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57-674: GCCA lies at a latitude of 10° 15′ – 10° 27′ N and longitude of 39° 45′ – 39° 49′ E. The area is part of the Menz-Gera Administrative District in the North Shoa Administrative Zone of the regional state of Amhara Region . The district capital is the town of Mehal Meda located 20  km from the Guassa Area. The Guassa Area originated as a community-based natural resource management system known as “Qero” over 400 years ago. It

114-462: A dandelion , commonly blown on by children, consists of numerous seeds resting on the receptacle, each seed attached to its pappus. The pappi provide a parachute-like structure to help the seed travel from its point of origin to a more hospitable site. A ray flower is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the Asteraceae. The corolla of

171-460: A bract, called a "palea" or "receptacular bract". These bracts are often called " chaff ". The presence or absence of these bracts, their distribution on the receptacle, and their size and shape are all important diagnostic characteristics for genera and tribes. The florets have five petals fused at the base to form a corolla tube and they may be either actinomorphic or zygomorphic . Disc florets are usually actinomorphic, with five petal lips on

228-512: A common and general enemy, but they give attention to the enemies that they know with evidence, and therefore they say, "We will not fight against the innocents [ sic ], who do not harm us; but we fight with the proven enemy in the nearby, who ever they are as long as proven to be harmful." The culture of Menz is further distinguished by its selective emphasis on certain values which are universal in Amhara culture. Chief among these are

285-399: A distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx. In plants of the Asteraceae, what appears to be a single "daisy"-type flower is actually a composite of several much smaller flowers, known as the capitulum or head . By visually presenting as a single flower,

342-458: A dome-like structure called the receptacle . The individual florets in a head consist, developmentally, of five fused petals (rarely four); instead of sepals , they have threadlike, hairy, or bristly structures, known collectively as a pappus , (plural pappi ). The pappus surrounds the ovary and can, when mature and attached to a seed, adhere to animal fur or be carried by air currents, aiding in seed dispersal . The whitish, fluffy head of

399-507: A generation is greatly respected in Manz. This sentiment is expressed in a favourite Manze proverb: Ye Menze rest ba shi amatu / la balabetu; Menz rest (belongs) to its owner until the thousandth year. Menz was also traditionally distinguished for its religious devotion and adherence to fasting, giving it an aire of conservatism. An example of Menz's conservatism is illustrated by the attempted revolt of Mesfin and Merid Biru, but it can not represent

456-623: A line of rulers which culminated in the Shewan branch of the Imperial family of Ethiopia. It is for these reasons that Shoans often refer to Menz as "ye Amara mentch',"the source of the Amhara , with "Menze" having historically been used by southern populations as a catch-all term for all " Abyssinian " settlers during the late 19th century Ethiopian imperial expansions . Based on discussions with neighboring peoples, Johann Ludwig Krapf wrote that

513-797: A multitude of birds of prey and serves as a wintering ground for 38 species of Palearctic and intra-African migratory birds . Endemic birds include: Ankober serin ( Serinus ankoberensis ), Abyssinian catbird ( Parophasma galinieri ), Abyssinian longclaw ( Macronyx flavicollis ), blue-winged goose ( Cyanochen cyanoptera ), Ethiopian/black-headed siskin ( Serinus nigriceps ), black-winged lovebird ( Agapornis taranta ), Rouget's rail ( Rougetius rougetii ), spot-breasted plover ( Vanellus melanocephalus ), thick-billed raven ( Corvus crassirostris ), wattled ibis ( Bostrychia carunculata ), white-collared pigeon ( Columba albitorques ) and white-winged cliff chat ( Myrmecocichla semirufa ). Menz Menz or Manz ( Amharic : መንዝ , romanized: Mänz )

570-482: A widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions , in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates , and they are found on every continent but Antarctica . Their common primary characteristic is compound flower heads , technically known as capitula , consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual florets enclosed by a whorl of protective involucral bracts . The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from

627-553: Is a discoid head . Disciform heads possess only disc flowers in their heads, but may produce two different sex types (male or female) within their disciform head. Some other species produce two different head types: staminate (all-male), or pistillate (all-female). In a few unusual species, the "head" will consist of one single disc flower; alternatively, a few species will produce both single-flowered female heads, along with multi-flowered male heads, in their "pollination strategy". The distinguishing characteristic of Asteraceae

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684-582: Is a former subdivision of Ethiopia , located inside the boundaries of the modern Semien Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region . William Cornwallis Harris described Menz as lying "westward" of Gedem but between that former province and Marra Biete . Donald Levine explains that Menz was divided into three parts: Mama Meder in the center; Lalo Meder in the south; and Gera Meder in the north. Further, he defines its boundaries as "the Mofar River in

741-422: Is a key attraction of the area. Other common plant species found in the area include Carex monostachya , Carex fischeri and Kniphofia foliosa of the family Asphodelaceae . Climbing in altitude, Euryops - Alchemilla shrubland occurs over 3,200 meters on flat, gentle slopes and well-drained areas. The shrubby vegetation of Euryops pinifolius ( Compositae family is extensively used as firewood by

798-520: Is about 111,000. The population is predominantly Amhara , one of the largest cultural ethnic groups in the country. Their language is Amharic , the official language of Ethiopia , which is a Semitic language descended from Ge’ez , the ancient liturgical language of Ethiopia now only used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church to which most people belong. Annual rainfall for Guassa averages 1,200 mm to 1,600 mm. The area

855-541: Is an advantage in relatively dry zones, or some combination of these and possibly other factors. Heterocarpy, or the ability to produce different fruit morphs, has evolved and is common in Asteraceae. It allows seeds to be dispersed over varying distances and each is adapted to different environments, increasing chances of survival. The original name Compositae is still valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. It refers to

912-1391: Is based on Panero & Funk (2002) updated in 2014, and now also includes the monotypic Famatinanthoideae . The diamond (♦) denotes a very poorly supported node (<50% bootstrap support), the dot (•) a poorly supported node (<80%). Barnadesioideae : 9 genera, 93 species. South America , mainly the Andes . Famatinanthoideae : South America, 1 genus, 1 species Famatinanthus decussatus . Mutisioideae : 58 genera, 750 species. Absent from Europe, mostly in South America. Stifftioideae : 10 genera. South America. Wunderlichioideae : 8 genera, 24 species. Mostly in Venezuela and Guyana . Gochnatioideae : 4 or 5 genera, 90 species. Latin America and southern United States. Hecastocleidoideae : Only Hecastocleis shockleyi . Southwestern United States . Carduoideae : 83 genera, 2,500 species. Worldwide. Pertyoideae : 5 or 6 genera, 70 species. Asia. Gymnarrhenoideae : Two genera/species, Gymnarrhena micrantha ( Northern Africa , Middle East ) and Cavea tanguensis ( Eastern Himalayas ). Cichorioideae : 224 genera, 3,200 species. Worldwide. Corymbioideae : Only

969-480: Is characterized by mild days and cold nights and is malaria free. In the driest months (December through February) the daytime temperature can rise to 23 °C (73 °F) while at night it can fall to −10 °C (14 °F). There is frequent frost and fog in the dry season. The temperature variation is less in the wet season with a daytime temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) and a nighttime temperature of 3 °C (37 °F). Guassa can be visited at any time of

1026-468: Is one of the oldest known conservation areas in Sub-Saharan Africa . The Qero system is organized by two formally elected chiefs who oversee the beneficiary communities to ensure equitable resource distribution, and enforce the bylaws protecting the common property resources. Based on traditional tenure patterns, rules of protection and utilization as well as enforcement are essential aspects of

1083-524: Is only found in the highlands of northern Ethiopia . They live in large groups reaching up to 400 individuals where the spectacular male guard harems of females. Other mammals of the area include klipspringers , jackals , leopards , spotted hyenas , civets and servals . 114 bird species have been recorded in the Guassa Area: 12% of the 862 species of birds in Ethiopia . The area is also home to

1140-524: Is particularly common among the Cichorioideae . Leaves can be alternate , opposite , or whorled . They may be simple , but are often deeply lobed or otherwise incised, often conduplicate or revolute . The margins also can be entire or toothed . Resin or latex can also be present in the leaves. Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called capitula . They are surrounded by involucral bracts , and when viewed from

1197-639: Is the strap-shaped tongue of the corolla of either a ray flower or of a ligulate flower. A disk flower (or disc flower ) is a radially symmetric individual flower in the head, which is ringed by the ray flowers when both are present. In some species, ray flowers may be arranged around the disc in irregular symmetry, or with a weakly bilaterally symmetric arrangement. A radiate head has disc flowers surrounded by ray flowers. A ligulate head has all ligulate flowers and no disc flowers. When an Asteraceae flower head has only disc flowers that are either sterile, male, or bisexual (but not female and fertile), it

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1254-404: Is their inflorescence , a type of specialised, composite flower head or pseudanthium , technically called a calathium or capitulum , that may look superficially like a single flower. The capitulum is a contracted raceme composed of numerous individual sessile flowers , called florets , all sharing the same receptacle . A set of bracts forms an involucre surrounding the base of

1311-563: The Late Cretaceous ( Campanian to Maastrichtian ) of Antarctica, dated to c.  76–66 million years ago (mya). It is estimated that the crown group of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, Santonian ) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian ). Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can become weedy or invasive . Members of

1368-581: The endemic mammals of Ethiopia , including the Ethiopian wolf , the Gelada and the Ethiopian highland hare . The Ethiopian wolf is legally protected and with a total world population of less than 450 is the most endangered canid in the world. With six packs of wolves, the Guassa area is a key population of the species. The gelada is the only living member of the once widespread genus Theropithecus and

1425-619: The order Asterales . The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae , and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name Compositae . The family is commonly known as the aster , daisy , composite , or sunflower family . Most species of Asteraceae are herbaceous plants , and may be annual , biennial , or perennial , but there are also shrubs , vines , and trees . The family has

1482-459: The "sun disk" is made up of smaller, radially symmetric , individual flowers called disc flowers or disc florets . The word aster means "star" in Greek, referring to the appearance of most family members as a " celestial body with rays". The capitulum, which often appears to be a single flower, is often referred to as a head . In some species, the entire head is able to pivot its floral stem in

1539-479: The Asteraceae are mostly herbaceous plants, but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as Lachanodes arborea ) do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique inflorescence and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the stamens . Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as Hieracium is notoriously difficult (see " damned yellow composite " for example). Members of

1596-551: The Asteroideae and other minor subfamilies these are usually borne only on florets at the circumference of the capitulum and have a 3+2 scheme – above the fused corolla tube, three very long fused petals form the ligule, with the other two petals being inconspicuously small. The Cichorioideae has only ray florets, with a 5+0 scheme – all five petals form the ligule. A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae. The tip of

1653-539: The Guassa Area falls away abruptly as cliffs drop into the Great Rift Valley . Just 100  km away, the land melts into the Awash plain forming the floor of the Great Rift Valley . Guassa supports important and endemic plant species including Guassa grass, giant lobelia , Erica moorlands, Helichrysum and Alchemilla species. The Afro-montane vegetation of the Guassa Area varies with altitude and

1710-469: The Qero system. Further organization of the user community into parishes gave the Guassa area the status of consecrated land, under the protective patronage of the parish, which reinforced the Qero system with the prestige, power, and authority of another important local level institution. In the process, the Guassa common property resources became a kind of sacred entity. Following the 1974 popular revolution ,

1767-647: The apertures." In Asteraceae, the energy store is generally in the form of inulin rather than starch. They produce iso/ chlorogenic acid , sesquiterpene lactones , pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, various alkaloids , acetylenes (cyclic, aromatic, with vinyl end groups), tannins . They have terpenoid essential oils that never contain iridoids . Asteraceae produce secondary metabolites , such as flavonoids and terpenoids . Some of these molecules can inhibit protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania and parasitic intestinal worms, and thus have potential in medicine. Compositae,

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1824-530: The area's isolation they could sell to the peasants their own interpretation of the events. They told the peasants that the Derg government was dominated by Moslems who would destroy the Ethiopian Church and take away land from Christians. As proof, the brothers played tape recorded statements of alleged government declarations broadcast over Radio Ethiopia which stated as much. Despite that their effort

1881-608: The boundaries of their fields, raises such animosities between them, that they draw their swords and they keep their words. These continual contests and their self-interestedness, make them conservative, and they keep what they say. Each individual, or several families being the issue of a great man, build their houses, wherever they find convenient for the sake of their property, or for the purpose of more easily watching their fields. On this account therefore you do not see large villages in Mans [ sic ]. They do not fight against

1938-490: The capitulum functions in attracting pollinators , in the same manner that other "showy" flowering plants in numerous other, older, plant families have evolved to attract pollinators. The previous name for the family, Compositae , reflects the fact that what appears to be a single floral entity is in fact a composite of much smaller flowers. The "petals" or "sunrays" in an "asteraceous" head are in fact individual strap-shaped flowers called ray flowers or ray florets , and

1995-486: The capitulum. These are called "phyllaries", or "involucral bracts". They may simulate the sepals of the pseudanthium. These are mostly herbaceous but can also be brightly coloured (e.g. Helichrysum ) or have a scarious (dry and membranous) texture. The phyllaries can be free or fused, and arranged in one to many rows, overlapping like the tiles of a roof ( imbricate ) or not (this variation is important in identification of tribes and genera). Each floret may be subtended by

2052-413: The communities living adjacent to the Guassa Area. Above 3,200 meters, Euryops - Festuca grassland is usually interspersed with scattered structures similar to Mima mounds that can reach a height of 1.5 meters and a diameter of 5 to 10 meters. These mounds consist of highly organic and deep soil. They are made by rodents, the most important of which is the common mole rat . As the altitude increases,

2109-455: The corolla, while the anthers are generally connate ( syngenesious anthers), thus forming a sort of tube around the style ( theca ). They commonly have basal and/or apical appendages. Pollen is released inside the tube and is collected around the growing style, and then, as the style elongates, is pushed out of the tube ( nüdelspritze ). The pistil consists of two connate carpels . The style has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be located in

2166-455: The course of the day to track the sun (like a "smart" solar panel), thus maximizing the reflectivity of the entire floral unit and further attracting flying pollinators. Nearest to the flower stem lie a series of small, usually green, scale-like bracts . These are known as phyllaries ; collectively, they form the involucre , which serves to protect the immature head of florets during its development. The individual florets are arranged atop

2223-519: The early 14th century) as a Muslim province, where it is called " Manzehel ", and mentioned again in the Royal Chronicles of Baeda Maryam . This small province came to form the core of the autonomous Ethiopian state of Shewa . Negasi Krestos , a leading warlord of Menz, extended his power to the south by conquest, proclaimed himself ruler of Shewa, and defeated all of his rivals. Afterwards Menz, along with Merhabete became birthplaces of

2280-578: The entire Menz, and this must not mislead the reader; two brothers and the sons of one of Ethiopia's largest landowners. Following the Ethiopian Revolution , in January 1975 they slipped away from Addis Ababa to organize a rebellion among peasants in Menz. Although this was not the center of their family's vast landholdings, it was only in Menz that they could obtain peasant support. Because of

2337-422: The extant genus Dasyphyllum . Barreda, et al. (2015) estimated that the crown group of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, Santonian ) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian ). It is not known whether the precise cause of their great success was the development of the highly specialised capitulum, their ability to store energy as fructans (mainly inulin ), which

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2394-439: The family Asteraceae generally produce taproots , but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of caudices or rhizomes . These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species. The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, usually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with resin , or latex , which

2451-503: The fruit (for example in dandelion ). In some species, however, the pappus falls off (for example in Helianthus ). Cypsela morphology is often used to help determine plant relationships at the genus and species level. The mature seeds usually have little endosperm or none. The pollen of composites is typically echinolophate, a morphological term meaning "with elaborate systems of ridges and spines dispersed around and between

2508-549: The genus Corymbium , with 9 species. Cape provinces, South Africa. Asteroideae : 1,130 genera and 16,200 species. Worldwide. The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera ( list ) in 13 subfamilies. The number of species in the family Asteraceae is rivaled only by Orchidaceae. Which is the larger family is unclear, because of the uncertainty about how many extant species each family includes. The four subfamilies Asteroideae , Cichorioideae , Carduoideae and Mutisioideae contain 99% of

2565-509: The government nationalized all rural land in the country and disbanded all local level land tenure and common property natural resource management institutions. This agrarian reform destroyed the functionality of the Qero system and the Guassa area was turned into an open access resource, which resulted in an extreme decline of natural resources in the area. The population of the Menz Gera Administrative District

2622-444: The interior surface or form two lateral lines. The ovary is inferior and has only one ovule , with basal placentation . In members of the Asteraceae the fruit is achene -like, and is called a cypsela (plural cypselae ). Although there are two fused carpels, there is only one locule, and only one seed per fruit is formed. It may sometimes be winged or spiny because the pappus, which is derived from calyx tissue often remains on

2679-484: The ligule is often divided into teeth, each one representing a petal. Some marginal florets may have no petals at all (filiform floret). The calyx of the florets may be absent, but when present is always modified into a pappus of two or more teeth, scales or bristles and this is often involved in the dispersion of the seeds. As with the bracts, the nature of the pappus is an important diagnostic feature. There are usually four or five stamens . The filaments are fused to

2736-473: The original name for Asteraceae, were first described in 1740 by Dutch botanist Adriaan van Royen . Traditionally, two subfamilies were recognised: Asteroideae (or Tubuliflorae) and Cichorioideae (or Liguliflorae). The latter has been shown to be extensively paraphyletic , and has now been divided into 12 subfamilies, but the former still stands. The study of this family is known as synantherology . The phylogenetic tree of subfamilies presented below

2793-427: The people of Menz "have the character of being brave, quarrelsome, inhospitable, inherently brave, and if they are educated, they can change their behaviour, and they are resilient in nature, and they are born with truth." Krapf continues, observing that as no strong royal hand is able to govern them, every trifle causes them to be at variance with each other. A little affront or a small matter that happens on account of

2850-434: The ray flower may have two tiny, vestigial teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla. In some species, the 3:2 arrangement is reversed, with two lobes, and zero or three tiny teeth visible opposite the tongue. A ligulate flower is a five-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower found in the heads of certain other asteraceous species. A ligule

2907-468: The rim of the corolla tube. The petal lips may be either very short, or long, in which case they form deeply lobed petals. The latter is the only kind of floret in the Carduoideae , while the first kind is more widespread. Ray florets are always highly zygomorphic and are characterised by the presence of a ligule , a strap-shaped structure on the edge of the corolla tube consisting of fused petals. In

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2964-632: The south, the Adabay and Wanchet rivers in the west, the Qechene River in the north, and in the east a long chain of mountains which pour forth the waters that drain across Manz and which divide it from the lowlands of Efrata , Gedem, and Qawat ." This would roughly equate to the modern woredas of Gera Midirna Keya Gebriel and Mam Midrina Lalo Midir . Menz is first mentioned in the Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon (who ruled in

3021-499: The species diversity of the whole family (approximately 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% respectively). Because of the morphological complexity exhibited by this family, agreeing on generic circumscriptions has often been difficult for taxonomists . As a result, several of these genera have required multiple revisions. The oldest known fossils of members of Asteraceae are pollen grains from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica , dated to ~76–66 mya ( Campanian to Maastrichtian ) and assigned to

3078-496: The values of rest, - Rest, land inherited from a relative, usually father or mother, is an object of the highest respect and devotion in Menz. The feeling against selling it to someone out- side one's family is exceedingly strong among the Menzes. Those who migrate from Manz retain a deep sentimental attachment to any rest they may happen t o own there, and the claim of some- one who has been away from his family's land even for more than

3135-405: The vegetation changes abruptly to Helichrysum - Festuca type of grassland followed by Erica moorland. The torch lily or red-hot poker ( Kniphofia spp. ) covers entire hillsides with its flame-colored flowers between June and November. The palm-like giant lobelia ( Lobelia rhynchopetalum ) is most spectacular and reaches up to 12 meters in height. The Guassa area harbors nine (23%) of

3192-532: The year, although persistent rainfall in July and August makes that season the least favorable. The Guassa Area ranges in altitude from 3,200 to 3,700 meters above sea level. The rugged mountain plateau is crosscut by gorges and river valleys running westwards. The area forms the watershed between the Nile and Awash River systems and thus performs an important hydrological function and catchment area. The eastern edge of

3249-483: Was doomed, it wasn't until October 1975, that security forces were able to finally track down Mesfin and Merid and kill them. In general, they are the peoples of God, and they trust in God, and they mean what they say. Compositae Asteraceae ( / ˌ æ s t ə ˈ r eɪ s i . iː , - ˌ aɪ / ) is a large family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within

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