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28-505: In the 11th and 12th centuries, Grójec was the seat of a castellany , which was then moved to Czersk . It was granted town rights in 1419 by Duke Janusz I of Warsaw from the Piast dynasty . In September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II , the town was bombed by the Luftwaffe and afterwards captured by Germany. In November 1940, during

56-655: A 30,07 hectare partial forest reserve of the area of established in 1996, covering the north-western part of the Skuły-Western range and belonging to the Grójec Forest Inspectorate. The Łęgacz Nad Jeziorka 37.31 hectare reserve is situated by the Jeziorka River , several hundred meters to the north-west of Głuchów village. The protected area covers a fragment of the river valley and a riparian forest growing on its right bank and marshy bottom of

84-676: A 52.50 hectare reserve in a large forest complex in the Radziejowice commune , was created in 1984 to preserve and protect luminous oak wood; Osuchowskie Grądy, a 99,25 hectare reserve was established in 1982 and is at the highest point of the Mazowiecka lowland ; Skulski Las, a 311.75 hectare partial forest reserve established in 1984 and includes most of the Skuły Wschód range, situated in the Skuły-Wschód forestry unit; and Skulskie Oaks,

112-484: A free noble or a ministerialis , but either way, he administered the castle as a vassal . A ministerialis , was wholly subordinate to a lord and was under his control. Ministeriales replaced free nobles as castellans of Hohensalzburg under Conrad I of Abensberg ’s tenure as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1106 to 1147, beginning with Henry of Seekirchen in the 1130s. In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary

140-561: A group of Jewish craftsmen was left in Grójec, however, they were also annihilated in a mass execution in Dębówka , near Góra Kalwaria . German occupation of Grójec ended in January 1945. There are nine nature reserves in the Grójec Forest Inspectorate, whose total area exceeds 1 thousand hectares . The following are forest reserves that cover a part of the forested area: Dąbrowa Radziejowska,

168-407: A height of 20 meters to the river, which remains steep due to erosion of the riverbank, running along the foot of the slope and undercutting it periodically. The Sokół forest reserve was established in 1995 in the commune of Wyśmierzyce to protect the area of forests, meadows and marshes and preserve the plant complexes with the dominant mountain ash for scientific and educational purposes. Within

196-487: Is a term denoting a district administered by a castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of county subdivision. The word is derived from castle and literally means the extent of land and jurisdiction attached to a given castle. There are equivalent, often cognate, terms in other languages. Examples of French châtelainies include

224-621: The English Channel . The Constable of the Tower of London and those castellans subordinate to the dukes of Normandy were responsible for their administration. Vivian Lipman posits four reasons for this: the castles provided defence, they were centres of administration, their dungeons were used as prisons, and castellans could turn to the Jewish community to borrow money as usury was forbidden to Catholics. A castellany , or castellania,

252-569: The French Revolution . During the 19th and 20th centuries, châtelain was used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin to the English squire . In Germany the castellan was known as a Burgmann , or sometimes Hauptmann ("captain"), who reported to the lord of the castle, or Burgherr , also often known as the burgrave ( Burggraf ). The burgmann may have been either

280-701: The Lodz Voivodeship , and Wojnicz now in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Otmuchów in Silesia . In France, castellans (known in French as châtelains ) who governed castellanies without a resident count , acquired considerable powers such that the position became hereditary. By the tenth century, the fragmentation of power had become so widespread that in Mâcon , for instance, where

308-821: The Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Anselm was the first such castellan, c. 1110. A castellan was established in Valletta on the island of Malta. In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , castellans ( Polish : Kasztelan ) were the lowest rung of the territorial administration of the country and deferred to voivodes (with the exception of the Burgrave of Kraków (Polish Burgrabia krakowski ) who had precedence over

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336-616: The Voivode of Kraków ). Castellans were in charge of a subdivision of a voivodeship called the castellany (Polish Kasztelania ) until the 15th-century. From then on castellanies, depending on their size, either became provinces , or in the case of smaller domains were replaced by powiats and the castellan role became honorific and was replaced in situ by a Starosta . Castellans in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senatorial rank and were often appointed from

364-484: The "ban" – that is, to hear court cases and collect fines, taxes from residents, and muster local men for the defence of the area or the realm. There are similarities with a lord of the manor . Castellans had the power to administer all local justice, including sentencing and punishments up to and including the death penalty, as when, in 1111, the Salzburg castellan caught the minister fomenting armed rebellion and had

392-471: The 9th century, as fortifications improved and kings had difficulty making their subordinates pay their taxes or send the military aid they demanded, castellans grew in power, holding their fiefdoms without much concern for their overlord's demands. This changed as kings grew in power and as the Holy Roman Emperors replaced recalcitrant vassals with rival ministerial appointments. Usually

420-654: The Nazi occupation of Poland , German authorities established a Jewish ghetto in Grójec, in order to confine its Jewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation. The ghetto was liquidated in February 1941, when almost all of its inhabitants (5,200–6,000) were transported on trains used for cattle to Warsaw Ghetto , the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km). From there, most inmates were sent to Treblinka extermination camp . Only

448-497: The castellan of Uxelles annexed first Briançon , then Sennecey-le-Grand and finally l'Épervière. In other areas, castellans did not manage to rise to noble status and remained the local officer of a noble. During the Ancien Régime , castellans were heads of local royal administration, and their power was further delegated to their lieutenants. All remaining lordships and local royal administrators were suppressed during

476-575: The castellan was called "várnagy", and in the Latin chronicles he appeared as "castellanus". The lord of the castle had very similar functions to those in German lands. In Hungary the King initially designated castellans from among his court for the administration of castles and estates. Later designation of castellans devolved to the most powerful noblemen. At one time there was a castellan nominated from among

504-567: The castellanies of Ivry-la-Bataille , Nonancourt , Pacy-sur-Eure , Vernon and Gaillon , all in Normandy, which under in the treaty of Issoudun of 1195, after a war with King Richard I of England , were acquired for the French crown by Philip Augustus . Examples of castellanies in Poland include: Łęczyca and Sieradz (both duchies at one time), Spycimierz , Rozprza , Wolbórz now in

532-478: The castellany was the basic unit of governance, there was no effective administrative level above it, so that the counts of Mâcon were largely ignored by their subordinate castellans from about 980 to 1030. In the 12th century châtelains had become "lords" in their own right and were able to expand their territories to include weaker castellanies. Thus the castellan of Beaujeu was able to take over lands in Lyons , or

560-630: The death of her brother, Roger. Similarly, Agnes became the castellan of Harlech Castle upon the death of her husband John de Bonvillars in 1287. The title of "governor" is retained in the English prison system , as a remnant of the medieval idea of the castellan as head of the local prison. During the Migration Period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (third to sixth century), foreign tribes entered Western Europe, causing strife. The answer to recurrent invasion

588-410: The duties of a castellan consisted of military responsibility for the castle's garrison , maintaining defences and protecting the castle's lands, combined with the legal administration of local lands and workers including the castle's domestic staff. The responsibility applied even where there was no resident castellan at the castle, or if he was frequently absent. A castellan could exercise the power of

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616-445: The lower leagues. Grójec is twinned with: Castellan Philosophers Works A castellan , or constable , was the governor of a castle in medieval Europe . Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. The word stems from castellanus . A castellan was almost always male, but could occasionally be female, as when, in 1194, Beatrice of Bourbourg inherited her father's castellany of Bourbourg upon

644-500: The nobility, but not exclusively so. In Portugal, a castellan was known as an Alcaide . Later, the role of the alcaide became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles. As the honorary holder of the office of alcaide did not often live near the castle, a delegate started to be appointed to effectively govern it in his place. An honorary holder of the office became known as alcaide-mor (major alcaide ) and

672-560: The northernmost site of Polish larch in the Highland, which grow in this area to a height of 40 meters and up to 120 cm in circumference. Tomczyce is a landscape reserve of 57.99 hectare, established in 1968, located between the villages of Gostomia and Tomczyce to the east of Nowe Miasto. The reserve protects the steep slope of the Pilica valley , cut by several ravines and overgrown by an old pine-oak forest. The valley slopes from

700-399: The offender blinded, "as one would a serf". Later the castellan came to serve as the representative of the people of his castellany. So happened in the case of the castellan of Bruges , when the burghers stood up for more privileges and liberties from the counts of Flanders . A particular responsibility in western Europe concerned jurisdiction over the resident Jewish communities bordering

728-639: The territorial range of Grójec Forest Inspectorate there are four Landscape Protection Areas along the picturesque and ecologically important river valleys, namely, the Jeziorka River Valley, Pilica and Drzewiczka River Valley; Bolimowsko Radziejowicki with the Central Rawka River Valley and the Chojnatka River Valley . The local football team is Mazowsze Grójec  [ pl ] . It competes in

756-605: The valley. The Lakes of Olszyna nature reserve was established by the Ministry of the Environment on 25 January 1995. The forest reserve is in the southern part of the lake district on the Jeziorka River and has a total area is 5.83 hectares, including 4.99 hectares of forest. The Modrzewina forest reserve was established in 1959 on the grounds of the village of Mała Wieś in the commune of Belsk Duży to protect

784-403: Was to create fortified areas which evolved into castles . Some military leaders gained control of several areas, each with a castle. The problem lay in exerting control and authority in each area when a leader could only be in one place at a time. To overcome this, they appointed castellans as their trusted vassals to manage a castle in exchange for obligations to the landlord, often a noble. In

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