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43-497: The American biotechnology company Guardant Health, which produces liquid biopsy tests to detect cancer from mutations and other modifications in blood samples , was co-founded by Helmy Eltoukhy and AmirAli Talasaz during 2012–2013. According to John Dorfman of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review , Talasaz and Eltoukhy discovered a technique which "involves detecting and monitoring tumor fragments circulating in

86-576: A companion diagnostic "for identifying patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who may benefit from treatment with Lumakras (sotorasib)" in late 2021. The agency granted regulatory approval of the test in 2022 for patients with "advanced solid tumors" and as a companion diagnostic "to identify patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-High) solid tumors who may benefit from Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and patients with MSI-High advanced colorectal cancer who may benefit from Opdivo (nivolumab)". In 2021, Guardant Health introduced Guardant Reveal,

129-571: A seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman . Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of sexist language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic "Chairperson". In World Schools Style debating , as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to

172-818: A blood test to detect residual disease in cancer survivors . Guardant Health and SoftBank formed the joint venture to expand the use of Guardant360 in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The joint venture, called Guardant Health AMEA, launched in 2018 and was purchased by Guardant Health for approximately $ 178 million in 2022. Guardant Health earns revenue from test fees purchased by third-party insurance companies and drug developers. The company generated $ 374 million in revenue in 2021. Guardant Health has approximately 1,400 employees, including approximately 900 in California, as of 2022. In July 2020, Guardant Health signed

215-402: A diagnostic tool for atherosclerosis . Cancer biomarkers in the blood include PSA (prostate cancer), CA19-9 (pancreatic cancer) and CA-125 (ovarian cancer). Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) refers to DNA released by cancerous cells into the blood stream. Cancer mutations in ctDNA mirror those found in traditional tumor biopsies, which allows them to be used as molecular biomarkers to track

258-810: A lease for two levels at the former Hewlett Packard Enterprise headquarters in Palo Alto . The lease agreement was the largest in Silicon Valley for the year to date, and the company has since moved its corporate headquarters to the approximately 250,000-square-foot Palo Alto space. The offices in Torrey Pines, San Diego are Guardant Health's largest outside Palo Alto and Redwood City at 37,000 square feet. The company has labs and 55 employees in San Diego as of 2022. Talasaz has served on Guardant Health's board of directors since January 2013, occupying

301-442: A neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to "chair" something (chairing) means to lead the event. Terms for the office and its holder include chair , chairperson , chairman , chairwoman , convenor , facilitator , moderator , president , and presiding officer . The chair of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker . Chair has been used to refer to

344-548: Is approved by the FDA. The CellSearch method for enumeration of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast, metastatic colon, and metastatic prostate cancer has been validated and approved by the FDA as a useful prognostic method. Chairman The chair , also chairman , chairwoman , or chairperson , is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board , committee , or deliberative assembly . The person holding

387-720: Is not required) in 2020. By 2019, the Guardant360 genomic test, which requires two blood samples and examines 73 genes, had been used for 50 types of cancer by 6,000 oncologists to assess samples from 100,000 patients. The test had also been used by 50 biopharmaceutical companies for drug development purposes. In late 2019, the Guardant360 test received expanded Medicare coverage for solid tumors. Guardant Health launched Project Lunar, which studied hundreds of "pre-symptomatic, high-risk" people for breast , colorectal , lung, ovarian , and pancreatic cancer , in May 2016 in collaboration with

430-592: Is not yet widespread but is becoming standard of care in some areas. Liquid biopsy refers to the molecular analysis in biological fluids of nucleic acids, subcellular structures, especially exosomes, and, in the context of cancer, circulating tumor cells. There are several types of liquid biopsy methods; method selection depends on the condition that is being studied. A wide variety of biomarkers may be studied to detect or monitor other diseases. For example, isolation of protoporphyrin IX from blood samples can be used as

473-576: Is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model. There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chair to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective. The role of

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516-551: Is the sampling and analysis of non-solid biological tissue, primarily blood . Like traditional biopsy , this type of technique is mainly used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for diseases such as cancer , with the added benefit of being largely non-invasive. Liquid biopsies may also be used to validate the efficiency of a cancer treatment drug by taking multiple samples in the span of a few weeks. The technology may also prove beneficial for patients after treatment to monitor relapse . The clinical implementation of liquid biopsies

559-621: The University of California, San Francisco , the Seoul-based Samsung Medical Center , the University of Colorado , and the University of Pennsylvania . The GuardantOMNI test launched in 2017 and has been used for biopharmaceutical research. Guardant Health launched the early- stage cancer assay called Lunar for academic and biopharmaceutical research in 2019. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare granted regulatory approval of Guardant360 CDx as

602-474: The chairman role until August 2021. He was the company's president and chief technology officer , as of 2014. He held the president, chief financial officer , and chief operating officer positions in 2019, when he and Eltoukhy collectively held 12 percent of the company's stock. In 2021, both spent $ 10 million to purchase additional shares of the company. Talasaz and Eltoukhy are co- chief executive officers as of 2022. Richard B. Lanman joined in 2014 and

645-520: The CEO; unlike an executive chair, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chair and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chair's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as: Many companies in the US have an executive chair; this method of organization

688-734: The Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ". In Communist China, Mao Zedong was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission . In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chair presides over meetings. Such duties at meetings include: While presiding,

731-524: The adoption of personalized medicine are expected to drive growth in the global liquid biopsy market. In cancer , liquid biopsy can be used for either multi-cancer screening tests , when solid tumor biopsies are not possible, to compare different treatments as part of clinical trials, to inform decisions for doctors/patients on which precision medicine treatment to select, and for minimal residual disease detection (disease monitoring). Liquid biopsy of circulating tumor DNA for EGFR -mutated lung cancer

774-481: The chair has the power to discipline them. There are three common types of chair in public corporations. The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chair, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France. Executive chair is an office separate from that of CEO, where

817-415: The chair in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chair. Companies with both an executive chair and a CEO include Ford , HSBC , Alphabet Inc. , and HP . A vice- or deputy chair, subordinate to the chair, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chair in

860-412: The chair should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the chair votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chair should vote only when it can affect the result. At a meeting, the chair only has one vote (i.e. the chair cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of

903-440: The chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs , the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days . "Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed

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946-559: The clinical laboratory company Adicon for research testing in China. In 2024 Guardant's Shield, colon cancer test received FDA approval. Guardant Health sued Foundation Medicine over patents in 2019–2020. In 2021, Guardant Health licensed intellectual property to Foundation Medicine for $ 25 million in a settlement . In 2022, Illumina sued Guardant Health and its co-founders in Delaware federal court over trade secrets . Illumina accused

989-599: The collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Lenin , for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars ". At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the Central Executive Committee " (until 1938) and then "Chairman of

1032-503: The company's stock price fell following the news. A competitor's stool-based test for the same cancer is 92 percent accurate. Guardant Health raised approximately $ 550 million in funding in its first six years. Aydin Senkut was an early investor. The company raised $ 30 million in 2014, including $ 10 million from Sequoia Capital . In 2015, Guardant Health raised $ 50 million in a venture round led by Lightspeed Venture Partners . The funding

1075-594: The disease. These tests can have sensitive limits of detection, allowing monitoring of minimal residual disease after treatment. Scientists can purify and analyze ctDNA using next-generation sequencing (NGS) or PCR-based methods such as digital PCR . NGS-based methods provide a comprehensive view of a cancer’s genetic makeup and is especially useful in diagnosis while digital PCR offers a more targeted approach especially well-suited for detecting minimal residual disease and for monitoring treatment response and disease progression. Recent progress in epigenetics has expanded

1118-551: The duo of incorporating Guardant Health anonymously in 2011 while working at Illumina and stealing confidential documents related to DNA sequencing technology to acquire 35 patents. In response, Guardant Health rejected the claims, accused Illumina of attempting to eliminate competitors, and asked for a suit dismissal. In 2023, the two companies settled, signed a long-term supply agreement, and agreed to share specimen samples for cancer research. Liquid biopsy A liquid biopsy , also known as fluid biopsy or fluid phase biopsy ,

1161-516: The first blood-only liquid biopsy test for the detection of residual and recurrent disease in colorectal cancer (CRC). The test helps oncologists improve the management of early-stage CRC patients by detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood after surgery to identify patients with residual disease who may benefit most from adjuvant therapy, and by detecting recurrence earlier than current standard-of-care methods like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests or imaging. In 2022, Guardant Health enrolled

1204-594: The first patient in the Screening for High-Frequency Malignant Disease (SHIELD) Lung study to evaluate its blood-based screening technology for lung cancer. Guardant Health also launched a colon cancer detection test called Shield. The company partnered with the Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology to launch the first blood-based cancer testing services in Barcelona in mid 2022. Guardant Health also licensed cancer tests to

1247-419: The group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chair oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business. Non-executive chair is also a separate post from

1290-433: The group unless the organization has specifically given the chair such authority). The powers of the chair vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors , or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon

1333-595: The latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chair is being discussed. In the absence of the chair and vice-chair, groups sometimes elect a chair pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chair ranks higher than vice-chair, as there are often multiple vice-chairs but only a single deputy chair. This type of deputy chair title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner). An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairs describes an executive who

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1376-429: The office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group or organisation, presides over meetings of the group, and is required to conduct the group's business in an orderly fashion. In some organizations, the chair is also known as president (or other title). In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in

1419-507: The patient's bloodstream ", as an alternative to traditional tissue biopsies . The duo met at Stanford University in 2002 and worked together at Illumina, until Talasaz left in 2012. Early in its history, Guardant Health acquired multiple patents by Swiss biochemist Maurice Stroun , who became a founding advisor. In 2015, the company had 40 patents and was developing a blood test to "identify all classes of actionable tumor genomic alterations", according to VentureBeat . Guardant Health said

1462-413: The person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach. In the British music hall tradition,

1505-585: The person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chair. The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women. The Daily Telegraph 's style guide bans

1548-441: The results of a study on its blood-based screening test for colorectal cancers, which it began in 2019. The study included 20,000 participants identified as having an average risk for colorectal cancer. Results showed the test was 83 percent accurate at detecting the presence of cancer, with a 10 percent false positivity rate. Bloomberg reported that the results were short of the 85 percent accuracy rate that investors expected, and

1591-471: The test would be the "first and only comprehensive biopsy-free cancer test available". In 2016, the company announced clinical trial results demonstrating the test "detected disease-associated genetic mutations that were also present in 94% to 100% of the solid tissues extracted from the study's subjects". The company's U.S. initial public offering in 2018 raised $ 237.5 million, valuing Guardant Health at $ 3.3 billion. In December 2022, Guardant Health announced

1634-414: The titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle , Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner . In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of

1677-435: The type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the chair exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure , suspension, or removal from office . The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected

1720-411: The use of chair and chairperson ; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English". The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017. The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings,

1763-551: The use of liquid biopsy for the detection of early-stage cancers, including by approaches such as Cancer Likelihood in Plasma (CLiP) . Liquid biopsies can detect changes in tumor burden months or years before conventional imaging tests can, making them suitable for early tumor detection, monitoring, and detection of resistance mutations. The increase in the adoption of NGS in various research fields, advancement in NGS, and increase in

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1806-497: Was the chief medical officer (CMO) as of 2017. Craig Eagle was named CMO in 2021. Guardant Health has partnered with the National Cancer Institute and large pharmaceutical companies on product improvement. The business began selling Guardant360 tests to oncologists in 2014. Medicare began covering the test for select lung cancer patients in 2018, prior to Food and Drug Administration approval (which

1849-547: Was used for infrastructure and growing operations. Guardant Health's Series D round in January 2017 raised approximately $ 100 million, bringing total funding to $ 190 million. In 2017, the company raised $ 360 million in a round led by a subsidiary of SoftBank Group . The funding supports an attempt to sequence the DNA of 1 million cancer patients in five years, bring to market a blood test to screen for early signs of cancer , and

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