Misplaced Pages

#63936

64-545: Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf). The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language , goanã-pará , from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Other glosses include hidden water , lagoon of

128-566: A flush toilet to make things "disappear" is soon recognized by young children who may experiment with virtually anything they can carry to the toilet. Adults may be tempted to dispose of toilet paper , wet wipes , diapers , sanitary napkins , tampons , tampon applicators, condoms , and expired medications , even at the risk of causing blockages. The privacy of a toilet offers a clandestine means of removing embarrassing evidence by flushing such things as drug paraphernalia , pregnancy test kits, combined oral contraceptive pill dispensers, and

192-448: A peninsula at the mouth of Guanabara Bay . Rising 396 m (1,299 ft) above the harbor, the peak is named for its resemblance to the traditional shape of concentrated refined loaf sugar . It is known worldwide for its cableway and panoramic views of the city and beyond. The mountain is one of several monolithic granite and quartz mountains that rise straight from the water's edge around Rio de Janeiro . Geologically, it

256-562: A 1,400 m (4,600 ft) route between the peaks of Sugarloaf and Morro da Urca every 20 minutes. The original cable car line was built in 1912 and rebuilt around 1972–73 and in 2008. The cable car goes from a ground station, at the base of Morro da Babilônia , to Morro da Urca and thence to Sugarloaf's summit. To reach the summit, passengers take two cable cars. The first ascends to the shorter Morro da Urca, 220 m (722 ft) high. The second car ascends to Pão de Açúcar. The Swiss-made bubble-shaped cars offer passengers 360° views of

320-493: A broader term, because it refers to any water after it has been used in a variety of applications. Thus it may also refer to " industrial wastewater ", agricultural wastewater and other flows that are not related to household activities. Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route . Blackwater can contain feces , urine , water and toilet paper from flush toilets . Blackwater

384-478: A building's plumbing either into a sewer , which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility . Collection of sewage from several households together usually takes places in either sanitary sewers or combined sewers . The former is designed to exclude stormwater flows whereas the latter is designed to also take stormwater. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence

448-670: A concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L). For high income countries,

512-411: A country, there may be large variations from one region to another due to the various factors that determine the water consumption as listed above. A flowrate value of 200 liters of sewage per person per day is often used as an estimate in high income countries , and is used for example in the design of sewage treatment plants. For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in

576-499: A decade after the incident, the mangrove areas have not returned to life. One of the world's largest landfills is located at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay. It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation. The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1,700 people scavenging for recyclable materials. In June 2014, Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in

640-720: A fearsome crossfire rectangle of big naval guns . Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses, hospitals , drydocks , oil reservoirs and the National Naval Academy . Underwater exploration in the bay was disallowed by the Brazilian government in 1985 amid a dispute with American writer and treasure hunter Robert Marx, who claimed to have found evidence of a Roman shipwreck. Carl Feagans tells of 16 amphorae made for antiques-lover Americo Santarelli in 1960 or 1961, all 16 of which deliberately sunk in

704-748: A flowrate of 190 L per person per day. A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes per capita in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if garbage disposal units are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of water softener use. Sewage contains urine and feces. The mass of feces varies with dietary fiber intake. An average person produces 128 grams of wet feces per day, or

SECTION 10

#1732765517064

768-568: A form of final disposal or of treatment, or both. Land disposal alternatives require consideration of land availability, groundwater quality, and possible soil deterioration. Sewage may be discharged to an evaporation or infiltration basin . Groundwater recharge is used to reduce saltwater intrusion , or replenish aquifers used for agricultural irrigation . Treatment is usually required to sustain percolation capacity of infiltration basins, and more extensive treatment may be required for aquifers used as drinking water supplies. Before

832-592: A median dry mass of 29 g/person/day. The median urine generation rate is about 1.42 L/person/day, as was determined by a global literature review. The volume of domestic sewage produced per person (or " per capita ", abbreviated as "cap") varies with the water consumption in the respective locality. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of

896-461: A result of past disinfection . Sewage may contain microplastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, or polyester and polyamide fragments from synthetic clothing and bedding fabrics abraded by wear and laundering, or from plastic packaging and plastic-coated paper products disintegrated by lift station pumps. Pharmaceuticals , endocrine disrupting compounds, and hormones may be excreted in urine or feces if not catabolized within

960-627: A result, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro . Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay. After the initial arrival of the Portuguese, no significant European settlements were established until French colonists and soldiers, under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish

1024-702: A treatment plant per day: One peak is at the beginning of the morning and another peak is at the beginning of the evening. With regards to water consumption, a design figure that can be regarded as "world average" is 35–90 L per person per day (data from 1992). The same publication listed the water consumption in China as 80 L per person per day, Africa as 15–35 L per person per day, Eastern Mediterranean in Europe as 40–85 L per person per day and Latin America and Caribbean as 70–190 L per person per day. Even inside

1088-623: A variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with DNA sequencing , such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting eradication , testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species. Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as metagenomics . Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations. General socioeconomic demographics may be inferred as well. Sewage

1152-439: Is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is typically transported through a sewer system . Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality. Sub-types of sewage are greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) and blackwater (the water used to flush toilets , combined with

1216-693: Is an order of magnitude estimate rather than an exact percentage because, aside from variation caused by dilution, solids may be defined differently depending upon the mechanism used to separate those solids from the liquid fraction. Sludges of settleable solids removed by settling or suspended solids removed by filtration may contain significant amounts of entrained water, while dried solid material remaining after evaporation eliminates most of that water but includes dissolved minerals not captured by filtration or gravitational separation. The suspended and dissolved solids include organic and inorganic matter plus microorganisms. About one-third of this solid matter

1280-418: Is commonly collected and transported in gravity sewers , either in a sanitary sewer or in a combined sewer . The latter also conveys urban runoff ( stormwater ) which means the sewage gets diluted during rain events. Infiltration is groundwater entering sewer pipes through defective pipes, connections, joints or manholes . Contaminated or saline groundwater may introduce additional pollutants to

1344-594: Is considered part of a family of steep-sided rock outcroppings known as bornhardts . The mountain is protected by the Sugarloaf Mountain and Urca Hill Natural Monument , created in 2006. This became part of a World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2012. The name Sugarloaf was coined in the 16th century by the Portuguese during the heyday of sugarcane trade in Brazil due to sugar imports from

SECTION 20

#1732765517064

1408-454: Is discharged into a water body (river, lakes, sea) or land, its relative impact will depend on the assimilative capacity of the water body or ecosystem . Water bodies have a self-purification capacity, so that the concentration of a pollutant may decrease along the distance from the discharge point. Furthermore, water bodies provide a dilution to the pollutants concentrations discharged, although it does not decrease their mass. In principle,

1472-403: Is discharged untreated, its nitrogen and phosphorus content can lead to pollution of lakes and reservoirs via a process called eutrophication . In raw sewage, nitrogen exists in the two forms of organic nitrogen or ammonia . The ammonia stems from the urea in urine . Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed and therefore not usually found in raw sewage. Total phosphorus is mostly present in sewage in

1536-526: Is distinguished from greywater , which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing. Greywater (or grey water, sullage, also spelled gray water in the United States) refers to domestic wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for

1600-446: Is heavy boat and ship traffic, including regular ferryboat lines. The Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the city's two airports, Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (on Governador Island) and Santos Dumont Airport (on reclaimed land next to downtown Rio), are located on its shores. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus is located on the artificial Fundão Island. A maze of smaller bridges interconnect

1664-674: Is low, the strength of the sewage (or pollutant concentrations) is much higher than that in the United States where water use per person is high. Household income and diet also plays a role: For example, for the case of Brazil, it has been found that the higher the household income, the higher is the BOD load per person and the lower is the BOD concentration. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in developing countries have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as

1728-698: Is suspended by turbulence , while the remainder is dissolved or colloidal . For the situation in the United States in the 1950s it was estimated that the waste contained in domestic sewage is about half organic and half inorganic . The organic matter in sewage can be classified in terms of form and size: Suspended (particulate) or dissolved (soluble). Secondly, it can be classified in terms of biodegradability : either inert or biodegradable. The organic matter in sewage consists of protein compounds (about 40%), carbohydrates (about 25–50%), oils and grease (about 10%) and urea , surfactants , phenols , pesticides and others (lower quantity). In order to quantify

1792-408: Is typically found in sewage. Pollutants may be toxic or non- biodegradable waste including pharmaceuticals , biocides , heavy metals , radionuclides , or thermal pollution . An industry may treat its wastewater and discharge it into the environment (or even use the treated wastewater for specific applications), or, in case it is located in the urban area, it may discharge the wastewater into

1856-402: Is usually near neutral, and can be in the range of 6.7–8.0. Sewage consists primarily of water and usually contains less than one part of solid matter per thousand parts of water. In other words, one can say that sewage is composed of around 99.9% pure water, and the remaining 0.1% are solids, which can be in the form of either dissolved solids or suspended solids . The thousand-to-one ratio

1920-572: The 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the government was supposed to improve the conditions, but progress has been slow. There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short-term and abandoned following the Games, as there would be little political incentive to continue with them. The marine ecosystem of Guanabara Bay was severely damaged; the bay was once a whaling ground, and today, whales are no longer or rarely seen while Bryde's whales can be seen around

1984-562: The France Antarctique . They stayed briefly on Lajes Island, then moved to Serigipe Island, near the shore, where they built Fort Coligny . After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563, the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay, rendering it almost impregnable against a naval attack from the sea. They were the Santa Cruz, São João, Lajes and Villegaignon forts, forming

Guanabara Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-480: The United States are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households). This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal). Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with

2112-589: The anal area in the shower or bath. The overall appearance of sewage is as follows: The temperature tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and relatively unpleasant, whereas older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids. The pH value of sewage

2176-493: The human waste that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from dishwashing , and food quantities may be increased where garbage disposal units are used. In regions where toilet paper is used rather than bidets , that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some municipal solid waste and pollutants from industrial wastewater . Sewage usually travels from

2240-408: The "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day. This is called the population equivalent (PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of industrial wastewater compared to sewage. Values for households in the United States have been published as follows, whereby the estimates are based on the assumption that 25% of

2304-586: The Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay, together with the Plastic Soup Foundation . The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry, knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro. As part of the preparations for

2368-460: The Portuguese conquest of Goa , according to historian Vieira Fazenda . Blocks of sugar were placed in conical molds made of clay to be transported on ships. The form of the peak reminded them of the well-known resulting " sugarloaf " shape, and the nickname has since been extended to be a general descriptor for formations of this kind. A glass-walled cable car ( bondinho or, more formally, teleférico ), capable of holding 65 people, runs along

2432-430: The assimilative capacity of the water body. However, this needs to be analyzed very carefully, taking into account the quality of the water in the receiving body before it receives the discharge of sewage, the resulting water quality after the discharge and the impact on the intended water uses after discharge. There are also specific legal requirements in each country. Different countries have different regulations regarding

2496-458: The bay entrance. The bay is also home to a population of botos and this population faces severe risks of population decline . [REDACTED] Media related to Guanabara Bay at Wikimedia Commons Sugarloaf Mountain, Rio de Janeiro Sugarloaf Mountain ( Portuguese : Pão de Açúcar , pronounced [ˈpɐ̃w dʒ(i) ɐˈsukaʁ] ) is a peak situated in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, on

2560-514: The bay for them to acquire the look of ancient artefacts covered in barnacles and corals; 4 of the 16 original amphorae were subsequently recovered, leaving 12 scattered about the bay, where two were found by lobster divers in 1974. There are more than 130 islands dotting the bay, including: The bay is crossed by the Rio-Niterói Bridge (13.29 kilometres (8.26 mi) long and with a central span 72 metres (236 ft) high) and there

2624-414: The community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. However water used for landscape irrigation will not enter the sewer system, while groundwater and stormwater may enter the sewer system in addition to sewage. There are usually two peak flowrates of sewage arriving at

Guanabara Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-456: The consumption of oxygen, which may then affect aquatic living organisms. The mass load of organic content is calculated as the sewage flowrate multiplied with the concentration of the organic matter in the sewage. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage is provided further down below. Apart from organic matter, sewage also contains nutrients. The major nutrients of interest are nitrogen and phosphorus . If sewage

2752-563: The form of phosphates .They are either inorganic (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) and their main source is from detergents and other household chemical products. The other form is organic phosphorus, where the source is organic compounds to which the organic phosphorus is bound. Human feces in sewage may contain pathogens capable of transmitting diseases. The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: In most practical cases, pathogenic organisms are not directly investigated in laboratory analyses. An easier way to assess

2816-1025: The form of cysts or oocysts) and helminths (in the form of eggs). In order to quantify the organic matter, indirect methods are commonly used: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Management of sewage includes collection and transport for release into the environment, after a treatment level that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil or for reuse applications. Disposal options include dilution (self-purification of water bodies, making use of their assimilative capacity if possible), marine outfalls , land disposal and sewage farms . All disposal options may run risks of causing water pollution . Sewage (or domestic wastewater) consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in

2880-451: The higher the dilution capacity (ratio of volume or flow of the receiving water and volume or flow of sewage discharged), the lower will be the concentration of pollutants in the receiving water, and probably the lower will be the negative impacts. But if the water body already arrives very polluted at the point of discharge, the dilution will be of limited value. In several cases, a community may treat partially its sewage, and still count on

2944-490: The homes have kitchen waste-food grinders (sewage from such households contain more waste): 95 g/person/d for total suspended solids (503 mg/L concentration), 85 g/person/d for BOD (450 mg/L), 198 g/person/d for COD (1050 mg/L), 13.3 g/person/d for the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (70.4 mg/L), 7.8 g/person/d for ammonia-N (41.2 mg/L) and 3.28 g/person/d for total phosphorus (17.3 mg/L). The concentration values given here are based on

3008-440: The human body. Some residential users tend to pour unwanted liquids like used cooking oil , lubricants , adhesives , paint , solvents , detergents , and disinfectants into their sewer connections. This behavior can result in problems for the treatment plant operation and is thus discouraged. The composition of sewage varies with climate, social and economic situation and population habits. In regions where water use

3072-400: The local area of larger communities. Sewage can be distinguished into "untreated sewage" (also called "raw sewage") and "treated sewage" (also called "effluent" from a sewage treatment plant ). The term "sewage" is nowadays often used interchangeably with "wastewater" – implying "municipal wastewater" – in many textbooks, policy documents and the literature. To be precise, wastewater is

3136-473: The locality. Sewage is a mixture of water (from the community's water supply ), human excreta ( feces and urine ), used water from bathrooms , food preparation wastes, laundry wastewater, and other waste products of normal living. Sewage from municipalities contains wastewater from commercial activities and institutions, e.g. wastewater discharged from restaurants , laundries , hospitals , schools , prisons , offices , stores and establishments serving

3200-435: The organic matter content, it is common to use "indirect methods" which are based on the consumption of oxygen to oxidize the organic matter: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). These indirect methods are associated with the major impact of the discharge of organic matter into water bodies: the organic matter will be food for microorganisms, whose population will grow, and lead to

3264-458: The packaging for those devices. There may be reluctance to retrieve items like children's toys or toothbrushes which accidentally fall into toilets, and items of clothing may be found in sewage from prisons or other locations where occupants may be careless. Trash and garbage in streets may be carried to combined sewers by stormwater runoff. Sewage contains environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants . Trihalomethanes can also be present as

SECTION 50

#1732765517064

3328-434: The presence of fecal contamination is by assessing the most probable numbers of fecal coliforms (called thermotolerant coliforms), especially Escherichia coli . Escherichia coli are intestinal bacteria excreted by all warm blooded animals, including human beings, and thus tracking their presence in sewage is easy, because of their substantially high concentrations (around 10 to 100 million per 100 mL). The ability of

3392-460: The public sewerage system. In the latter case, industrial wastewater may receive pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the pollutant load . Mixing industrial wastewater with sewage does nothing to reduce the mass of pollutants to be treated, but the volume of sewage lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to industrial wastewater, and the volume of industrial wastewater lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to sewage. When wastewater

3456-498: The sanitary collection system". The "direct inflows" can result in peak sewage flowrates similar to combined sewers during wet weather events. Sewage from communities with industrial facilities may include some industrial wastewater , generated by industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods. Volumes of industrial wastewater vary widely with the type of industry. Industrial wastewater may contain very different pollutants at much higher concentrations than what

3520-399: The sea , and bosom of the sea . Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho arrived on its shores. According to some historians, the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro ("January's Ria "). Then confusion took place between the words ria and rio ("river"). As

3584-402: The sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess

3648-480: The sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated. There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay . The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking Petrobras underwater pipeline released 1,300,000 litres (340,000 US gal) of oil into the bay, destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem. Recovery measures are currently being attempted, but more than

3712-404: The sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and indicators of fecal contamination. These can be considered to be the main macro-pollutants in sewage. Sewage contains pathogens which stem from fecal matter . The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: pathogenic bacteria , viruses , protozoa (in

3776-404: The sewage. The amount of such infiltrated water depends on several parameters, such as the length of the collection network, pipeline diameters, drainage area, soil type, water table depth, topography and number of connections per unit area. Infiltration is increased by poor construction procedures, and tends to increase with the age of the sewer. The amount of infiltration varies with the depth of

3840-582: The sewer in comparison to the local groundwater table . Older sewer systems that are in need of rehabilitation may also exfiltrate sewage into groundwater from the leaking sewer joints and service connections. This can lead to groundwater pollution . Combined sewers are designed to transport sewage and stormwater together. This means that sewage becomes diluted during rain events. There are other types of inflow that also dilute sewage, e.g. "water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and any direct stormwater runoff connections to

3904-563: The specifications of the quality of the sewage being discharged and the quality to be maintained in the receiving water body. The combination of treatment and disposal must comply with existing local regulations. The assimilative capacity depends – among several factors – on the ability of the receiving water to sustain dissolved oxygen concentrations necessary to support organisms catabolizing organic waste. For example, fish may die if dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 5 mg/L. Application of sewage to land can be considered as

SECTION 60

#1732765517064

3968-528: The surrounding city. The ascent takes three minutes. There are rock climbing routes on Sugarloaf that are mostly multipitch and are a mixture of sport and trad . There are also two other mountains in the area with technical rock climbing, Morro da Babilônia and Morro da Urca. Together, they form one of the largest urban climbing areas in the world, with more than 270 routes, between 1 and 10 pitches long. Sewage Sewage (or domestic sewage , domestic wastewater , municipal wastewater )

4032-535: The two largest islands, Fundão and Governador, to the mainland. There is an Environmental Protection Area (APA), which is located mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA . Guanabara Bay's once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades, particularly along its mangrove areas. The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization , deforestation , and pollution of its waters with sewage , garbage , and oil spills . As of 2014, more than 70% of

4096-430: The wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include sinks , showers , baths , washing machines or dishwashers . As greywater contains fewer pathogens than blackwater , it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing , landscape or crop irrigation , and other non- potable uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning

#63936