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73-731: The constitution of the Islamic Republic gives the council three mandates: The Iranian constitution calls for the council to be composed of six Islamic faqihs (experts in Islamic Law), "conscious of the present needs and the issues of the day" to be selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran , and six jurists, "specializing in different areas of law, to be elected by the Majlis (the Iranian Parliament) from among

146-544: A Takavar (special force) unit, called Sepah Navy Special Force (S.N.S.F.). The navy received 750 new ships 2024 July. Corps Intelligence directorate are accused of meddling in the 2021 Iranian presidential election . The 2020 edition of The Military Balance, published by IISS , says the IRGC has about 190,000 active personnel and controls the Basij on mobilisation (as much as 40,000 active paramilitary forces). It estimates

219-484: A claimant to that title." Below the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq is the Mujtahid Muqayyad or Restricted Jurist-Scholar. A Mujtahid Muqayyad must pass rulings according to the confines of his particular madhhab (school of jurisprudence), or particular area of specialization. This is according to the view that ijtihad or the ability of legal deduction can be achieved in specified areas, and does not require

292-768: A holistic grasp of the Shariah and its entailing laws and legal theory. According to Article 5 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran , in the present time of the Major Occultation , the head of state that must administer the Ummah is required to be a faqih . He has to be god-fearing . Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ( IRGC ; Persian : سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی Sepāh-e Pāsdārān-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmī , lit.   ' Army of Guardians of

365-527: A new order to Iran. In time, the Pasdaran would rival the police and the judiciary in terms of its functions. Although the IRGC operated independently of the regular armed forces, it was often considered to be a military force in its own right due to its important role in Iranian defense. The IRGC consists of ground, naval, and aviation troops, which parallel the structure of the regular military. The Pasdaran

438-418: A provincial corps, except Tehran Province, which will have two. In 2007 command for cyber security was established part of cyberdefense of IRGC. It was renamed in 2014, abbreviated GCDC or CIOC. Basij Mustazafin were initially separate organization but were merged in 1980 into Corps and merged to its land forces since 2008. The Basij is a paramilitary volunteer militia or "plainclothes militia" founded by

511-592: A senior IRGC commander was killed in combat near Mosul, Iraq. In December 2019, the U.S. Air Force conducted airstrikes on weapons caches and facilities of the IRGC-sponsored militant group Kata'ib Hezbollah . In retaliation, the group attacked the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad in the Green Zone . On 3 January 2020, Soleimani was killed in a U.S. drone strike at Baghdad International Airport along with

584-485: A soldier and have military training. ... a country with 20 million young people [should have] 20 million riflemen, an army of 20 million" This pronouncement and Article 151 of the constitution, which calls for the government to "provide a program of military training, with all requisite facilities, for all its citizens, in accordance with the Islamic criteria, in such a way that all citizens will always be able to engage in

657-405: Is a special operations unit, handling activities abroad. The force basically does not engage directly. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force or Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air and Space Force (IRGCASF; Persian : نیروی هوافضای سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی , romanized :  niru-ye havâfazây-e sepâh-e pâsdârân-e enghelâb-e eslâmi , officially acronymed NEHSA )

730-608: Is also their title and comes after their rank . Apart from the name Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps , the Iranian Government, media, and those who identify with the organization generally use Sepāh-e Pâsdârân (Army of the Guardians), although it is not uncommon to hear Pâsdârân-e Enghelâb ( پاسداران انقلاب ) (Guardians of the Revolution), or simply Pâsdârân ( پاسداران ) (Guardians) as well. Among

803-563: Is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh , or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law . Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh is the human understanding of Sharia , which is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and sunnah (the practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ). Sharia is expanded and developed by interpretation ( ijtihad ) of the Quran and sunnah by Islamic jurists ( ulama ) and implemented by

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876-554: Is another interpretation of mentioned article. On June 29, 2009, the Constitutional Council certified the results of the controversial election in which President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected. The Council had completed a recount of 10 percent of the overall votes in order to appease the citizens of Iran. As the "final authority on the election", the Council has declared the election closed. The certification of

949-493: Is sometimes referred to as a Mujtahid Mutlaq or Unrestricted Jurist-Scholar, while one who has not reached that level generally will have mastered the methodology ( usul ) used by one or more of the prominent madhhab and will be able to apply this methodology to arrive at the traditional legal rulings of his/her respective madhhab. According to the Sunni Muslim website Living Islam, "There is no mujtahid mutlaq today nor even

1022-775: Is the strategic missile , air , and space force within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of Iran . It was renamed from the IRGC Air Force into the IRGC Aerospace Force in 2009. Its 15,000 personnel man around 80 aircraft and operates several thousand short- and medium-range mobile ballistic missiles, including the Shahab-3/3B with a range of up to 2,100 kilometers. IRGC started naval operations using mainly swarm tactics and speedboats during " Tanker War " phase of

1095-611: Is to ensure the integrity of the Islamic Republic . Most interpretations of this mandate assert that it entrusts the IRGC with preventing foreign interference in Iran , thwarting coups by the traditional military, and crushing "deviant movements" that harm the ideological legacy of the Islamic Revolution. Currently, the IRGC is designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain , Canada , Saudi Arabia , Sweden and

1168-601: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ( IRGC ). The US government standard is Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps , while the United Nations uses Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps . The force's main role is to provide national security. It is responsible for internal and border security, law enforcement, and also Iran's missile forces . IRGC operations are geared towards asymmetric warfare and less traditional duties. These include

1241-570: The 2009 presidential election and the suppression of post-election protests —has led many Western analysts to argue that it has surpassed even the country's ruling clerical class in terms of political power. Since 2019, Hossein Salami has served as the IRGC's incumbent commander-in-chief. Government organizations in Iran are commonly known by one-word names (that generally denote their function) rather than acronyms or shortened versions, and

1314-599: The Basij militia. The Basij is a volunteer-based force, with 90,000 regular soldiers and 300,000 reservists. The IRGC is officially recognized as a component of the Iranian military under Article 150 of the Iranian Constitution . It is separate from, and parallel to, the other arm of Iran 's military, which is called Artesh (another Persian word for an army). Especially in the waters of the Persian Gulf ,

1387-783: The Quds Force , the commando arm of the IRGC that had been blamed for repeated acts of violence in Iraq, and "high-value targets" in the war on terror. In October 2009, several top commanders of the Revolutionary Guards were killed in a suicide bombing in the Pishin region of Sistan-Baluchistan , in the south-east of Iran. The Iranian state television said 31 people died in the attack, and more than 25 were injured. Shia and Sunni tribal leaders were also killed. The Sunni Baluchi insurgent group Jundullah claimed responsibility for

1460-466: The United States . As of 2024 , the IRGC had approximately 125,000 total personnel. The IRGC Navy is now Iran's primary force exercising operational control over the Persian Gulf . The IRGC's Basij , a paramilitary volunteer militia, has about 90,000 active personnel. It operates a media arm, known as "Sepah News" within Iran. On 16 March 2022, it adopted a new independent branch called

1533-541: The constitution . While all the members vote on the laws being compatible with the constitution, only the six clerics vote on them being compatible with Islam. If any law is rejected, it will be passed back to the Majlis for correction. If the Majlis and the Council of Guardians cannot agree on a case, it is passed up to the Expediency Council for a decision. The Constitutional Council is uniquely involved in

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1606-551: The "Command for the Protection and Security of Nuclear Centres" involved with Iran's nuclear programme . Originating as an ideological militia, the IRGC has taken a greater role in nearly every aspect of Iranian politics and society. In 2010, BBC News described the organization as an "Empire". In 2019, Reuters described it as "an industrial empire with political clout". IRGC's expanded social, political, military, and economic role under Mahmoud Ahmadinejad —especially during

1679-434: The 2000 parliamentary elections, the Council disqualified more than 3,600 reformist and independent candidates for the 2004 elections. In the run-up to the 2006 Iranian Assembly of Experts election , all female candidates were disqualified. The Council disqualified many candidates in the 2008 parliamentary elections. One third of them were members of the outgoing parliament it had previously approved. The Iranian Ministry of

1752-480: The 2009 election, where out of the 476 men and women applied to the Constitutional Council to seek the presidency, only four were approved. The Council is accorded "supervision of elections". The Constitutional Council interprets the term supervision in Article 99 of the Iranian Constitution as "approbation supervision" ( Persian : نظارت استصوابی , naẓārat-e istiṣwābī ) which implies the right to accept or reject

1825-484: The Basij serve as an auxiliary force engaged in activities such as internal security as well as law enforcement auxiliary, the providing of social service, organizing of public religious ceremonies, and as morality police and the suppression of dissident gatherings. The elite Quds Force (or Jerusalem Force), sometimes described as the successor to the Shah 's Imperial Guards , is estimated to be 2,000–5,000 in number. It

1898-482: The Council might have disqualified Khatami as it had other reformists' candidatures, on the grounds that they were not dedicated enough to Islamic values. There have also been instances where the Constitutional Council reversed its ban on particular people after being ordered to do so by Khamenei. The lack of transparency in the rendering of decisions by the Guardian Council has eroded its legitimacy in

1971-613: The Ground Force is 150,000 strong and the Aerospace Force, which controls Iran's strategic-missile force, has some 15,000 personnel. The Naval Forces are estimated to size at least 20,000, including 5,000 Marines . During the Lebanese Civil War , the IRGC allegedly sent troops to train fighters in response to the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon . In Lebanon, political parties had staunch opinions regarding

2044-524: The IRGC is expected to assume control of any Iranian response to attacks on its nuclear facilities. The IRGC was formed on 5 May 1979 following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in an effort to consolidate several paramilitary forces into a single force loyal to the new government and to function as a counter to the influence and power of the regular military, initially seen as a potential source of opposition because of its traditional loyalty to

2117-469: The IRGC was in the process of dramatically changing its structure. In a shake-up, in September 2008 Iran's Revolutionary Guards established 31 divisions and an autonomous missile command. The new structure changes the IRGC from a centralized to a decentralized force with 31 provincial corps, whose commanders wield extensive authority and power. According to the plan, each of Iran's thirty provinces will have

2190-592: The IRGC's presence. Some, mainly the Christian militias such as the Lebanese Forces , Phalanges , and most of the Christian groups declared war on the IRGC, claiming they violated Lebanese sovereignty, while others, including Muslim militias, were neutral to their presence. Groups such as the PSP and Mourabiton did not approve of their presence, but to preserve political alliances they decided to remain silent on

2263-885: The IRGC; their status as members of the Iranian military is only vaguely acknowledged and sometimes denied, despite the troops being uniformed fighters led by IRGC officers. They were trained and equipped in Iran, paid salaries by the Iranian military, and received state funerals involving uniformed IRGC personnel. Mid to late October 2015 was particularly bloody for the IRGC, due to them stepping up their involvement in offensives around Aleppo . During this time, 30 IRGC officers, including "three generals, battalion commanders, captains and lieutenants" and "one pilot" were killed in fighting in Syria, as were several Afghan and Pakistani auxiliaries. The fallen included General Hossein Hamadani , Farshad Hosounizadeh (IRGC colonel and former commander of

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2336-591: The Interior reasons for disqualification included narcotics addiction or involvement in drug-smuggling, connections to the Shah's pre-revolutionary government, lack of belief in or insufficient practice of Islam, being "against" the Islamic Republic, or having connections to foreign intelligence services. This unelected Council frequently vetoes bills passed by the popularly elected legislature. It repeatedly vetoes bills that are in favour of women’s rights, electoral reform,

2409-697: The Iranian population, and especially among diaspora Iranians, using the word Pasdaran indicates hatred or admiration for the organization. Most foreign governments and the English-speaking mass media tend to use the term Iranian Revolutionary Guards ( IRG ) or simply the Revolutionary Guards . In the US media, the force is frequently referred to interchangeably as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps or

2482-562: The Iran–Iraq War. IRGC Navy and the regular Artesh Navy overlap functions and areas of responsibility, but they are distinct in terms of how they are trained and equipped—and more importantly also in how they fight. The Revolutionary Guards Navy has a large inventory of small fast attack craft, and specializes in asymmetric hit-and-run tactics . It is more akin to a guerrilla force at sea, and maintains large arsenals of coastal defense and anti-ship cruise missiles and mines. It has also

2555-647: The Iraqi government in its fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Major General Qasem Soleimani was an instrumental force in the Iranian ground mission in Iraq against ISIS , purportedly planning the Second Battle of Tikrit . In December 2014, Brigadier General Hamid Taqavi , a veteran of the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War , was killed by snipers in Samarra . In May 2017, Shaaban Nassiri,

2628-666: The Islamic Revolution ' ), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards , is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces . It was officially established by Ruhollah Khomeini as a military branch in May 1979 in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution . Whereas the Iranian Army protects the country's sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC's constitutional mandate

2701-586: The Muslim jurists nominated by the Chief Justice " (who, in turn, is also appointed by the Supreme Leader). The Council has played a central role in controlling the interpretation of Islamic values in Iranian law in the following ways: When the 2009 presidential election was announced, popular former president Mohammad Khatami would not discuss his plans to run against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , for

2774-617: The PMF commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis . Iran revolutionary guards said that they had shot down an Israeli drone approaching the Natanz nuclear facility . According to ISNA , "The downed aircraft was of the stealth, radar-evasive type ... and was targeted by a ground-to-air missile before it managed to enter the area." The statement by revolutionary guards did not mention how they recognized it as an Israeli drone. Israel offered no comment. Iranian authorities initially denied responsibility for

2847-486: The Pasdaran under a decree issued by Khomeini on 5 May. The Pasdaran was intended to protect the Revolution and to assist the ruling clerics in the day-to-day enforcement of the new government's Islamic codes and morality. There were other, perhaps more important, reasons for establishing the Pasdaran. The Revolution needed to rely on a force of its own rather than borrowing the previous regime's tainted units. As one of

2920-781: The Saberin Special Forces Brigade), Mostafa Sadrzadeh (commander of the Omar Battalion of the Fatmiyoon Brigade), and Hamid Mojtaba Mokhtarband (IRGC commander). Two battalions of Revolutionary Guards were reported to be operating in Iraq trying to combat the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive . The IRGC is considered to be a principle backer of the Popular Mobilization Forces , a loose coalition of Shi'a militias allied with

2993-524: The Shah. From the beginning of the new Islamic government, the Pasdaran (Pasdaran-e Enghelab-e Islami) functioned as a corps of the faithful. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic entrusted the defense of Iran's territorial integrity and political independence to the regular military ( artesh ) , while it gave the Pasdaran the responsibility of preserving the Revolution itself. Days after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Tehran on 1 February 1979, Mehdi Bazargan 's interim administration established

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3066-532: The Syrian war, Iran had between 2,000 and 3,000 IRGC officers stationed in Syria, helping to train local troops and managing supply routes of arms and money to neighboring Lebanon. General Qa'ani, Senior officer of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution, said: "If the Islamic Republic was not present in Syria, the massacre of civilians would have been twice as bad. Had physically and non-physically stopped

3139-473: The administration of reformist former President Mohammad Khatami, has said the Constitutional Council's vetting of candidates threatens Iranian democracy. He believes some reformist candidates are wrongly kept from running. In 1998, the Constitutional Council rejected his candidacy for a seat in the Assembly of Experts for "insufficient theological qualifications". After conservative candidates fared poorly in

3212-406: The armed defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran," are believed to refer to the Basij. While "Iranian official estimates sometime put their total part-time and full-time strength at more than 20 million", others estimate the Basij as having "a core strength of 90,000, and up to 600,000" (CSIS, 11 January 2018, p. 4); at 100,000 with "hundreds of thousands of additional Basij could be mobilized in

3285-705: The attack. The Iranian government initially blamed the United States for involvement in the attacks, as well as Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom and later Pakistan for their alleged support of the Jundallah group. The United States denied involvement, but some reports of US assistance to Jundallah during the Bush administration have come from Western sources. The attacks appear to have originated in Pakistan and several suspects have been arrested. Prior to

3358-568: The balance of power in Iran to the advantage of conservatives. Analysis in the international press considered the removal of Safavi to be a sign of change in the defense strategies of Iran, but the general policies of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps are not personally determined by its commander. Iran's top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh , was assassinated in Tehran , Iran on 27 November 2020. Fakhrizadeh

3431-520: The constitution is vested in the Council. Interpretative decisions require a three-quarters majority. The Council does not conduct a court hearing where opposing sides are argued. Since 1991, all candidates of parliamentary or presidential elections, as well as candidates for the Assembly of Experts, have to be qualified by the Constitutional Council in order to run in the election. For major elections, it typically disqualifies most candidates, as seen in

3504-465: The control of smuggling, control of the Strait of Hormuz , and resistance operations. The IRGC is intended to complement the more traditional role of the regular Iranian military, with the two forces operating separately and focusing on different operational roles. The IRGC is a combined arms force with its own ground forces , navy , air force , intelligence , and special forces . It also controls

3577-581: The director of the Iranian Studies program at Stanford), the regime "clearly ... believed it was going to lose control, and the IRGC and the Basij saved the day. The result is that the IRGC now has the upper hand. Khamenei knows that without the IRGC he'd be out of a job in twenty-four hours." Yahya Rahim Safavi , head of the IRGC since 1997, was dismissed as commander in chief of the Revolutionary Guards in August 2007. The dismissal of Safavi disrupted

3650-505: The event or an all-out war" (CRS, 23 May 2018, p. 18). The Basij are "the most visible symbol" of the Pasdaran's strength, whose members "can be seen on street corners in every Iranian city". They are (at least in theory) subordinate to, and receive their orders from, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and current Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei. However they have also been described as "a loosely allied group of organizations" including "many groups controlled by local clerics." Currently,

3723-445: The eyes of Iranians and the world. The Majlis has no legal status without the Constitutional Council. Any bill passed by the Majlis must be reviewed and approved by the Constitutional Council to become law. According to Article 96 of the constitution, the Constitutional Council holds absolute veto power over all legislation approved by the Majlis. It can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against Islamic laws, or being against

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3796-423: The first revolutionary institutions, the Pasdaran helped legitimize the Revolution and gave the new government an armed basis of support. Moreover, the establishment of the Pasdaran served notice to both the population and the regular armed forces that the Khomeini government was quickly developing its own enforcement body. Thus, the Pasdaran, along with its political counterpart, Crusade for Reconstruction, brought

3869-439: The general populace universally refers to the IRGC as Sepâh ( سپاه ) ( Sepoy ; Sipahi ). Sepâh has a historical connotation of soldiers, while in modern Persian it is also used to describe a corps-sized unit – in modern Persian Artesh ( ارتش ) is the more standard term for an army. Pâsdârân ( پاسداران ) is the plural form of Pâsdâr ( پاسدار ), meaning "Guardian", and members of Sepah are known as Pāsdār , which

3942-413: The law respecting what is required ( wajib ), sinful ( haram ), recommended ( mandub ), disapproved ( makruh ) or neutral ( mubah )". This definition is consistent amongst the jurists. Methods of derivation are laid out in the books of usul al-fiqh (principles of fiqh), and the types of evidence which are deemed valid for deriving rulings from are many in number. Four of them are agreed upon by

4015-426: The legality of elections and the competency of candidates. This interpretation is in contrast with the idea of "notification supervision" ( Persian : نظارت استطلاعی , naẓārat-e istitlā‘ī ) which does not imply the mentioned approval right. The "evidentiary supervision" ( Persian : نظارت استنادی , naẓārat-e istinādī ), which requires evidences for acceptance or rejection of elections legality and candidates competency,

4088-403: The legislative process, with equal oversight with regards to economic law and social policy, including such controversial topics as abortion . Chapter 6 of the Constitution explains its interworkings with the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Articles 91-97 all fall into the legislative Chapter 6. The Council of Guardians also functions similar to a constitutional court . The authority to interpret

4161-414: The matter. During the 2006 Lebanon War , several Iranian Revolutionary Guards were reportedly killed by Israeli forces in Baalbek , a town close to the Syrian border. Israeli officials believe that Iranian Revolutionary Guards forces were responsible for training and equipping the Hezbollah fighters behind the missile attack on the INS Hanit which left four Israeli sailors dead and seriously damaged

4234-427: The membership changes every three years. The Supreme Leader (Iran's Head of State ) directly appoints the six clerics, and may dismiss them at will. The head of the judicial system of Iran nominates six lawyers for confirmation by the Majlis . On March 13, 2021, the Iranian Constitutional Council officially launched its English service.The English website was inaugurated during the regular monthly press briefing of

4307-420: The order of the Ayatollah Khomeini in November 1979. On November 4, 1979, in an address to the Revolutionary Guards during the Iran hostage crisis , Khomeini ordered the creation of an army of "twenty million Iranians" ( Artesh-e bis million ), proclaiming: Equip yourself, get military training and train your friends. Give military training to those who are not trained. In an Islamic country, everyone should be

4380-466: The plane's engines had failed, its landing gear had jammed, and there was snow and poor visibility at the time. On 7 July 2008, investigative journalist and author Seymour Hersh wrote an article in The New Yorker stating that the Bush Administration had signed a presidential finding authorizing the CIA 's Special Activities Division to begin cross border paramilitary operations from Iraq and Afghanistan into Iran. These operations would be against

4453-417: The prohibition of torture and ratification of international human rights treaties. The Guardian Council has been criticized for ousting pro-Reform candidates who had won their elections, without providing legal justification or factual evidence. Examples of such interventions by the Guardian Council are: The Council is composed of Islamic clerics and lawyers. Membership is for phased six-year terms: half

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4526-516: The rank of Brigadier. Additionally, 354 Afghan combatants had died who were fighting under the command of the IRGC, as part of the IRGC-equipped and trained Fatemiyoun Brigade , which is part of Hezbollah Afghanistan . Another 21 Pakistanis also died as part of the Zainabiyoun Brigade . The Afghan and Pakistani immigrants volunteered to go to Syria in exchange for salaries and citizenship. The Afghans were recruited largely from refugees inside Iran, and usually had combat experience before joining

4599-447: The rebels from killing many more among the Syrian people." Iranian Revolutionary Guard soldiers, along with fellow Shi'ite forces from Hezbollah and members of Iran's Basij militia participated in the capture of Qusair from rebel forces on 9 June 2013. In 2014, Iran increased its deployment of IRGC in Syria. By late 2015, 194 IRGC troops had been killed in Syria; almost all of these soldiers were officers, with several even reaching

4672-451: The results set off a wave of protests, disregarding the Iranian government's ban on street marches. The Council favors military candidates at the expense of reform candidates. This ensures that the ideological Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (separate from the Iranian army) holds a commanding influence over the political, economic, and cultural life of Iran . Hadi Khamenei , the brother of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and an adviser in

4745-448: The rulings ( fatwas ) of jurists on questions presented to them. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. In the modern era there are four prominent schools ( madhhab ) of fiqh within Sunni practice and two (or three) within Shia practice. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes fiqh as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey

4818-472: The same weight as the Quran and sunnah , this is not accepted by Sunni jurists. A faqih is one who has fulfilled the conditions for ijtihad either in their entirety or piecemeal. In the Sunni view it is generally held that there are no or very few jurists that have reached the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq (see below) in our day and age. In the Twelver Shia view, each of the Marja' have reached this level. The faqih who fulfills all conditions of ijtihad

4891-495: The spokesman of the Constitutional Council, Abbas-Ali Kadkhodaei, in Tehran. The website, https://www.shora-gc.ir/en , has five main sections: News, Multimedia, Members, Legislation, and the Constitution.     Principlists/Conservatives 35°41′16.36″N 51°24′4.35″E  /  35.6878778°N 51.4012083°E  / 35.6878778; 51.4012083 Faqih A faqīh ( pl. : fuqahāʾ , Arabic : فقيه ; pl. : ‏ فقهاء ‎)

4964-407: The vast majority of jurists. They are: These four types of evidence are seen as acceptable by the vast majority of jurists from both the schools of Sunni jurists (the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , and Hanbali and sometimes the Zahiriyah ), as well as Shia jurists. However, Zahiriyah or Literalists do not see qiyas as valid. While Twelver Shia see edicts of the Twelve Imams as holding

5037-414: The vessel. In January 2006, an IRGC Falcon crashed near Oroumieh , about 560 miles northwest of Tehran, near the Turkish border, Iranian media reported. All fifteen passengers died, including twelve senior IRGC commanders. Among the dead was General Ahmad Kazemi , the IRGC ground forces commander, and Iran–Iraq War veteran. Gen. Masoud Jazayeri, spokesman for the IRGC, told state radio that both of

5110-399: The whole system, so everyone is loyal to him, He is hyperactive. He knows every low-ranking commander and even the names of their children'", according to Mehdi Khalaji of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. The Basij and Pasdaran were instrumental in crushing the Green Movement , and this power gave them political supremecy in Iran. According to at least one source (Abbas Milani,

5183-566: Was "given control of Iran's ballistic missile program in both missile employment and development. Also contained under the umbrella of the more conventional Pasdaran, were the Basij Forces (Mobilization Resistance Force), a network of potentially up to a million active individuals who could be called upon in times of need. The Basij could be committed to assist in the defense of the country against internal or external threats, but by 2008 had also been deployed in mobilizing voters in elections and alleged tampering during such activities. Another element

5256-623: Was believed to be the primary force behind Iran's covert nuclear program for many decades. The New York Times reported that Israel's Mossad was behind that attack and that Mick Mulroy , the former Deputy Defense Secretary for the Middle East said the death of Fakhirizadeh was "a setback to Iran's nuclear program" and he was also a senior officer in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and that "will magnify Iran's desire to respond by force." The Corps have occasionally distributed food aid packages. In late July 2008, reports originating that

5329-448: Was the Quds Force , a special forces element tasked with unconventional warfare roles and known to be involved in providing assistance and training to various militant organizations around the world. The Pasdaran is closely associated with Supreme Leader Khamenei who came to power in 1989, and used the Pasdaran to build support. Reportedly he reached "far down into the ranks and appointed new colonels and brigadiers. 'Khamenei micromanages

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