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23-731: The Groundhouse River is a 39.8-mile-long (64.1 km) tributary of the Snake River in eastern Minnesota . Via the Snake River and St. Croix River , it is part of the Mississippi River watershed flowing to the Gulf of Mexico . This article about a location in Kanabec County, Minnesota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in Mille Lacs County, Minnesota

46-588: A living history museum in 1970. Together with Cross Lake and the Knife River , the 1757 edition of the Mitchell Map identifies this river system as "Portage River" as it served as the waterway that connected the St. Croix River with Mille Lacs Lake and the upper Mississippi River , via a short portage. St. Croix Chippewa Indians The Manoominikeshiinyag were one of the three major Bands forming

69-580: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river or creek in Minnesota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Snake River (St. Croix River) The Snake River is a 104-mile-long (167 km) tributary of the St. Croix River in east-central Minnesota in the United States . It is one of three streams in Minnesota with this name. Its name

92-651: Is a translation from the Ojibwa Ginebigo-ziibi , after the Dakota peoples who made their homes along this river. Kanabec County 's name is derived from the Ojibwe word for this river. The Snake River with its tributaries drains a 1,009 square miles (2,610 km ) area of Aitkin , Kanabec , Mille Lacs and Pine counties. After initially flowing southward from its headwaters in southern Aitkin County ,

115-575: Is food upon the waters." In colonizing the St. Croix River valley and its tributaries, the St. Croix Band entered into a fierce territorial dispute with the Eastern Dakota and the Fox . Eight other Native American Tribes were also located in the St. Croix River Valley. To this day in the Ojibwe language , the headwaters of the St. Croix River is called "Manoominikeshiinyag-ziibi" (Ricing Rail River),

138-572: Is located 13 miles (21 km) from the river's mouth. Pokegama Lake, located 17.5 miles (28.2 km) from the river's mouth, gets its name from the Ojibwa bakegamaa , meaning "a side-lake (of another body of water)". Major tributaries of the Snake River are the Knife River , Ann River , Groundhouse River , and Rice Creek . The Snake and the Knife rivers served as the main waterway to connect

161-598: The Biitan-akiing-enabijig ("Border-sitters") who were both Ojibwa and Dakota . The Biitan-akiing-enabijig had numerous internal skirmishes as they defined themselves as either Ojibwa or Dakota, giving a false perspective that the Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux and Ojibwa Nations were at constant war. Eventually, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig who defined themselves as Ojibwa became part of the St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa , and

184-468: The Biitan-akiing-enabijig (Border Sitters), named because of their proximity to the Eastern Dakota peoples. In turn, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig were a sub-Nation of the Gichigamiwininiwag (Lake Superior Men) . The St. Croix Band arrived in the area nearly 600 years ago; according to their oral tradition, they were directed to move southward from Lake Superior to "the place where there

207-627: The Minisinaakwaang Village at East Lake , located south of McGregor. In 1934, under the Indian Reorganization Act , St. Croix Band in Wisconsin reorganized under a written constitution and regained federal recognition, as the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin . The Minisinaakwaang Village, Lake Lena Village, Kettle River and Snake River communities of the St. Croix Band in Minnesota became part of

230-536: The Minnesota River . The St. Croix Band are signatories to the Treaty of St. Peters (1837), also known as the "White Pine Treaty," which ceded lands so that lumbermen could harvest the great number of White pine growing along the St. Croix River watershed. This treaty assured the signatory Tribes of the right to continue to enjoy traditional hunting, fishing and gathering practices in the territory. After

253-660: The Sandy Lake Tragedy in the autumn and winter of 1850, the St. Croix Band and other Ojibwe bands, with public support and outcry throughout the United States , were spared from the Indian removal policy. The St. Croix and other bands entered treaty negotiations with the US to establish a reservation for each of the Ojibwe bands. Confident that the Tribe could maintain exercising their hunting, fishing and gathering rights in

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276-651: The Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered equally Dakota as Ojibwe. Consequently, citizens from these Bands may have had Dakota names, many were of the Ma'iingan (Wolf) Doodem . There were also many chiefs with similar names such as Zhaagobe , chief of the Snake River band; Sha-có-pay , a chief of the Plains Ojibwe; and Shakopee , a chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota who lived on

299-590: The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe.) Meanwhile, as the portion of the St. Croix Band that remained in the St. Croix river valley were not based on any reservation, most received no allotments and little in the way of educational or health services from the US Federal government. People in northern Wisconsin began to refer to the St. Croix Band as "the lost tribe". Unlike neighboring Tribes existing on resources available on their respective Reservations,

322-788: The Rice Lake Band members awaiting for the establishment of an Indian Reservation , joined the Dakota people to support their efforts. The Dakota were defeated by the United States, who punished them and their allies. They removed the hostile bands to the vicinity surrounding the Leech Lake Indian Reservation , then to a more distant location, now known as the White Earth Indian Reservation . (Both of these bands became members of

345-532: The Snake River sub-band subsequently became part of the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, one of the four constituent tribes of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe . The North West Company fur trade post was established on the river in 1804, near present Pine City . The post was used for several years, then abandoned and destroyed in a fire. The site was later rediscovered and excavated. The rowhouse and palisade fence were reconstructed and opened up as

368-658: The Snake flows through Kanabec County , turning eastward near Mora, Minnesota , following a minor fault line. It drains into the St. Croix River 13 miles (21 km) east of Pine City, Minnesota . At Pine City, the river measures approximately 650 cubic feet per second. Two lakes are associated with the Snake River: Cross Lake and Pokegama Lake. Cross Lake is a translation from the Ojibwa bimijigamaa , meaning "a lake that traverses (another body of water)", and

391-569: The St. Croix Band adapted to the rise of the logging industry by utilizing it as a source of wage labor. St. Croix Band members frequently worked as lumberjacks and river drivers. By 1902, the Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa that had removed to the White Earth Indian Reservation returned to east-central Minnesota. They settled on the south side of Sandy Lake, just north of McGregor . A small group of Rice River Band of St. Croix Band who returned with them established

414-589: The St. Croix Band members of Wisconsin to relocate to the Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation so that they could receive annuity payments. Although many did relocate, just as many remained in the St. Croix valley. When the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation was established in 1855, the remaining St. Croix Band members in Minnesota were urged to relocate there; again, some did, but others stayed outside

437-479: The St. Croix River below the confluence of the Namekegon River as "Gichi-ziibi" (Big River) and below the confluence of Trade River as "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" (Grave-marker River). The name "St. Croix River" was based on the "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" name of the river. St. Croix Band was originally divided into the following sub-bands: Due to the inter-relationship and marriages with the Eastern Dakota peoples,

460-413: The St. Croix River with Mille Lacs Lake . As recorded by Henry Schoolcraft , Chief Kappamappa made his home at Chengwatana at the mouth of the Snake. A stream near the outlet of Pokegama Lake is called Mission Creek , for a Presbyterian mission which brought the first printing press to Minnesota, to print literature in the Ojibwe language . During the treaty-making periods, this river was inhabited by

483-457: The area ceded to the United States in 1837, the St. Croix Band did not agree to relocating to a reservation. In 1854, the St. Croix Band were omitted from the Treaty of La Pointe and lost their federal recognition. No longer with recognized status, the St. Croix Band was prohibited from exercising its hunting rights that had been protected under the Treaty of St. Peters. The US government urged

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506-612: The government. Failing to get an adequate response from their assigned Indian Agent, in 1862 the Mdewakanton and The Wahpekute declared war against the United States in what is now referred as the " Dakota War of 1862 ," which occurred during the American Civil War . Many Ojibwe bands, including the St. Croix Band members relocated onto the Gull Lake Reservation and the St. Croix Band members living with

529-464: The reservation. With tensions rising between the lumbermen and the St. Croix Band, the US removed several St. Croix Band villages to the Gull Lake Reservation near Brainerd, Minnesota . The Rice River Band of the St. Croix Band was absorbed by the Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa. Due to repeated broken promises by the United States, the Eastern Dakota peoples expressed their anger at

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