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32-500: There are many sub-dialects of Guyanese Creole based on geographical location, urban – rural location, and race of the speakers. For example, along the Rupununi River , where the population is largely Amerindian, a distinct form of Guyanese Creole exists. The Georgetown (capital city) urban area has a distinct accent, while within a forty-five-minute drive away from this area the dialect/accent changes again, especially if following

64-414: A "mellow wik wik". On Trinidad its song has been described as "a squeaky tsik-tsik-tsee-lee " and its call "a high, thin, soft sik ". The IUCN has assessed the crested doradito as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is "apparently very local, but sometimes quite common" and occurs in

96-608: A Lost World ). The largely undisturbed forest along the Rupununi river, is a haven for birdlife. A biodiversity study conducted by BAT (South Rupununi Biodiversity Assessment Team), discovered a total of 306 bird species living along the river. Another avian-survey of the North Rupununi river, conducted by David C. Morimoto, Gajendra Nauth Narine, Michael D. Schindlinger and Asaph Wilson (DCM, MDS), showed that "4243 individuals, 292 species, and 58 families" of birds inhabited

128-441: A decline in their population numbers. Another large mammal that lives in the Rupununi is the giant otter , which is the largest otter in the world. Various species of primates and smaller terrestrial herbivores and insectivores such as the tapirs , also live and forage along the Rupununi river. Notable species include: The Rupununi has one of the most diverse aquatic ecosystems on the planet. A total of 410 species of fish inhabit

160-752: A highly disjunct distribution . Its largest single range is from eastern Bolivia south though southwestern Brazil and Paraguay into northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. There are isolated populations elsewhere in Bolivia and in Venezuela (mostly Falcón ), Guyana, and in several parts of Brazil. It has occurred as a vagrant on Trinidad. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society has unconfirmed sight records in French Guiana and therefore lists

192-441: A lining or on the outside. They were attached to reed or sedge stems over water. In the south the clutch is two eggs. The clutch size elsewhere, incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known. [REDACTED] As of late 2024 xeno-canto had no recordings of crested doradito vocalizations from Venezuela or Guayana. In the south the species' song is a "very high, liquid 'wic-wic-wic- -" and its call

224-540: A paler head than males, wider pale-yellow edges on the crown feathers, and a very faint pale yellow supercilium . Their underparts are a paler yellow than the male's. Both sexes have a dark brown iris and black legs and feet with a long hallux . Males have a slender, black, warbler-like bill; females' bills have a black maxilla like the males' and a pinkish-orange mandible . Juveniles are similar to adult females, but their crest has less black and more ochre, and their underparts are very pale. The crested doradito has

256-535: A population of red siskins. Notable species include: Reptiles thrive in the Rupununi river, preying off of small fish and crustaceans. In another study conducted by the BAT (South Rupununi Biodiversity Assessment Team), it was discovered that 34 different species of reptiles were living along the river. The black caiman is the largest predator in the Rupununi, measuring up to 5 m in length, however it has become endangered due to hunting for their belly skins throughout

288-458: A shaggy crest. Adult males have a mostly pale olive head, upperparts, and tail. Their crown is blackish with yellowish white edges on the feathers and a partially hidden yellow stripe in the middle. Their cheeks are dusky, and their back has subtle dusky streaks. Their wings are pale olive with dull whitish edges on the flight feathers and wing coverts ; the last show as two wing bars . Their throat and underparts are bright yellow. Adult females have

320-609: Is a region in the south-west of Guyana, bordering the Brazilian Amazon. The Rupununi river , also known by the local indigenous peoples as Raponani , flows through the Rupununi region. The name Rupununi originates from the word rapon in the Makushi language , in which it means the black-bellied whistling duck found along the river. The Rupununi River is one of the main tributaries of the Essequibo River and

352-552: Is a species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Guyana , Paraguay , Uruguay , and Venezuela , possibly in French Guiana , and as a vagrant to Trinidad . The crested doradito is monotypic . The crested doradito is 10 to 11 cm (3.9 to 4.3 in) long and weighs 6 to 9.9 g (0.21 to 0.35 oz). Both sexes have

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384-644: Is common in Guyanese Creole to repeat adjectives and adverbs for emphasis (the equivalent of adding "very" or "extremely" in standard British and American English). For example, "Dis wata de col col" translates into "This water is very cold". "Come now now" translates into "Come right now". There are several phonological markers that are present in Guyanese Creole: The following phrases are written as they are pronounced: Rupununi River The Rupununi / r ʌ p ə ˈ n ʌ n i /

416-566: Is known to include insects and spiders. It typically forages in pairs or small family groups. It feeds in vegetation in marshes and along their borders, mostly by gleaning vegetation while perched, and often clinging sideways to sedge or reed stems to feed. The crested doradito breeds between September and January in the southern parts of its range. In Venezuela its season appears to include June or July. The few known nests were cups made variously of grasses, sedge stems, and thin rootlets, sometimes also including spider egg cases and insect cocoons as

448-795: Is located in southern Guyana . The river originates in the Kanuku Mountains , which are located in the Upper Takutu-Essequibo region. The Rupununi River flows near the Guyana-Brazil border, and eventually leads into the Essequibo River. Throughout the flood season, the river shares a watershed with the Amazon. During the rainy season it is connected to the Takutu River by the flooded Pirara Creek, draining

480-469: Is the ecolodge Caiman House, a social enterprise that drives revenue to a public library, raising the pass rate into secondary school from near-zero in 2005 to 86% in 2019. Conservation International host a website on the Rupununi that includes details of ecotourism accommodation. Some tourists travel overland from Georgetown to Lethem via the Rupununi and on to Brazil, but the travel is very slow in

512-501: The 1930s - 1970s. Notable species include: The Rupununi is home to relatively healthy populations of the South America's giant mammals, including the largest feline terrestrial predators, the jaguar and the puma. Both the jaguar and the puma are extremely elusive cats, adept at hunting anything from turtles to domesticated dogs. However they are seen as threats to livestock, and are hunted, which has ultimately resulted in

544-534: The Iwokrama Formation suggest that older crust must occur at depth. The areas both in and surrounding the Rupununi river are home to a great diversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that harbor many species extirpated from other areas of South America. The Rupununi's freshwater eco-regions are areas of exceptional species richness, comparable to that of the Amazonia. Flora and fauna flourish in

576-708: The Northern Rupununi river. Rare bird species that were found in the survey were the Crested Doradito and the Sun Parakeet . The Harpy Eagle also inhabits the Rupununi and is the largest aerial predator in South America. The critically endangered Red Siskin is one of the many species of bird that was rediscovered in the Rupununi river region. A 253,800 ha site in the south central Rupununi catchment has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports

608-503: The Rupununi river because of the Rupununi's isolation from human activity. During an expedition, the South Rupununi Biodiversity Assessment Team (BAT), described the Rupununi river as being "very diverse". "The Northern Rupununi has more than fourteen hundred species of vertebrates, more than twenty-eight hundred species of plants, and countless species of invertebrates" (Rupununi, Rediscovering

640-549: The Rupununi, surpassing that of French Guiana (298 species) and Suriname (309 species). However, since there is a lack of freshwater fish taxonomists and researchers studying the area, it is estimated that there are at least 600 different species of fish in the Rupununi. Giants also lurk in the waters of the Rupununi. The arapaima (Arapaima) and the Lau-Lau (B. filamentosum) each measuring approximately 2, and in some exceptional cases 4 meters in length, have been found in

672-774: The Southern Guyana Granite Complex. The Kanuku Mountains consist of high grade gneisses in a NE-SW belt. The Takutu Graben is a NE-SW fault bounded basin initially filled by basaltic lava, then Mesozoic sediments, including the Takutu Formation . To the north of the Takutu Graben almost flat lying Statherian sandstones and conglomerates of the Roraima Group sediments overly Iwokrama Formation felsic volcanics and associated Orosirian granites. Relict Hadean zircons (xenocrysts) in

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704-478: The abundance of fish, wildlife and forest resources of the area. Sir Walter Raleigh claimed that the Rupununi was where the famed El Dorado was situated, however he never explored the river. Other early explorers such as Charles Waterton and Robert Schomburgk attempted to locate El Dorado , and successfully managed to visit the supposed location of the South-American myth, which is in fact part of

736-498: The coast where rural villages are located. As with other Caribbean languages, words and phrases are very elastic, and new ones can be made up, changed or evolve within a short period. They can also be used within a very small group, until picked up by a larger community. Ethnic groups are also known to alter or include words from their own backgrounds. A socially stratified creole speech continuum also exists between Guyanese English and Standard / British English. Speech by members of

768-617: The course of the Rupununi river. Before the colonization of Guyana and the Rupununi region, the Makushi Amerindians, Wai-Wai and the Wapishana all inhabited the area. The Makushi migrated from what is now known as modern Brazil and Venezuela, to the northern areas of the Rupununi river, over four-hundred years ago. The Makushi Amerindians continue to live in the Rio Branco savannahs and northern Rupununi, surviving off of

800-480: The environment and wildlife in the Rupununi. Ecotourism in the Rupununi is an important part of Guyana's economy, especially for the local Amerindian people. There are many ranches and lodges such as the Karanambu Ranch, a protected area for giant otters and other endangered species in the Rupununi, started by Tiny McTurk (1927), that generate revenue from tourists visiting the Rupununi. Near to Karanambu

832-467: The most remote corners of the Rupununi river. However, these river monsters are seldom seen and are rarely ever caught. Overexploitation and overfishing have forced these two species of fish to migrate deeper into unexplored territory in the Rupununi. Notable species include: Indigenous peoples have been part of the Rupununi landscape for millennia. Anthropologists have discovered Paleo-Indian petroglyphs, dated to be several thousands of years old along

864-427: The northern Rupununi. However they never found El Dorado . Guyana is a developing country that lacks sustainable economic, environmental and investment growth. Exploiting the Rupununi's resources through corporate agriculture, mining and petroleum extraction are potential pathways that Guyana could undertake. Extant roads such as the one connecting the Rupununi and the state of Roraima are being upgraded to travel all

896-459: The rainy season when the dirt roads degrade, and may be impossible. Rock View Lodge and The Pakaraima Mountain Inn are both near Annai 3–5 hours from Lethem. The Rupununi / Lethem Rodeo is a tourist attraction at Easter (during the dry season). 7°N 2°E  /  7°N 02°E  / 7; 02 Crested doradito The crested doradito ( Pseudocolopteryx sclateri )

928-424: The species as hypothetical in that country. The species inhabits reed beds, marshes, and tall grassy areas near water. In elevation it reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) above sea level though only 200 m (700 ft) in Venezuela. Though the crested doradito was previously thought to be migratory, it is now believed to be a year-round resident. The crested doradito's diet has not been detailed but

960-440: The upper classes is phonetically closest to British and American English, whereas speech by members of the lower classes most closely resembles other Caribbean English dialects. A phrase such as "I told him" may be pronounced in various parts of the continuum: Definite nouns are pluralized with dem . puliis policeman →   puliis dem police men puliis → {puliis dem } policeman {} police men It

992-690: The vast swamps of the Parima or Amaku Lake. The region surrounding the Rupununi river is composed of mainly savannah, wetlands, forest, and low mountain ranges. The area of Region 9 is 57,750 square kilometers and has over 80 communities. Most people live within the Rupununi Savannah area, while the jungle covered areas are only populated near major rivers. The geology of this area is divided into four main zones. Furthest south are areas of Rhyacian meta-sediments, meta-volcanics (Kwitaro Group) and associated granites, all intruded by Orosirian rocks of

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1024-534: The way to Georgetown . A bridge has also been constructed on the Guyana-Brazil border, that links Lethem (Guyana) to Bonfim (Brazil). This infrastructure will facilitate the transportation of goods throughout the area, however it poses a threat to the Rupununi's fragile eco-system. In order to formally protect the Rupununi's eco-system, NGO's and the Guyanese government have partnered up to attempt to enforce legislation to ban any prejudicial human activity towards

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