal strife, which made centralized government problematic. The Viking raids further undermined centralized government. At the end of

1280-418: A usufructuary did not have possessory title, he could sue for relief in the form of a modified possessory interdict (prohibiting order). In some indigenous cultures , usufruct means the land is owned in common by the people, but families and individuals have the right to use certain plots of land. Land is considered village or communal land rather than owned by individual people. While people can take fruits of

1360-443: A war broke out, in which it is not clear whether it was against Brabant , Utrecht or Liège. During this war, Floris was ambushed while relaxing too much and in too small a company when he was raiding in the former Teisterbant county, now Utrechtian territory. He was killed by either Utrechtian or Gueldrian troops. His son Dirk V was still a minor, so his mother Gertrude of Saxony became regent. Gertrude remarried in 1063 with Robert

1440-406: Is a subordinate real right ( ius in re aliena ) of limited duration, usually for a person's lifetime. The holder of a usufruct, known as a usufructuary, has the right to use ( usus ) the property and enjoy its fruits ( fructus ). In modern terms, fructus more or less corresponds to the profit one may make, as when selling the "fruits" (in both literal and figurative senses) of the land or leasing

1520-408: Is subtracted, and finally the remaining balance is divided among the children on the death of the surviving spouse. This simplifies handling household items since the surviving spouse is free to maintain, replace or dispose of them as he/she wishes during his/her lifetime, with the monetary value of the items going to the children. Title to assets does not pass, and the usufruct disappears on death or at

1600-520: The Bishopric of Utrecht . In 985, King Otto III , at the request of his mother Theophanu , granted the ownership ( proprium ) of a number of lands to count Dirk II. These lands had already been given in loan ( beneficium ). This was the area between the rivers Loira or Lier and Hisla (a gouw called Masaland ), villa Sunnimeri (on the Zeelandish island of Schouwen), the area between

1680-688: The Boven Merwede and Beneden Merwede , Dordrecht , Maasdam , the Keizersdijk between Maasdam and Strijen , Strijensas , Lage Zwaluwe , and Hooge Zwaluwe . This Dutch-history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . County of Holland The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of

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1760-489: The Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. The largest cities in the republic were situated in the province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , Delft , Dordrecht , Haarlem , and the nation's capital, The Hague . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in

1840-742: The Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands . The County of Holland was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach the level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development it did, having had time to undergo this development before

1920-585: The Swabia . Lotharingia had considerable self-determination ; this became clear when Louis the Child , East Francia's last Carolingian , died in 911. Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke Conrad I of Franconia , Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of West Francia , Charles the Simple . In Frisia, the situation was complex. Power was in the hands of Rorik's successor, Godfrid , who became embroiled in

2000-404: The forced estate passes to the deceased's surviving spouse and issue (with shares apportioned according to the number of children), with the rest of the estate – the free estate – free to dispose of by will . However, the surviving spouse may elect to distribute the forced estate as is, or convert it into a usufruct, or break up the estate into a distributable portion and a usufruct good for

2080-611: The 11th century the 'Great Reclamation' started, under the control of the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht. Until the 13th century, large amounts of land were reclaimed between the IJ bay in the north, the dunes in the west, the Lek and Waal rivers in the south and the Old Rhine in the east. Before the Great Reclamation, the borders between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht were unclear, and there existed

2160-583: The 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the county, although it clearly formed a minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor Philip II felt it was their duty to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to

2240-634: The Bishopric of Utrecht. After the death of Henry II in 1024, Dirk III supported the candidature of Conrad II in an attempt to reconcile with the imperial authorities, so as to keep the lands he had acquired or expand them even further. Emperor Conrad II died during a stay in Utrecht in 1039 during the rule of bishop Bernold , after which his organs were interred in the Cathedral of Utrecht . His son and successor, Henry III , granted numerous favors to

2320-633: The Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The main breakthrough came when Holland, along with Zeeland, was conquered in 1572 and following years by the Watergeuzen , a somehow effective maritime force of mainly Calvinists who turned pirate and pirates who turned Calvinist. The States General of the Netherlands signed the Act of Abjuration , deposing Philip as Count of Holland and forming

2400-666: The Frisian , a younger brother of the count of Flanders , Baldwin VI and a grandson of a former French king, Robert II , who also acted as regent for Dirk V. In 1064, Emperor Henry IV donated lands belonging to the county of Holland, 'west of the Vlie and around the banks of the Rhine' (the gouw of Westflinge), to William, Bishop of Utrecht , on whose support the Emperor could count. Dirk V

2480-422: The Frisian managed however against some odds to become count of Flanders in 1076 when in the battle of Cassel he managed to beat a grand coalition of Hainaut, French and Normandian forces. Being now the count of Flanders he was able to assist his stepson to reclaim the county of Holland. The pair started by taking out their most dangerous adversary. Godfrey IV was killed at night while defecating. Shortly afterwards

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2560-623: The Lotharingian nobles accepted his rule and Lotharingia (with the Frisian lands) became a fifth German stem duchy. Henry's power was limited by his vassal, Gilbert (Duke of Lotharingia), whose power was limited to his own counties. The rising status of the House of Holland was shown when in 938 Count Dirk II , probably the grandson of Count Dirk I, married at the age of 8 with Hildegard of Flanders, daughter of Count Arnulf I of Flanders . The County of Holland and other nearby territories had

2640-483: The Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840. The county covered an area roughly corresponding to the current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland , as well as the northwestern part of the current province of North Brabant (roughly between the towns of Willemstad , Geertruidenberg and Werkendam ), and the islands of Terschelling , Vlieland , Urk and Schokland , though it did not include

2720-588: The Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium. Nominally, the County of Holland formally came to an end in 1795, when the Batavian Revolution ended the republic and reformed it as the Batavian Republic . The territory of the former county was divided between the departments of the Amstel , Delf , Texel , and Schelde en Maas . After 1813, Holland was restored as a province of the United Kingdom of

2800-407: The area became classed as a county. The oldest sources refer to the not clearly defined county as Frisia , west of the Vlie (also known as West Frisia ). Before 1101, sources talk about Frisian counts, but in this year Floris II, Count of Holland , is mentioned as Florentius comes de Hollant (Floris, Count of Holland). Another early usage of the word is a deed dated 1083 in which Dirk V used

2880-526: The area living at the east side of North Holland, also confusingly known as "West-Frisians". It was not until 1289 that Count Floris V was able to bring this long war to an end and subjugate these West Frisians, this only after the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 had completely devastated nearly all the lands of the West-Frisians. After this, the county was officially known until 1795 as the county of Holland and West Friesland. The Hook and Cod Wars were

2960-647: The bishop of Cologne and the Emperor), which outsmarted Godfrid and the Danes. The chief conspirator in the murder was Everard Saxo , count of Hamaland . One of those who profited most from the power vacuum was the Frisian Gerolf , comes Fresonum (count of Frisia), from Westergo in the present-day province of Friesland . Gerolf, Godfrid's former envoy to the emperor, demanded lands in the Moselle valley from

3040-483: The bishopric of Utrecht. In this way, the Oversticht was assigned to the bishopric in 1040. Though the count of Holland had been reconciled with the emperor, Henry III still decided to punish the count. In 1046 the emperor forced Dirk IV to relinquish the lands he had conquered. However, the emperor was not able to maintain himself in the area and was forced to retreat, after which Dirk IV started to raid and plunder

3120-506: The bishoprics of Utrecht and Liège. Moreover, Dirk signed treaties with Godfrey the Bearded , duke of Lower Lorraine, as well as the counts of Flanders and Hainaut . The Emperor responded with a second punitive expedition in which Vlaardingen and the castle at Rijnsburg were taken from Dirk IV. The castle was completely destroyed. However, the emperor suffered heavy losses during his retreat, upon which Dirk's allies openly revolted against

3200-589: The business operating on the property. Philippine law relating to usufruct is set forth primarily in Title VI of the Philippine Civil Code. A liferent , by which a usufruct is known in Scots law , is the right to receive for life the benefits of a property or other asset, without the right to dispose of the property or asset. An individual who enjoys this right is called a liferenter. The owner of

3280-412: The children's lifetime. If a usufruct is chosen, a value is set for the usufruct interest for inheritance tax purposes and payable by the surviving spouse, on a sliding scale according to his/her age. The value of furniture and household items is calculated using a standard formula based on the appraised value of the estate's liquid and non-liquid assets, then the usufruct's value to the surviving spouse

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3360-416: The count in this southern part of the later county of Holland are known. As a result of a promise he had made during the Frisian rebellion, Dirk III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When he returned, the northern side of his county had become unsafe, so he travelled south and started granting rights to reclaim lands from nature around present-day Vlaardingen in order to cultivate these lands. He also built

3440-511: The duke of Lower Lorraine, when Godfrey was on the verge of being killed. So as not to weaken the protection the county of Holland offered against the Viking raids, King Henry II decided to let the matter rest, though he did strengthen the position of the Bishop of Utrecht, the nominal feudal lord of the counts of Holland. Nonetheless, Dirk managed to expand his territory to the east at the cost of

3520-725: The emperor to provoke a war. After the elimination of a large portion of the Danish population, Gerulf controlled a large Frisian part of the later county of Holland. This fait accompli was recognised when Gerolf was given lands in full ownership on 4 August 889 by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia , who needed strong warlords in the delta region to keep the Danes and other Vikings out. The lands in question included an area outside Gerulf's county, in Teisterbant, which included Tiel , Aalburg and Asch . It also involved

3600-510: The emperor. In 1049 Dirk IV was lured into a trap and killed by assassins hired by the bishops of Metz , Liège and Utrecht. Dirk died young, unmarried and childless. He was succeeded by his brother Floris I . Floris I managed to expand his territory with a small area within the Rijnland Gouw, an area called Holtland ("Woodland"), or Holland . It is most likely that this name soon became synonymous with Floris' whole territory. In 1061

3680-591: The end of a term of years. A usufruct is distinct from a trust or similar settlement. French law breaks with Roman law by construing a usufruct as not a servitude but rather a possessory interest. Although the United States is for the most part a common law jurisdiction recognizing life estate instead of usufruct, Louisiana is a civil-law jurisdiction, specifically following the French and Spanish models. In Louisiana, usufructs generally are created in

3760-509: The estate until death or remarriage (La. Civil Code art. 890). Under certain other conditions, a usufruct may arise giving rights to that person's parents. While Georgia does not share Louisiana's civil law history, Georgia General Assembly statutorily created usufructs. In Georgia, a usufruct is "rights or privileges usually arising out of landlord and tenant relationships, and with privileges granted to tenants holding less interest in real estate than estate for years". Under Georgia law, if

3840-586: The formidable bishop William of Utrecht also died. After this Robert I and his stepson Dirk V besieged the new Utrecht/Lotharingian castle at a strategic place at the delta in IJsselmonde , where the Hollandse IJssel (still existing) joined the Merwede (not existing any more in the form of 1000 years ago) . In the battle of IJsselmonde they managed to capture the new bishop Conrad of Swabia , who

3920-407: The island of Goeree-Overflakkee . In the early Middle Ages, large parts of the area covered by the present-day Netherlands were covered by peat bogs . These bogs limited the size of arable land in the Netherlands, but also proved to be a good source of fuel. Around 950, small-scale reclamation was started on the enormous bogs in Holland and Utrecht, probably set in motion by the minor nobility. In

4000-499: The land, they may not sell or abuse it in ways that stop future use of the land by the community. Ancient examples of usufruct are found in the Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses . The Law of Moses directed property owners not to harvest the edges of their fields, and reserved the gleanings for the poor. Thomas Jefferson famously wrote in 1789 that "Earth belongs – in usufruct – to

4080-535: The last count, Philip II of Spain , only mentioned them halfway through his long list of titles. Around 800, under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire covered much of Europe. In much of this empire, an important unit of regional administration (corresponding roughly to a shire or county in England) was the gau ( Frankish ) or pagus (Latin). A comes ( count ) ruled one or more gaue . Because of

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4160-410: The living." Jefferson's metaphor means that, like a usufructuary, human beings have the right to use the earth for their own benefit and derive profit from it, but only to the extent that their actions do not impoverish the earth's bounty for future generations. It was, in other words, an expression both of rights (of the living) and obligations (of the living to those yet to be born). Jefferson's use of

4240-530: The low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to barter . The king's vassals could be rewarded only with land ( beneficium or, from the tenth century, feodum ) and usufruct , and feudalism developed from that. The vassals, who were generally appointed by the king, strove for

4320-592: The main figures in this multi-generational conflict were William IV , Margaret , William V , William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut , John and Philip the Good. Perhaps the most well known, however, is Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut . By the end of the Hook and Cod Wars, Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , had taken control of Holland. Leading noblemen in Holland had invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that

4400-590: The mortgagor surrenders possession to the mortgagee, explicitly or implicitly. This distinctive mortgage type intertwines property ownership & loan repayment, granting the mortgagee the right to utilize and derive income from the property. Commonly employed in agricultural sectors, this arrangement aids farmers who may lack liquidity but possess valuable land assets. Usufructuary mortgages align with India's diverse economic landscape, facilitating financial access for those with immovable assets. The Indian legal system recognizes and regulates these transactions, emphasizing

4480-450: The nuanced role this mortgage type plays in fostering economic activities, especially in rural settings. Usufruct is a central concept in social ecology . Murray Bookchin defines usufruct informally as The freedom of individuals in a community to appropriate resources merely by virtue of the fact that they are using them Bookchin contrasts Usufruct with other property relations, saying: Usufruct, in short, differs qualitatively from

4560-694: The numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants, On top of this, however, the Burgundians had imposed an overall government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts. During the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its Lutheran and Calvinist forms. Protestants in Holland, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By

4640-487: The original owner at the end of the usufruct. In many usufructuary property systems, such as the traditional ejido system in Mexico , individuals or groups may only acquire the usufruct of the property, not legal ownership. A usufruct is directly equatable to a common-law life estate except that a usufruct can be granted for a term shorter than the holder's lifetime. Usufruct comes from civil law , under which it

4720-484: The owner in 1506, but in 1515 he left to become king of Spain and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled. Holland retained its own governments and court, controlled by the local nobility, and its own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise

4800-411: The politics of the Frankish empire and was allied with the children of Lothair II. Danish rule ended in 885 with the murder of Godfrid at Herispijk , and all Danes east of the coastal areas of West Frisia were killed or driven out in what must have been a complex, successful conspiracy. Henry of Franconia led a coalition of Babenberg Franks, Hamaland Saxons and Teisterbant Frisians (in cooperation with

4880-534: The primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of Holland, because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained. Charles (1500–58) became

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4960-420: The property is not damaged or destroyed. The third civilian property interest is abusus (literally abuse ), the right to alienate the thing possessed, either by consuming or destroying it (e.g., for profit), or by transferring it to someone else (e.g., sale , exchange , gift ). Someone enjoying all three rights has full ownership . Generally, a usufruct is a system in which a person or group of persons uses

5040-439: The quid pro quo of reciprocity, exchange, and mutual aid — all of which are trapped within history's demeaning account books with their "just" ratios and their "honest" balance sheets. He pairs the concept of usufruct with complementarity and the irreducible minimum as core to his ethical world view. What "civilization" has given us, in spite of itself, is the recognition that the ancient values of usufruct, complementarity, and

5120-426: The real property (often land) of another. The "usufructuary" does not own the property, but does have an interest in it, which is sanctioned or contractually allowed by the owner. Two different systems of usufruct exist: perfect and imperfect. In a perfect usufruct, the usufructuary is entitled to the use of the property but cannot substantially change it. For example, an owner of a small business may become ill and grant

5200-556: The reign of Emperor Louis the Pious , royal power had weakened by the flood of 838 and by infighting between the king's sons. After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor Lothair I , who was king of Middle Francia , rewarded the Danish Viking brothers Rorik and Harald with Frisia in an attempt to resist Viking attacks. When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son, Lothair II , and

5280-428: The right of usufruct to an individual to run their business. The usufructuary thus has the right to operate the business and gain income from it, but does not have the right to, for example, tear down the business and replace it, or to sell it. The imperfect usufruct system gives the usufructuary some ability to modify the property. For example, if a land owner grants a piece of land to a usufructuary for agricultural use,

5360-568: The rivers Medemelaka and Chinnelosara gemerchi ( Kinheim ) and the gouw Texla . In 993, count Arnulf of Ghent was killed in a battle against Frisian land reclaimers who did not want to pay their due to the count. It is unknown where this battle took place but it was probably in the Rijnland or in the Maas estuary. Arnulf's son, count Dirk III of Holland was too young to rule, so his mother Lutgardis of Luxemburg acted as regent. In 1005 Dirk

5440-417: The ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the Flemish economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions. Under the Burgundians, Holland's trade developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became

5520-409: The stability of the whole hierarchical political system. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the Spanish Inquisition . Calvinists rebelled. First, there was the iconoclasm in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. After 1566 William the Silent , more or less by accident became the leader of

5600-466: The term "Count of Holland" for himself. Holland is probably from the Old Dutch holt lant , literally "wood land". The counts of Holland generally kept to this single title until 1291, when Floris V, Count of Holland decided to call himself Count of Holland and Zeeland, lord of Friesland . This title was also used after Holland was united with Hainault , Bavaria-Straubing , and the Duchy of Burgundy . The titles eventually lost their importance, and

5680-451: The usufructuary may have the right to not only grow crops on the land but also make improvements that would help in farming, say by building a barn. However this can be disadvantageous to the usufructuary: if a usufructuary makes material improvements – such as a building, or fixtures attached to the building, or other fixed structures – to their usufruct, they do not own the improvements, and any money spent on those improvements would belong to

5760-516: The warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as "Holland" rather than as the "Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands". A strong impression of "Holland" was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to

5840-652: The word "living" is critical here: he meant that the usufructuaries of the world are those who are alive, not deceased past generations. This idea would profoundly influence Jefferson over the course of his life, and would lead to his acknowledgement that the Constitution of the United States would be revised by future generations, and was part of the reason that the Constitution includes a provision for its own amendment. In France usufruct applies in inheritances. Under French law an indefeasible portion known as

5920-489: Was a type of personal servitude ( servitutes personarum ), a beneficial right in another's property. The usufructuary never had possession of this property (on the basis that if he possessed at all, he did so through the owner), but he did have an interest in the property itself for a period, either a term of years , or a lifetime. Unlike the owner, the usufructuary did not have a right of alienation ( abusus ), but he could sell or lease his usufructuary interest. Even though

6000-495: Was an ad-hoc process where ordinary Cubans took the initiative to grow their own food in whatever piece of land was available. Tenure but not ownership was formalised with a legal framework using usufruct to give farmers rights on a profit-sharing basis to the products produced from the land, but not ownership rights to the land itself. Usufructuary mortgage in the Indian market denotes a unique property financing arrangement where

6080-628: Was called Lotharingia . Rorik was granted the right to rule Kennemerland in 862. The 880 Treaty of Ribemont added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the Low Countries ) to East Francia , which attempted to integrate it. However, there were no strong political connections like those between the four German stem duchies of east Francia: Franconia , the Saxony , the Bavaria and

6160-440: Was decided to act against Dirk III. An army led by Godfrey II Duke of Lower Lorraine , consisting of a fleet with soldiers from the bishops of Utrecht , Cologne , Cambrai and Liège was however surprisingly ambushed in a swamp and nearly annihilated by Dirk III Frisian subjects in what was called the Battle of Vlaardingen , Dirk III himself playing a coordinating role, only to appear from his castle to officially take prisoner

6240-401: Was now forced to return the lands to Dirk V's control. In 1101, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed. Holland's influence continued to gradually grow over the next two centuries. The counts of Holland were able to conquer most of Zeeland , to diminish the power of bishops of Utrecht and from the start of the 12th until the 13th century fight a 150-year-long war against the inhabitants of

6320-605: Was old enough to rule in his own name, but he still made thankful use of the good connections that his mother had made. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king Henry II , who travelled with an army and a fleet from Utrecht to the Maas-estuary (probably Vlaardingen ) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count. This expedition appears to have been successful since after 1005 no revolts against

6400-462: Was only allowed to keep the gouw of Masaland. Through battles in 1071 and 1072, William of Utrecht, with support from the highly competent Duke Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine, managed to gain actual central control over nearly the entire later county of Holland for the first time. Robert the Frisian and Dirk V had to flee to Ghent . This could have been the end of the Gerulfingian dynasty. Robert

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