Misplaced Pages

#745254

42-472: Guarani , Guaraní or Guarany may refer to Ethnography [ edit ] Guaraní people , an indigenous people from South America's interior (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia) Guaraní language , or Paraguayan Guarani, an official language of Paraguay Guarani dialects , spoken in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay Guarani languages ,

84-811: A smallpox epidemic killed approximately 30,000 of them. In 1765, a second outbreak killed approximately 12,000 more, and then spread westward through the tribes of the Chaco . In 1750 the Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal transferred to Portugal the territory of the seven missions on the Uruguay River, and the Guaranis were ordered to leave; they refused, being familiar with the Portuguese as slave hunters. Seven years of guerrilla warfare killed thousands of them (see Guarani War ). The Jesuits secured

126-715: A group of languages, including Guarani, in the Tupí-Guaraní language subfamily Eastern Bolivian Guarani , historically called Chiriguanos, living in the eastern Bolivian foothills of the Andes. Also called Ava Guarani. Economics [ edit ] Paraguayan guaraní , the currency of Paraguay Education [ edit ] The Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, a subunit of Dartmouth College Geography [ edit ] Guarani, Minas Gerais , Brazil Guarani de Goiás , Brazil Guarani das Missões , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Guarani Aquifer ,

168-1379: A large underground water reservoir in South America Literature and music [ edit ] The Guarani , an 1857 novel by José de Alencar Il Guarany , an opera by Carlos Gomes, based on the above novel Guarany (film) , a 1948 Italian film directed by Riccardo Freda Machines [ edit ] FMA IA 50 Guaraní II , an Argentine utility aircraft VBTP-MR , a Brazilian 6x6 armored personnel carrier Association football (soccer) clubs [ edit ] Brazil Guarani Esporte Clube (CE) , Juazeiro do Norte Guarani Esporte Clube (MG) , Divinópolis Guarani Futebol Clube , Campinas Guarany Futebol Clube , Bagé Guarany Futebol Clube (Camaquã) Guarany Sporting Club , Sobral Associação Atlética Guarany , Porto da Folha Esporte Clube Guarani , Venâncio Aires Sociedade Esportiva, Recreativa e Cultural Guarani , Palhoça Sport Club Guarany , Cruz Alta Paraguay Club Guaraní , Asunción Guaraní F.B.C. , Trinidad Astronomy [ edit ] Guarani, official name of exoplanet HD 23079 b People [ edit ] Horacio Guarany (1925-2017), Argentinian singer & writer See also [ edit ] Guarini (disambiguation) , an Italian name Topics referred to by

210-638: A royal decree restoring the disputed mission territory to Spanish jurisdiction. Two missions in 1747 and a third in 1760 were established in the sub-tribe of the Itatínes , or Tobatines, in central Paraguay, far north of the older mission group. In one of these, San Joaquín de los Tobatines  [ es ] (founded 1747), Martin Dobrizhoffer ministered for eight years. In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish dominions by royal edict. Fearing

252-581: Is attested in 16th-century Old Tupi , by Jesuit sources, as "war, warrior, to wage war, warlord". Early Guarani villages often consisted of communal houses for 10 to 15 families. Communities were united by common interest and language, and tended to form tribal groups by dialect. It is estimated that the Guarani numbered some 400,000 people when they were first encountered by Europeans. At that time, they were sedentary and agricultural, subsisting largely on manioc , maize, wild game, and honey . Equally little

294-479: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Guaran%C3%AD people Although their demographic dominance of the region has been reduced by European colonisation and the commensurate rise of mestizos , there are contemporary Guarani populations in Paraguay and parts of Argentina and Bolivia. Most notably,

336-455: Is known about early Guarani society and beliefs. They practiced a form of animistic pantheism , much of which has survived in the form of folklore and numerous myths . According to the Jesuit missionary Martin Dobrizhoffer , they practiced cannibalism at one point, perhaps as a funerary ritual, but later disposed of the dead in large jars placed inverted on the ground. Guarani mythology

378-471: Is now the State of Paraná , Southern Brazil, in 1585, by land from the west. Others soon followed, and a Jesuit college was established at Asunción. In 1608, as a result of the Jesuit protest against the enslavement of the indigenous population, King Philip III of Spain gave authority to the Jesuits to convert and colonize the tribes of Guayrá. In the early period, the name Paraguay was loosely used to designate

420-606: Is still widespread in rural Paraguay. Much Guarani myth and legend were compiled by the Universidad Nacional de Misiones in northern Argentina and published as Myths and Legends: A Journey around the Guarani Lands, Anthology in 1870 (translated into the English language in 1906). Guarani myth and legend can roughly be divided into the following broad categories: The Iguazu Falls , considered sacred by

462-806: The Guapay , Parapetí , and Ɨtɨka Guasu (or Pilcomayo) River valleys. The Bolivian Guarani are represented by the Assembly of the Guarani People . Some Guarani placenames in Bolivia: Yacuiba , Paraimiri, Itaimbeguasu , Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, Abapó , Timboy, Caraparí , Urubichá , Kuruguakua , Guanay , Yaguarú and Rogagua . There are three principal subgroups of Guarani in Bolivia, marked by dialectical and historical differences: Today,

SECTION 10

#1732765294746

504-620: The Mamelucos discovered a new line of attack from the south. In 1638, despite some successful resistance, all twelve of the missions beyond the Uruguay River were abandoned and their people consolidated with the community of the Missions Territory. In the last raid Father Alfaro was killed. In the same year Father Montoya, after having successfully opposed the attempts of the governor and the bishop of Asunción to reduce

546-765: The Standard Paraguayan Guarani is flourishing in Paraguay and is taught in 12 countries; The growing Paraguayan immigration to Argentina has led to a cultural enhancement of the Guarani peoples in Argentina . It can also be seen in Spain , due to the intense Paraguayan immigration to Spain The language was also used by other tribes in regions like the Paraguayan Chaco and Northern Argentina . Guarini (disambiguation) From Misplaced Pages,

588-616: The Andes and had a different history than most other Guarani people. Noted for their warlike character, the Chiriguanos were hostile in turn to the Inca Empire , the Spanish, and the independent state of Bolivia from the late 15th to the late 19th century. The Jesuit missions had little success among the Chiriguanos, although Franciscans in the 19th century attracted numerous converts. The Chririguanos were not finally pacified until

630-521: The Company of Jesus know how to get along with us, and we with them, we are happy serving God and the King." The Guarani request was denied, but the letter highlights the value of the relationship the Jesuits and Guarani had established in the region. The missions were turned over to priests of other orders, chiefly Franciscans , but under a code of regulations drawn up by the viceroy and modeled largely on

672-460: The Guarani flocked there in such numbers that twelve more missions were created in rapid succession, containing all 40,000 Guaranis. The Jesuits were seen as intermediaries between the Spanish authorities and the Guarani caciques. The Jesuit missions needed new converts and required workers to assist in the maintenance of the missions. The Guarani helped grow the crops to sustain the missions' populations and also produce goods to sell and trade to fund

714-485: The Guarani language, still widely spoken across traditional Guarani homelands, is one of the two official languages in Paraguay, the other one being Spanish. The Paraguayan population learns Guarani both informally from social interaction and formally in public schools. In modern Spanish, Guarani also refers to any Paraguayan national in the same way that the French are sometimes called Gauls . The history and meaning of

756-402: The Guarani, hold special significance and are the inspiration for numerous myths and legends. They reveal the sound of ancient battles at certain times, they are also the place where I-Yara —a malign Pomboro spirit—abducted Angá —a fair maiden—and hid her. The swallows that inhabit the falls to this day vainly search for her. In 1537, Gonzalo de Mendoza traversed through Paraguay to about

798-413: The Guarani. His departure left the Jesuits alone with their missionary work, and to defend the natives against slave dealers. The Jesuit provincial Torres arrived in 1607, and "immediately placed himself at the head of those who had opposed the cruelties at all times exercised over the natives". Today, the Guarani language is an official language of Paraguay and Bolivia. As of 2012, an estimated 90% of

840-400: The Jesuit system. Under chaotic political regulation, the missions rapidly declined. Most Guaranis returned to the countryside. According to the official census of 1801, fewer than 45,000 Guaranis remained; cattle, sheep, and horses had disappeared; the fields and orchards were overgrown or cut down, and the churches were in ruins. The long period of revolutionary struggle that followed completed

882-572: The San Antonio mission, set fire to the church and other buildings, killed those who resisted or were too young or too old to travel, and carried the rest into slavery. San Miguel and Jesus Maria quickly met the same fate. Eventually, reinforcements gathered by Father Cataldino drove off the slavers. Within two years, all but two of the establishments were destroyed, and 60,000 Christian converts were carried off for sale to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . The attacks usually took place on Sunday, when

SECTION 20

#1732765294746

924-555: The defeat in 1892 of forces led by their messianic leader Apiaguaiki Tumpa in the Battle of Kuruyuki . Indigenous Guarani in Argentina fight to protect their ancestral lands from illegal logging and government neglect. A group formed by members of the Guarani community called "Los Rumberos," or “The Patrollers,” safeguard the forest to deter further encroachment. The Guarani people and culture persist. Many are descendants of mission exiles. In Paraguay , Guarani lineage predominates in

966-508: The destruction. In 1814, the mission Indians numbered 8,000, and in 1848 the few who remained were declared citizens. A 2018 study in The Quarterly Journal of Economics found that "in areas of former Jesuit presence—within the Guarani area—educational attainment was higher and remains so (by 10–15%) 250 years later. These educational differences have also translated into incomes that are 10% higher today. The identification of

1008-422: The difficulties of spreading the missions and his interactions with the Guarani in his book The Spiritual Conquest . Ruiz de Montoya wrote that one of the Guarani caciques Miguel Artiguaye initially refused to join the missions until threatened by another Indigenous group. Artiguaye then returned to the mission and begged for protection. As the mission provided the only real possible protection against enslavement,

1050-528: The entire river basin, including parts of what are now Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Exploring expeditions were accompanied by Franciscan friars . Early in the history of Asunción, Father Luis de Bolaños translated the catechism into the Guarani language and preached to Guarani people who resided in the area around the settlement. In 1588–89 St. Francis Solanus crossed the Chaco wilderness from Peru and stopped at Asunción, but gave no attention to

1092-575: The 💕 (Redirected from Guarini (disambiguation) ) Guarini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alessandro Guarini ( c.  1563 –1636) Italian writer, jurist and diplomat of the late Renaissance; son of Giovanni Battista Guarini; sometimes called "Guarini the Younger" Alessio Guarini (born 5 April 1985), Italian long-jumper Alfredo Guarini (1901–1981), Italian filmmaker Anna Guarini , Contessa Trotti, (1563–1598), Italian virtuoso singer of

1134-496: The jungle". While the term Cayua is sometimes still used to refer to settlements of indigenous peoples who have not well integrated into the dominant society, the modern usage of the name Guarani is generally extended to include all people of native origin regardless of societal status. Barbara Ganson writes that the name Guarani was given by the Spanish since it means "warrior" in the Tupi-Guaraní dialect spoken there. Guarinĩ

1176-702: The late Renaissance Carmen Guarini (born 18 January 1953), Argentine anthropologist Francesco Guarini (bishop) (died 1569), Bishop of Imola Francesco Guarino or Guarini (1611–1651 or 1654), Italian painter of the Baroque period Frank Joseph Guarini (born 1924), American politician Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), Italian poet and diplomat Giovanni Luigi Guarini (died November 1579), Bishop of Aquino Guarino Guarini (1624–1683), Italian architect and Theatine priest Justin Guarini (born 1978), American singer who rose to fame on

1218-415: The missions, the fathers themselves led a Guarani army against the enemy. In 1732, at the time of their greatest prosperity, the Guarani missions were guarded by a well-drilled and well-equipped army of 7,000 Guaranis. On more than one occasion this mission army, accompanied by their priests, defended the Spanish colony. In 1732, there were 30 Guarani missions with 141,252 converted Guaranis. Two years later

1260-451: The missions. Stimulated by this success, Father González and two companions journeyed to the east bank of the Uruguay River (now the country of Uruguay) and established two or three small missions in 1627. The local tribes killed the priests and the neophytes and burned the missions. Slave raiders saw the Guarani missions as "merely an opportunity of capturing more Indians than usual at a haul". In 1629, an army of Paulistas surrounded

1302-491: The name Guarani are subject to dispute. Before they encountered Europeans, the Guarani referred to themselves simply as Abá , meaning "men" or "people". The term Guarani was originally applied by early Jesuit missionaries to refer to natives who had accepted conversion to the Christian religion; Cayua or Caingua ( ka'aguygua ) was used to refer to those who had refused it. Cayua is roughly translated as "the ones from

Guarani - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-400: The natives' liberties and the mission administration, sailed for Europe. On this trip he was successful in obtaining letters from Pope Urban VIII forbidding the enslavement of the missionaries under the severest church penalties, and from King Philip IV of Spain , permitting Guaranis to carry firearms for defense and to be trained in their use by veteran soldiers who had become Jesuits. When

1386-519: The next Paulista army, 800 strong, attacked the missions in 1641 they were met by a body of Christian Guarani armed with guns on the Acaray River . In two battles, the Paulista army suffered a defeat that warded off invasions for ten years. In 1651, the war between Spain and Portugal encouraged another Paulista attack to gain territory for Portugal. Before Spanish troops could arrive to help defend

1428-467: The outcome of this decision, viceroy Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa entrusted the execution of the mandate in 1768 to two officers with a force of 500 troops. Despite their mission army of 14,000, the Jesuits submitted without resistance. Guarani caciques from Mission San Luis wrote a letter to the Governor of Buenos Aires on February 28, 1768, to ask for the Jesuits to stay. They wrote, "The fathers of

1470-465: The people in Paraguay spoke Guarani. The center depot of the slave trade was the town of São Paulo . Originally a rendezvous place for Portuguese and Dutch pirates, it later became a refuge for criminals, who mixed with Native American and African women and actively participated in the capturing and selling of Guaranis as slaves. To oppose these armed and organized robbers, the tribes had only their bows and arrows. Many Guaranis were slain or enslaved by

1512-642: The population and the Guarani language is spoken in most departments to this day. The Eastern Bolivian Guarani , being one of many indigenous peoples in Bolivia , live in the Gran Chaco , near the Pilcomayo River , in southeastern Bolivia close to the Paraguayan and Argentine borders, including portions of Santa Cruz , Chuquisaca , Tarija Departments . This region reaches nearly as far north as Santa Cruz de la Sierra and includes portions of

1554-473: The positive effect of the Guarani Jesuit missions emerges after comparing them with abandoned Jesuit missions and neighboring Franciscan Guarani missions. The enduring effects observed are consistent with transmission mechanisms of structural transformation, occupational specialization, and technology adoption in agriculture." The Guarani people in Bolivia, called Chiriguanos, lived in the foothills of

1596-618: The present Brazilian frontier. On his return, he made acquaintance with the Guarani and founded the city of Asunción , later the capital of Paraguay. The first governor of the Spanish territory of Guayrá initiated a policy of intermarriage between European men and indigenous women; the descendants of these matches characterize the Paraguayan nation today. The Laws of the Indies forbade slavery in Hispanic America . The first two Jesuits , Father Barcena and Father Angulo, came to what

1638-450: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Guarani . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarani&oldid=1120997202 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1680-582: The slave hunters active in Brazil during those years. In 1607, Spanish King Philip III sent a letter to the governor of Rio de Plata Hernandarias de Saavedra to instruct him to send the newly arrived Jesuits to begin their missionary work. With Spanish royal protection, the first Guayrá mission , Loreto , was established on the Paranapanema by Father Joseph Cataldino and Father Simon Macerata in 1610. The Jesuit priest Father Ruiz de Montoya discussed

1722-433: The television show American Idol Marco Antonio Guarini (1570 – 1638), Italian historian and scholar Maurizio Guarini (born 1955), Italian rock musician Raimondo Guarini (1765–1852), Italian scholar and man of letters See also [ edit ] Guarani (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Guarini . If an internal link intending to refer to

Guarani - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-475: The whole mission population was gathered for Mass . The priests were usually spared, but several were killed. Only a few thousand natives were left of nearly 100,000 just before the Paulista invasion. Father Antonio Ruiz de Montoya purchased 10,000 cattle, and was able to convert the natives from farmers to stock raisers. Soon under Fathers Rançoncier and Romero the Uruguay missions were re-established. In 1632

#745254