119-542: Guy Fawkes Night , also known as Guy Fawkes Day , Bonfire Night and Fireworks Night , is an annual commemoration observed on 5 November, primarily in Great Britain , involving bonfires and fireworks displays. Its history begins with the events of 5 November 1605 O.S. , when Guy Fawkes , a member of the Gunpowder Plot , was arrested while guarding explosives the plotters had placed beneath
238-409: A High Church Anglican and High Tory who opposed parliamentary reform , and who was also suspected of being involved in "creeping popery". A local ban on fireworks in 1843 was largely ignored, and attempts by the authorities to suppress the celebrations resulted in violent protests and several injured constables. On several occasions during the 19th century The Times reported that the tradition
357-506: A community interest company and currently compete in the Southern Counties East Football League . The previous incarnation of the club folded in 2001. Rugby Canterbury RFC were founded in 1926 and became the first East Kent club to achieve National League status and currently play in the fourth tier, National League 2 South . Tour de France The cycling Tour de France passed through
476-447: A 33-metre (108 ft) swimming pool and sports hall for football, basketball, and badminton. Canterbury hosts some 31,000 students and has the highest student to permanent resident ratio in the UK. They attend three universities , and other higher education institutions. The University of Kent 's main campus extends to 600 acres (243 ha) and is situated on Saint Stephen's Hill,
595-737: A Great Bonfire and plaid off many fireworks", although the day ended in tragedy when "4 young men coming home in a Canoe were all Drowned". Ten years later the raucous celebrations were the cause of considerable annoyance to the upper classes and a special Riot Act was passed, to prevent "riotous tumultuous and disorderly assemblies of more than three persons, all or any of them armed with Sticks, Clubs or any kind of weapons, or disguised with vizards, or painted or discolored faces, or in any manner disguised, having any kind of imagery or pageantry, in any street, lane, or place in Boston". With inadequate resources, however, Boston's authorities were powerless to enforce
714-810: A Guy on top—indeed the whole story of the Gunpowder Plot—has been marginalised. But the spectacle remains. Historians have noted similarities with All Hallows' Eve (31 October), the Celtic festival of Samhain or Calan Gaeaf (1 November), and Martinmas (11 November), and have suggested that Guy Fawkes Night served as a Protestant replacement for these. In The Golden Bough , the Scottish anthropologist James George Frazer suggested that Guy Fawkes Day exemplifies "the recrudescence of old customs in modern shapes". David Underdown , writing in his 1987 work Revel, Riot, and Rebellion , viewed Gunpowder Treason Day as
833-472: A cause or a historical event not officially recognized, while a few others are both celebrated and intended as humorous distractions. Canterbury Canterbury ( / ˈ k æ n t ər b ( ə ) r i / , /- b ɛ r i / ) is a city and UNESCO World Heritage Site , in the county of Kent , England; it was a county borough until 1974. It lies on the River Stour . The city has
952-590: A day of thanksgiving while in theory making attendance at church mandatory. A new form of service was also added to the Church of England 's Book of Common Prayer , for use on that date. Little is known about the earliest celebrations. In settlements such as Carlisle , Norwich , and Nottingham , corporations (town governments) provided music and artillery salutes. Canterbury celebrated 5 November 1607 with 106 pounds (48 kg) of gunpowder and 14 pounds (6.4 kg) of match , and three years later food and drink
1071-615: A failed conspiracy by a group of provincial English Catholics to assassinate the Protestant King James I of England and VI of Scotland and replace him with a Catholic head of state. In the immediate aftermath of the 5 November arrest of Guy Fawkes , caught guarding a cache of explosives placed beneath the House of Lords , James's Council allowed the public to celebrate the king's survival with bonfires , so long as they were "without any danger or disorder". This made 1605
1190-488: A focus for anti-Catholic sentiment . Puritans delivered sermons regarding the perceived dangers of popery , while during increasingly raucous celebrations common folk burnt effigies of popular hate-figures, such as the Pope . Towards the end of the 18th century children began begging for money with effigies of Guy Fawkes and 5 November gradually became known as Guy Fawkes Day. Towns such as Lewes and Guildford were in
1309-497: A major military garrison, its position on Watling Street relative to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae ( Richborough ), Dubrae ( Dover ), and Lemanae ( Lymne ) gave it considerable strategic importance. In the late 3rd century, to defend against attack from barbarians , the Romans built an earth bank around the city and a wall with seven gates, which enclosed an area of 130 acres (53 ha). Despite being counted as one of
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#17328011492291428-463: A mild oceanic climate. Canterbury is a popular tourist destination, with the city's economy heavily reliant upon tourism, alongside higher education and retail. As of 2011, the city's population was over 55,000, including a substantial number of students and one of the highest student-to-permanent-resident ratios in Britain. The site of the city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as
1547-485: A mile north of Canterbury city centre. As of 2014 , it enrolled around 20,000 students. Canterbury Christ Church University was founded as a teacher training college in 1962 by the Church of England ; in 2005 it became a university. As of 2007 , it had around 15,000 students. The Franciscan International Study Centre is close to the University of Kent campus. King's School is the oldest secondary school in
1666-596: A moderate unemployment rate of 2%. This data considers only people claiming either Jobseekers Allowance or Universal Credit principally for the reason of being unemployed. It does not include those without access to such benefits. At the time, the national rate was 4.2%. A report in 2023 by the Poverty Working Group of the Canterbury Sustainable Development Goals Forum evidenced increasing poverty in
1785-598: A popular festival that barely existed when I was growing up, and that is Halloween ... Britain is not the Protestant nation it was when I was young: it is now a multi-faith society. And the Americanised Halloween is sweeping all before it—a vivid reminder of just how powerfully American culture and American consumerism can be transported across the Atlantic. In Northern Ireland, bonfires are lit on
1904-665: A pretext for violence and uncontrolled revelry. In 1790 The Times reported instances of children "begging for money for Guy Faux", and a report of 4 November 1802 described how "a set of idle fellows ... with some horrid figure dressed up as a Guy Faux " were convicted of begging and receiving money, and committed to prison as "idle and disorderly persons". The Fifth became "a polysemous occasion, replete with polyvalent cross-referencing, meaning all things to all men". Lower class rioting continued, with reports in Lewes of annual rioting, intimidation of "respectable householders" and
2023-425: A replacement for Hallowe'en: "just as the early church had taken over many of the pagan feasts, so did Protestants acquire their own rituals, adapting older forms or providing substitutes for them". While the use of bonfires to mark the occasion was most likely taken from the ancient practice of lighting celebratory bonfires, the idea that the commemoration of 5 November 1605 ever originated from anything other than
2142-402: A result of a commission that found them impeding to new coach travel. Canterbury Prison opened in 1808 just outside the city boundary. By 1820 the silk weaving in the city had been supplanted by imported Indian muslins and trade carried out was thereafter largely of hops and wheat . The Canterbury & Whitstable Railway (The Crab and Winkle Way), the world's first passenger railway,
2261-634: A revival of Pope Day. Commenting in 1775, George Washington was less than impressed by the thought of any such resurrections, forbidding any under his command from participating: As the Commander in Chief has been apprized of a design form'd for the observance of that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope—He cannot help expressing his surprise that there should be Officers and Soldiers in this army so void of common sense, as not to see
2380-529: A settlement which began to grow rapidly with new refugees arriving from Artois and Flanders . This settlement, in June 1575, almost entirely relocated to Canterbury, which had in the previous year gained a small Huguenot population. A number of refugees also arrived around this time from the temporary Huguenot settlements at Rye and Winchelsea . In 1575, the Huguenot population of Canterbury were granted use of
2499-591: A step toward Catholicism. By 1636, under the leadership of the Arminian Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud , the English church was trying to use 5 November to denounce all seditious practices, and not just popery. Puritans went on the defensive, some pressing for further reformation of the Church. Bonfire Night, as it was occasionally known, assumed a new fervour during the events leading up to
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#17328011492292618-629: Is The Shakespeare bar which had been a playhouse in the Tudor period . Theatre companies in Canterbury include The Canterbury Players. In common with many English towns and cities in the Middle Ages , Canterbury employed a band of waits . There are records of payments to the waits from 1402, though they probably existed earlier. The waits were disbanded by the city authorities in 1641 for 'misdemeanors' but reinstated in 1660 when they played for
2737-451: Is also operated by Southeastern. There is no direct interchange between Canterbury West and Canterbury East stations because the two railways into the city were built by rival companies. Canterbury Parkway railway station has been proposed as an additional station outside of the city, with links to both lines. Stagecoach run local bus routes in Canterbury, as well as long-distance services. Its bio fuel 'Unibus' service operates between
2856-457: Is known for its architecture, its music, and for being the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury ; it receives a million visitors per year. The Roman settlement of Durovernum Cantiacorum (" Kentish Durovernum") occupied the location of an earlier British town whose ancient British name has been reconstructed as * Durou̯ernon ("stronghold by the alder grove"), although the name
2975-488: Is limited to the Simon Langton Boys School grounds. From 2007 to 2020 Canterbury was also served by the country's first student led community radio station CSR 97.4FM. CSR means "Canterbury Student Radio" but it was a radio station catering to the students of the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University, other educational establishments and the wider community being a collaboration of
3094-470: Is published by KOS Media , which also prints Kent on Sunday . Local radio stations are BBC Radio Kent on 104.2FM, Heart South on 102.8FM and KMFM Canterbury on 106FM. KMFM Canterbury was formerly KMFM106, and from foundation in 1997 until KM Group took control CTFM, a reference to Canterbury's CT postcode. KMFM's studio moved from the city to Ashford in 2008. Canterbury Hospital Radio serves Kent and Canterbury Hospital , and SBSLive's coverage
3213-519: Is relatively little rainfall throughout the year. At the 2001 UK census , the total population of the city itself was 43,432, and 135,278 within the Canterbury district. In 2011, the total district population was counted as 151,200, with an 11.7% increase from 2001, and the population of the city had grown to over 55,000. By 2015, Canterbury's student population, including the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University , and
3332-843: Is sometimes supposed to have derived from various British names for the Stour . Medieval variants of the Roman name include Dorobernia and Dorovernia . In Sub-Roman Britain , it was known in Old Welsh as Cair Ceint ("stronghold of Kent "). Occupied by the Jutes , it became known in Old English as Cantwareburh ("stronghold of the Kentish men"). The Canterbury area has been inhabited since prehistoric times . Lower Paleolithic axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in
3451-489: Is still being published, claiming to be the country's second oldest surviving newspaper. It is currently produced as a paid-for newspaper by KM Group in Whitstable with a 25,000 circulation across East Kent. Three free weekly newspapers provide local news. The Daily Mail and General Trust 's Canterbury Times has a circulation of 55,000. Similar circulation Canterbury Extra is owned by KM Group . yourcanterbury
3570-470: Is the home of Kent County Cricket Club , with the St Lawrence Ground hosting many of the team's matches. It has also been used for several One Day Internationals , including an England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup . The St Lawrence Ground is notable for being one of only two grounds used regularly for first-class cricket that have had a tree within the boundary, the other being
3689-560: Is usually celebrated at large organised events. Settlers exported Guy Fawkes Night to overseas colonies, including some in North America, where it was known as Pope Day . Those festivities mostly died out with the onset of the American Revolution . Claims that Guy Fawkes Night was a Protestant replacement for older customs such as Samhain are disputed. Guy Fawkes Night originates from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605,
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3808-603: The City Oval in Pietermaritzburg . American Football There have been multiple American football teams based in Canterbury since the game was popularised in the UK. Currently, the city is the home of the East Kent Mavericks , 2023 BAFA National Leagues Southern Football Conference 2 Champions, as well as teams from both universities. Football Canterbury City F.C. reformed in 2007 as
3927-578: The Crab and Winkle line , had a terminus at North Lane station . It ran from 3 May 1830 to 1953 and was the first regular passenger steam railway in the world. Canterbury South railway station was sited on the Elham Valley Railway . The station opened in 1889 and closed, along with the rest of the railway, in 1947. Canterbury West railway station is operated by Southeastern . Canterbury East railway station , (Canterbury's other station)
4046-628: The Duke of York , converted to Catholicism. In response, accompanied by a procession of about 1,000 people, the apprentices fired an effigy of the Whore of Babylon , bedecked with a range of papal symbols. Similar scenes occurred over the following few years. On 17 November 1677, anti-Catholic fervour saw the Accession Day marked by the burning of a large effigy of the pope – his belly filled with live cats "who squalled most hideously as soon as they felt
4165-767: The Earl of Bute and Lord North , and the American traitor General Benedict Arnold , were also burnt. In the 1880s bonfires were still being lit in some New England coastal towns, although no longer to commemorate the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. In the area around New York City , stacks of barrels were burnt on Election Day eve, which after 1845 was a Tuesday early in November. Notes Footnotes Bibliography List of minor secular observances#November Lists of holidays by various categorizations. In
4284-581: The Eleventh Night (11 July) by Ulster Protestants . Folklorist Jack Santino notes that the Eleventh Night is "thematically similar to Guy Fawkes Night in that it celebrates the establishment and maintenance of the Protestant state". Another celebration involving fireworks, the five-day Hindu festival of Diwali (normally observed between mid-October and November), in 2010 began on 5 November. This led The Independent to comment on
4403-638: The English Interregnum . Although Royalists disputed their interpretations, Parliamentarians began to uncover or fear new Catholic plots. Preaching before the House of Commons on 5 November 1644, Charles Herle claimed that Papists were tunnelling "from Oxford, Rome, Hell, to Westminster, and there to blow up, if possible, the better foundations of your houses, their liberties and privileges". A display in 1647 at Lincoln's Inn Fields commemorated "God's great mercy in delivering this kingdom from
4522-644: The First World War , barracks and voluntary hospitals were set up around the city. In 1917 a German bomber crash-landed near Broad Oak Road. Mahatma Gandhi visited Canterbury in October 1931. During the Second World War , 10,445 bombs dropped during 135 separate raids destroyed 731 homes and 296 other buildings in the city, including the missionary college and Simon Langton Girls' Grammar School . 119 civilian people died through enemy action in
4641-440: The First World War , but resumed in the following peace. At the start of the Second World War celebrations were again suspended, resuming in November 1945. For many families, Guy Fawkes Night became a domestic celebration, and children often congregated on street corners, accompanied by their own effigy of Guy Fawkes. This was sometimes ornately dressed and sometimes a barely recognisable bundle of rags stuffed with whatever filling
4760-559: The House of Lords . The Catholic plotters had intended to assassinate Protestant king James I and his parliament. Celebrating that the king had survived, people lit bonfires around London. Months later, the Observance of 5th November Act mandated an annual public day of thanksgiving for the plot's failure. Within a few decades Gunpowder Treason Day , as it was known, became the predominant English state commemoration. As it carried strong Protestant religious overtones it also became
4879-532: The Local Government Act 1888 . In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 , the city came under the control of Kent County Council . Canterbury, along with Whitstable and Herne Bay, is now in the City of Canterbury local government district. The city's urban area consists of the six electoral wards of Barton, Blean Forest, Northgate, St Stephens, Westgate, and Wincheap. These wards have eleven of
Guy Fawkes Night - Misplaced Pages Continue
4998-730: The Stamp Act in 1764–65, forgoing previous gang rivalries in favour of unified resistance to Britain. The passage in 1774 of the Quebec Act , which guaranteed French Canadians free practice of Catholicism in the Province of Quebec , provoked complaints from some Americans that the British were introducing "Popish principles and French law". Such fears were bolstered by opposition from the Church in Europe to American independence, threatening
5117-813: The Whitefriars Shopping Centre underwent major redevelopment. In 2000, during the redevelopment, a major archaeological project was undertaken by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust , known as the Big Dig, which was supported by Channel Four 's Time Team . Canterbury experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Canterbury enjoys mild temperatures all year round, being between 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) and 22.8 °C (73 °F). There
5236-677: The symphonic repertoire. Other local musical groups include the Canterbury Singers, founded in 1953; Cantemus; and the City of Canterbury Chamber Choir. The Canterbury Festival takes place over two weeks in October including musical events ranging from opera and symphony concerts to world music , jazz and folk . From 2006 to 2015 the July Lounge On The Farm music festival presented rock , indie and dance artists near Canterbury. Cricket Canterbury
5355-574: The 19th century scenes of increasingly violent class-based confrontations, fostering traditions those towns celebrate still , albeit peacefully. In the 1850s changing attitudes resulted in the toning down of much of the day's anti-Catholic rhetoric, and the Observance of 5th November Act was repealed in 1859. Eventually the violence was dealt with, and by the 20th century Guy Fawkes Day had become an enjoyable social commemoration, although lacking much of its original focus. The present-day Guy Fawkes Night
5474-574: The 20th century, accompanied by large numbers of firework-related accidents, but a national Firework Code and improved public safety has in most cases brought an end to such things. One notable aspect of the Victorians' commemoration of Guy Fawkes Night was its move away from the centres of communities, to their margins. Gathering wood for the bonfire increasingly became the province of working-class children, who solicited combustible materials, money, food and drink from wealthier neighbours, often with
5593-555: The 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain , it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a few farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls , as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at
5712-479: The Act. In the 1740s gang violence became common, with groups of Boston residents battling for the honour of burning the pope's effigy. But by the mid-1760s these riots had subsided, and as colonial America moved towards revolution , the class rivalries featured during Pope Day gave way to anti-British sentiment. In author Alfred Young 's view, Pope Day provided the "scaffolding, symbolism, and leadership" for resistance to
5831-532: The BBC's Tom de Castella concluded: It's probably not a case of Bonfire Night decline, but rather a shift in priorities ... there are new trends in the bonfire ritual. Guy Fawkes masks have proved popular and some of the more quirky bonfire societies have replaced the Guy with effigies of celebrities in the news—including Lance Armstrong and Mario Balotelli —and even politicians. The emphasis has moved. The bonfire with
5950-547: The Canterbury mint. In 842 and 851, Canterbury suffered great loss of life during Danish raids. The siege of Canterbury saw a large Viking army besiege Canterbury in 1011, culminating in the city being pillaged. Remembering the destruction caused by the Danes, the inhabitants of Canterbury did not resist William the Conqueror 's invasion in 1066. William immediately ordered a wooden motte-and-bailey castle to be built by
6069-605: The Duke of York), who became king in 1685. Attempts by the government to tone down Gunpowder Treason Day celebrations were, however, largely unsuccessful, and some reacted to a ban on bonfires in London (born from a fear of more burnings of the pope's effigy) by placing candles in their windows, "as a witness against Catholicism". When James was deposed in 1688 by William of Orange – who, importantly, landed in England on 5 November –
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#17328011492296188-487: The Fifth existed". In parts of North America it was known as Pope Night , celebrated mainly in colonial New England , but also as far south as Charleston . In Boston, founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers, an early celebration was held in 1685, the same year that James II assumed the throne. Fifty years later, again in Boston, a local minister wrote "a Great number of people went over to Dorchester neck where at night they made
6307-572: The Grenadines , and in Saint Kitts and Nevis , but a fireworks ban by Antigua and Barbuda during the 1990s reduced its popularity in that country. In North America the commemoration was at first paid scant attention, but the arrest of two boys caught lighting bonfires on 5 November 1662 in Boston suggests, in historian James Sharpe's view, that "an underground tradition of commemorating
6426-723: The North , National Health , Gilgamesh , Soft Heap , Khan and In Cahoots . Ian Dury , front man of 1970s rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads , taught Fine Art at Canterbury College of Art and early incarnations of his band Kilburn and the High Roads performed in the city. Canterbury Choral Society give regular concerts in Canterbury Cathedral, typically large-scale classical choral works. The Canterbury Orchestra, founded in 1953, perform major works from
6545-479: The Roman city wall. In the early 12th century, the castle was rebuilt with stone. Canterbury Castle was captured by the French Prince Louis during his 1215 invasion of England, before the death of John caused his English supporters to desert his cause and support the young Henry III . Black Death reached Canterbury in 1348. At 10,000, Canterbury had the 10th largest population in England; by
6664-409: The Second World War Baedeker Blitz . Survivors include the Huguenot "Old Weaver's House". St Martin's Mill is the only surviving mill out of the six known to have stood in Canterbury. It was built in 1817 and worked until 1890 but is now a residence. The Marlowe Theatre is named after Christopher Marlowe , who was born in the city. It was formerly located in St Margaret's Street but moved to
6783-434: The Treason intended against the King & State , which in 1606 sought to educate "the simple and ignorant ... that they be not seduced any longer by papists". By the 1620s the Fifth was honoured in market towns and villages across the country, though it was some years before it was commemorated throughout England. Gunpowder Treason Day, as it was then known, became the predominant English state commemoration. Some parishes made
6902-609: The United Kingdom. St. Augustine established it shortly after his 597 arrival in Canterbury though documented history of it only began after dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century, when it took the present name in honour of Henry VIII . The city's secondary grammar schools are Barton Court Grammar School , Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys and Simon Langton Girls' Grammar School , all of which in 2008 had over 93% of their pupils gain five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C including English and maths. The pioneering Canterbury & Whitstable Railway , known locally as
7021-530: The aid of songs. Most opened with the familiar "Remember, remember, the fifth of November, Gunpowder Treason and Plot". The earliest recorded rhyme, from 1742, is reproduced below alongside one bearing similarities to most Guy Fawkes Night ditties, recorded in 1903 at Charlton on Otmoor : Don't you Remember, The Fifth of November, 'Twas Gunpowder Treason Day, I let off my gun, And made'em all run. And Stole all their Bonfire away. (1742) The fifth of November, since I can remember, Was Guy Faux, Poke him in
7140-434: The anti-Catholic sentiment once so prominent on Guy Fawkes Night. David Cressy summarised the modern celebration with these words: "The rockets go higher and burn with more colour, but they have less and less to do with memories of the Fifth of November ... it might be observed that Guy Fawkes' Day is finally declining, having lost its connection with politics and religion. But we have heard that many times before." In 2012
7259-433: The area consists mainly of brickearth overlying chalk. Tertiary sands overlain by London clay form St. Thomas's Hill and St. Stephen's Hill about a mile northwest of the city centre. Canterbury is a medieval city, with Canterbury Cathedral inside the ring of the city walls, forming the historic centre. Of the defensive structures, a section of the medieval walls remains to the south, near Canterbury Castle , while to
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#17328011492297378-402: The area. Canterbury was first recorded as the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci , which inhabited most of modern-day Kent . In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum . The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern , a theatre , a temple , a forum , and public baths . Although they did not maintain
7497-403: The borough. The most devastating raid was on 1 June 1942 during the Baedeker Blitz . Before the end of the war, the architect Charles Holden drew up plans to redevelop the city centre, but locals were so opposed that the Citizens' Defence Association was formed; it swept to power in the 1945 municipal elections. Rebuilding of the city centre eventually began 10 years after the war. A ring road
7616-477: The capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent . Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century, the Westgate Towers museum, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey , the Norman Canterbury Castle , and the oldest extant school in the world , the King's School . Modern additions include the Marlowe Theatre and Kent County Cricket Club 's St Lawrence Ground . Canterbury Cathedral
7735-416: The church of St Alphedge but in the following year had begun to use the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral as their church. The Church of the Crypt swiftly became the nucleus of the Huguenot community in Canterbury. By the 17th century, French-speaking Huguenots comprised two-fifths of Canterbury's population. The Huguenots had a large influence on the economy of Canterbury, and introduced silk weaving into
7854-487: The city centre and University of Kent . Canterbury has two operational park and ride sites at Wincheap and New Dover Road, both intended for visitors arriving from the south by road. National Cycle Routes 1 runs through Canterbury from Dover and Sandwich to Whitstable . National Cycle Route 18 runs from Canterbury to Ashford . Canterbury's first newspaper was the Kentish Post , founded in 1717. It merged with newly founded Kentish Gazette in 1768 which
7973-401: The city in 1994, and again in 2007 when it hosted the finish for Stage 1. Hockey Canterbury Hockey Club is one of the largest in the country; it enters teams in both the Men's and Women's England Hockey Leagues . Former Olympic gold medal winner Sean Kerly has been a member. Public Facilities Public sporting facilities are provided at Kingsmead Leisure Centre, including
8092-417: The city using, for example, life expectancy figures and the number of meals provided by the city food banks , as well as interviews with organisations and individuals attempting to help those in danger of and in poverty. This supports earlier findings on poverty in the city. The 17th century, double jettied , half-timbered Crooked House bookshop operated by the Catching Lives homelessness charity at
8211-407: The city which had outstripped wool weaving by 1676. Canterbury remained an important city in the 17th century. Charles I and Henrietta Maria visited in 1625; musicians played whilst the couple entered the city under a velvet canopy supported by six men holding poles. In 1647, during the English Civil War , riots broke out. The riots became known as the "Plum Pudding Riots". The rioters' trial
8330-443: The congregation. With the accession of Mary I , the Huguenot residents of Canterbury were compelled to flee in 1553–4 alongside the English Marian exiles to Emden , Wesel , Zürich , Strasbourg, Frankfurt , and later Basel , Geneva , and Aarau . After the accession of Elizabeth I , a small number of Huguenots returned to London, including Jan Utenhove in 1559. In 1561, a number of Huguenots in London were sent to Sandwich ,
8449-470: The country's new republican regime remained undecided on how to treat 5 November. Unlike the old system of religious feasts and State anniversaries, it survived, but as a celebration of parliamentary government and Protestantism, and not of monarchy. Commonly the day was still marked by bonfires and miniature explosives, but formal celebrations resumed only with the Restoration , when Charles II became king. Courtiers, High Anglicans and Tories followed
8568-455: The day a festive occasion, with public drinking and solemn processions. Concerned though about James's pro-Spanish foreign policy, the decline of international Protestantism, and Catholicism in general, Protestant clergymen who recognised the day's significance called for more dignified and profound thanksgivings each 5 November. What unity English Protestants had shared in the plot's immediate aftermath began to fade when in 1625 James's son,
8687-428: The day's events turned also to the celebration of freedom and religion, with elements of anti- Jacobitism . While the earlier ban on bonfires was politically motivated, a ban on fireworks was maintained for safety reasons, "much mischief having been done by squibs ". William III's birthday fell on 4 November, and for orthodox Whigs the two days therefore became an important double anniversary. William ordered that
8806-503: The distinction there between the Fifth and Halloween is not always clear. Despite such disagreements, in 2005 David Cannadine commented on the encroachment into British culture of late 20th-century American Hallowe'en celebrations, and their effect on Guy Fawkes Night: Nowadays, family bonfire gatherings are much less popular, and many once-large civic celebrations have been given up because of increasingly intrusive health and safety regulations. But 5 November has also been overtaken by
8925-465: The earliest sermons preached demonstrates an anti-Catholic concentration "mystical in its fervour". Delivering one of five 5 November sermons printed in A Mappe of Rome in 1612, Thomas Taylor spoke of the "generality of his [a papist's] cruelty", which had been "almost without bounds". Such messages were also spread in printed works such as Francis Herring's Pietas Pontifica (republished in 1610 as Popish Piety ), and John Rhode's A Brief Summe of
9044-489: The early 16th century, the population had fallen to 3,000. In 1363, during the Hundred Years' War , a Commission of Inquiry found disrepair, stone-robbing and ditch-filling had led to the Roman wall becoming eroded. Between 1378 and 1402, the wall was virtually rebuilt, and new wall towers were added. In 1381, during Wat Tyler 's Peasants' Revolt , the castle and Archbishop's Palace were sacked, and Archbishop Sudbury
9163-470: The end of Palace Street, opposite Kings School is frequently photographed for its quirky, slanted appearance. Canterbury Roman Museum houses an in situ mosaic pavement dating from around 300 AD . Other surviving Roman structures in the city include Queningate, a blocked gate in the city wall, and the Dane John Mound , once part of a Roman cemetery . The Dane John Gardens were built beside
9282-646: The end of cracker night. Some measure of celebration remains in New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa. On the Cape Flats in Cape Town , South Africa, Guy Fawkes day has become associated with youth hooliganism . In Canada in the 21st century, celebrations of Bonfire Night on 5 November are largely confined to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador . The day is still marked in Saint Vincent and
9401-446: The eye, Shove him up the chimney-pot, and there let him die. A stick and a stake, for King George's sake, If you don't give me one, I'll take two, The better for me, and the worse for you, Ricket-a-racket your hedges shall go. (1903) Organised entertainments also became popular in the late 19th century, and 20th-century pyrotechnic manufacturers renamed Guy Fawkes Day as Firework Night. Sales of fireworks dwindled somewhat during
9520-859: The fifty seats on the Canterbury City Council , which governs the city. The former Holy Cross Church building was officially re-opened by the Prince of Wales as the new Canterbury Guildhall and meeting place of the City Council on 9 November 1978. The Member of Parliament for the Canterbury constituency, which includes Whitstable, is Rosie Duffield formerly of the Labour Party but now sits as an independent. Canterbury district retained approximately 4,761 businesses, up to 60,000 full and part-time employees and
9639-489: The fire" – and two effigies of devils "whispering in his ear". Two years later, as the exclusion crisis reached its zenith, an observer noted that "the 5th at night, being gunpowder treason, there were many bonfires and burning of popes as has ever been seen". Violent scenes in 1682 forced London's militia into action, and to prevent any repetition the following year a proclamation was issued, banning bonfires and fireworks. Fireworks were also banned under James II (previously
9758-500: The first half of their evening. After an interval, the members sang catches and glees from the club's extensive music library which is now deposited at Canterbury Cathedral's archives. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Canterbury Scene emerged comprising progressive rock , avant-garde and jazz musicians established within the city. Members included Soft Machine , Caravan , Matching Mole , Egg , Hatfield and
9877-480: The first year the plot's failure was celebrated. The following January, days before the surviving conspirators were executed, Parliament, at the initiation of James I, passed the Observance of 5th November Act , commonly known as the "Thanksgiving Act". It was proposed by a Puritan Member of Parliament, Edward Montagu , who suggested that the king's apparent deliverance by divine intervention deserved some measure of official recognition, and kept 5 November free as
9996-513: The following year led to a Kent revolt against Parliamentarian forces, contributing to the start of the second phase of the war. However, Canterbury surrendered peacefully to Parliamentarians at the Battle of Maidstone . By 1770, the castle had fallen into disrepair, and many parts of it were demolished during the late 18th century and early 19th century. In 1787 all the gates in the city wall, except for Westgate —the city jail—were demolished as
10115-631: The future Charles I , married the Catholic Henrietta Maria of France . Puritans reacted to the marriage by issuing a new prayer to warn against rebellion and Catholicism, and on 5 November that year, effigies of the pope and the devil were burnt, the earliest such report of this practice and the beginning of centuries of tradition. During Charles's reign Gunpowder Treason Day became increasingly partisan. Between 1629 and 1640 he ruled without Parliament, and he seemed to support Arminianism , regarded by Puritans such as Henry Burton as
10234-406: The hellish plots of papists", and included fireballs burning in the water (symbolising a Catholic association with " infernal spirits ") and fireboxes, their many rockets suggestive of "popish spirits coming from below" to enact plots against the king. Effigies of Fawkes and the pope were present, the latter represented by Pluto , Roman god of the underworld. Following Charles I's execution in 1649,
10353-432: The impropriety of such a step at this Juncture; at a Time when we are solliciting, and have really obtain'd, the friendship and alliance of the people of Canada, whom we ought to consider as Brethren embarked in the same Cause. The defence of the general Liberty of America: At such a juncture, and in such Circumstances, to be insulting their Religion, is so monstrous, as not to be suffered or excused; indeed instead of offering
10472-604: The largest, sometimes even burning the wood collected by their opponents; in 1954 the Yorkshire Post reported on fires late in September, a situation that forced the authorities to remove latent piles of wood for safety reasons. Lately, however, the custom of begging for a "penny for the Guy" has almost completely disappeared. In contrast, some older customs still survive; in Ottery St Mary residents run through
10591-502: The lighting of bonfires. Some states had their fireworks night or "cracker night" at different times of the year, with some being let off on 5 November, but most often, they were let off on the Queen's birthday. After a range of injuries to children involving fireworks, fireworks nights and the sale of fireworks was banned in all states and territories except the ACT by the early 1980s, which saw
10710-566: The most remote insult, it is our duty to address public thanks to these our Brethren, as to them we are so much indebted for every late happy Success over the common Enemy in Canada. The tradition continued in Salem as late as 1817, and was still observed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire , in 1892. In the late 18th century, effigies of prominent figures such as two Prime Ministers of Great Britain,
10829-566: The mound in the 18th century, and a memorial placed on the mound's summit. Westgate Towers is a museum narrating its earlier use as a jail . The medieval church of St Alphege is as of 2022 used by the King's School . The Old Synagogue , now the King's School Music Room, is one of only two Egyptian Revival synagogues still standing. The city centre contains many timber-framed 16th and 17th century houses but others were destroyed, particularly in
10948-667: The northwest, the Westgate survives as the Westgate Towers museum . Immediately outside the Westgate is the River Stour which crosses the city from southwest to northeast. A road runs straight across the city from the Westgate, forming the High Street (including St George's Street) and part of the North Downs Way. St Augustine's Abbey lies just outside the city walls. The city became a county borough under
11067-496: The official line, that the event marked God's preservation of the English throne, but generally the celebrations became more diverse. By 1670 London apprentices had turned 5 November into a fire festival, attacking not only popery but also "sobriety and good order", demanding money from coach occupants for alcohol and bonfires. The burning of effigies, largely unknown to the Jacobeans , continued in 1673 when Charles's brother,
11186-732: The order of the Wheel of the Year : The following table is a chart based on a Messianic Jewish perspective of the 9 biblical holidays (including the Sabbath), along with their times and days of occurrence, references in the Bible , and how they point to Yeshua ( Jesus ). All the holidays shown below are major with the exceptions of the Feast of Dedication and the Feast of Lots which are minor festivals. The following holidays are observed to some extent at
11305-467: The parading and burning of a Guy Fawkes effigy in 1805, while in 1833, four years after its founding, Perth listed Gunpowder Treason Day as a public holiday. By the 1970s, Guy Fawkes Night had become less common in Australia, with the event simply an occasion to set off fireworks with little connection to Guy Fawkes. Mostly they were set off annually on a night called "cracker night," which would include
11424-565: The pope. At Farringdon Market 14 effigies were processed from the Strand and over Westminster Bridge to Southwark , while extensive demonstrations were held throughout the suburbs of London. Effigies of the 12 new English Catholic bishops were paraded through Exeter, already the scene of severe public disorder on each anniversary of the Fifth. Gradually, however, such scenes became less popular. With little resistance in Parliament,
11543-434: The present location in 1984. It was completely rebuilt in 2011 with a main 1,200-seat auditorium and secondary performance space. Its modern structure is a landmark across the city. The University of Kent 's Gulbenkian Theatre serves the city, and incorporates a cinema and café. Other theatrical performances take place at Canterbury Cathedral and St Augustine's Abbey . The oldest surviving theatre building in Canterbury
11662-453: The previous year. The two universities provided an even greater benefit. In 2014/2015, the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University were worth £909m to city's economy and accounted for 16% of all jobs. Unemployment in the city dropped 0.6 percentage points to 1.7% from 2001 to 2007. The registered unemployment rate as of September 2011 stood at 5.7%. By May 2018, the rate had dropped to 1.8%; in fact, Kent in general had
11781-522: The process of Catholic Emancipation in the two kingdoms. The traditional denunciations of Catholicism had been in decline since the early 18th century, and were thought by many, including Queen Victoria , to be outdated, but the pope's restoration in 1850 of the English Catholic hierarchy gave renewed significance to 5 November, as demonstrated by the burnings of effigies of the new Catholic Archbishop of Westminster Nicholas Wiseman , and
11900-491: The rolling through the streets of lit tar barrels. In Guildford , gangs of revellers who called themselves "guys" terrorised the local population; proceedings were concerned more with the settling of old arguments and general mayhem, than any historical reminiscences. Similar problems arose in Exeter , originally the scene of more traditional celebrations. In 1831 an effigy was burnt of the new Bishop of Exeter Henry Phillpotts ,
12019-473: The ruling class 5 November became overshadowed by events such as the birthdays of Admiral Edward Vernon , or John Wilkes , and under George II and George III , with the exception of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 , it was largely "a polite entertainment rather than an occasion for vitriolic thanksgiving". For the lower classes, however, the anniversary was a chance to pit disorder against order,
12138-532: The safety of James I is, according to David Cressy, "speculative nonsense". Citing Cressy's work, Ronald Hutton agrees with his conclusion, writing, "There is, in brief, nothing to link the Hallowe'en fires of North Wales, Man , and central Scotland with those which appeared in England upon 5 November." Further confusion arises in Northern Ireland, where some communities celebrate Guy Fawkes Night;
12257-479: The same time during the Southern Hemisphere 's summer, with the exception of Winter Solstice. Many other days are marked to celebrate events or people, around the world, but are not strictly holidays as time off work is rarely given. These are holidays that are not traditionally marked on calendars. These holidays are celebrated by various groups and individuals. Some are designed to honor or promote
12376-528: The similarities between the two, its reporter Kevin Rawlinson wondering "which fireworks will burn brightest". Gunpowder Treason Day was exported by settlers to colonies around the world, including members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and various Caribbean nations. In Australia, Sydney (founded as a British penal colony in 1788) saw at least one instance of
12495-553: The smaller University for the Creative Arts , was almost 40,000. Canterbury is in east Kent, about 55 miles (89 km) east-southeast of London. The coastal towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable are 6 miles (10 km) to the north, and Faversham is 8 miles (13 km) to the northwest. The city is on the River Stour or Great Stour . The river is navigable on the tidal section to Fordwich, although above this point canoes and other small craft can be used. The geology of
12614-913: The streets carrying flaming tar barrels, and since 1679 Lewes has been the setting of some of England's most extravagant 5 November celebrations, the Lewes Bonfire . Generally, modern 5 November celebrations are run by local charities and other organisations, with paid admission and controlled access. In 1998 an editorial in the Catholic Herald called for the end of "Bonfire Night", labelling it "an offensive act". Author Martin Kettle , writing in The Guardian in 2003, bemoaned an "occasionally nannyish" attitude to fireworks that discourages people from holding firework displays in their back gardens, and an "unduly sensitive attitude" toward
12733-669: The thanksgiving prayer of 5 November contained in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer was abolished, and in March 1859 the Anniversary Days Observance Act repealed the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 . As the authorities dealt with the worst excesses, public decorum was gradually restored. The sale of fireworks was restricted, and the Guildford "guys" were neutralized in 1865, although this
12852-867: The thanksgiving service for 5 November be amended to include thanks for his "happy arrival" and "the Deliverance of our Church and Nation". In the 1690s he re-established Protestant rule in Ireland, and the Fifth, occasionally marked by the ringing of church bells and civic dinners, was consequently eclipsed by his birthday commemorations. From the 19th century, 5 November celebrations there became sectarian in nature. (Its celebration in Northern Ireland remains controversial, unlike in Scotland where bonfires continue to be lit in various cities.) In England though, as one of 49 official holidays, for
12971-526: The two university's and broadcasting from studios at both. It replaced the student radio stations that served both university's being UKCR and C4 Radio respectively. In 2020 due to the COVID pandemic the station management decided to hand back the FM licence to OFCOM due to rising costs and has been broadcasting online since. There are plans for CSR to go on the recently awarded digital radio multiplex when it launches in
13090-516: The visit of King Charles II on his return from exile. Civic waits were ultimately abolished nationally by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 but a modern, early music group called The Canterbury Waits has revived the name. Canterbury's Catch Club was a musical and social club which met in the city between 1779 and 1865. Its male club members met weekly in the winter and employed an orchestra to assist in performances for
13209-545: Was beheaded in London. In 1413, Henry IV became the only sovereign to be buried at the cathedral. In 1448 Canterbury was granted a City Charter , which gave it a mayor and a high sheriff ; the city still has a Lord Mayor and Sheriff. In 1519 a public cage for talkative women and other wrongdoers was set up next to the town's pillory at the Bullstake, now the Buttermarket. In 1522 a stone cross with gilt lead stars
13328-413: Was constructed in stages outside the city walls to alleviate growing traffic problems in the city centre, which was later pedestrianised. The biggest expansion of the city occurred in the 1960s, with the arrival of the University of Kent at Canterbury and Christ Church College . The 1980s saw visits from Queen Elizabeth II , and the beginning of the annual Canterbury Festival . Between 1999 and 2005,
13447-732: Was erected at the same place, and painted with bice and gilded by Florence the painter. In the mid-16th century many Huguenots , experiencing persecution and conflict in the Low Countries , fled and resettled in Reformed regions such as England. Canterbury hosted the first congregation of so-called 'refugee strangers' in the country. This first Huguenot church in Canterbury was founded around 1548, in part by Jan Utenhove who relocated from Strasbourg , alongside Valérand Poullain and François de la Rivière . When Utenhove travelled to London in 1549, Francois de la Rivière remained to lead
13566-600: Was in decline, being "of late years almost forgotten", but in the opinion of historian David Cressy , such reports reflected "other Victorian trends", including a lessening of Protestant religious zeal—not general observance of the Fifth. Civil unrest brought about by the union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 resulted in Parliament passing the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , which afforded Catholics greater civil rights, continuing
13685-548: Was opened in 1830; bankrupt by 1844, it was purchased by the South Eastern Railway , which connected the city to its larger network in 1846. The London, Chatham & Dover Railway arrived in 1860; the competition and cost-cutting between the lines was resolved by merging them as the South Eastern & Chatham in 1899. Between 1830 and 1900, the city's population grew from 15,000 to 24,000. During
13804-400: Was provided for local dignitaries, as well as music, explosions, and a parade by the local militia. Even less is known of how the occasion was first commemorated by the general public, although records indicate that in the Protestant stronghold of Dorchester a sermon was read, the church bells rung, and bonfires and fireworks lit. According to historian and author Antonia Fraser , a study of
13923-529: Was suitable. A survey found that in 1981 about 23 per cent of Sheffield schoolchildren made Guys, sometimes weeks before the event. Collecting money was a popular reason for their creation, the children taking their effigy from door to door, or displaying it on street corners. But mainly, they were built to go on the bonfire, itself sometimes comprising wood stolen from other pyres—"an acceptable convention" that helped bolster another November tradition, Mischief Night . Rival gangs competed to see who could build
14042-565: Was too late for one constable, who died of his wounds. Violence continued in Exeter for some years, peaking in 1867 when, incensed by rising food prices and banned from firing their customary bonfire, a mob was twice in one night driven from Cathedral Close by armed infantry. Further riots occurred in 1879, but there were no more bonfires in Cathedral Close after 1894. Elsewhere, sporadic instances of public disorder persisted late into
14161-464: Was worth £1.3 billion in 2001. This made the district the second largest economy in Kent. Today, the three primary sectors are tourism, higher education and retail. In 2015, the value of tourism to the city of Canterbury was over £450 million; 7.2 million people visited that year, making it one of the most-visited cities in England. A full 9,378 jobs were supported by tourism, an increase of 6% over
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