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32-653: The Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve has an area of 164,224 hectares (405,810 acres) in parts of the Mato Grosso municipalities of Colniza (75%), Aripuanã (22%) and Rondolândia (3%). The park has a highly irregular outline resembling a capital letter A . It lies to the south of the Guariba State Park in Amazonas . The Roosevelt River forms its western boundary and the Guariba River forms

64-556: A 961,318 hectares (2,375,470 acres) protected area created in 2006 that protects an unusual enclave of cerrado vegetation in the Amazon rainforest. It contains 44% of the 227,817 hectares (562,950 acres) Igarapés do Juruena State Park , created in 2002. This Mato Grosso , Brazil location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . States of Brazil The federative units of Brazil ( Portuguese : unidades federativas do Brasil ) are subnational entities with

96-511: A certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation, and self-collection) and endowed with their own government and constitution, which together form the Federative Republic of Brazil . There are 26 states ( estados ) and one federal district ( distrito federal ). The states are generally based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The states are divided into municipalities , while

128-601: A given portfolio) and the state attorney-general. The state legislative branch is the legislative assembly, a unicameral body composed of deputies elected by the citizens of the state. The judiciary in each of the states is composed of judges of law, who constitute the courts of first instance , and a Court of Justice , which is the court of second instance of the state and is composed of judges called desembargadores . Judges qualify through exams or are appointed. The states are divided into municipalities , which have different competences and are considered autonomous from

160-492: Is a fully protected environmental unit created in 1997. The 96,925 hectares (239,510 acres) Rio Roosevelt Ecological Station is a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1997. The 164,224 hectares (405,810 acres) Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve is a sustainable use unit created in 1996. The municipality also contains 3,641 hectares (9,000 acres) of the Campos Amazônicos National Park ,

192-485: The Federal District assumes the competences of both a state and a municipality. Recent elections The government of each state of Brazil is divided into executive , legislative and judiciary branches. The state executive branch is headed by a state governor and includes a vice governor, both elected by the citizens of the state. The governor appoints several secretaries of state (each one in charge of

224-562: The State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí , which had been split from the State of Maranhão, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains. The captaincies became provinces in 1821, during

256-588: The Vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (from Pernambuco), Amapá (from Pará), Rio Branco (from Amazonas), Guaporé (from Mato Grosso and Amazonas), Ponta Porã (from Mato Grosso) and Iguaçu (from Paraná and Santa Catarina ). Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Porã and Iguaçu to their original states. Guaporé

288-640: The captaincies established by Portugal following the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the World between Portugal and Spain. The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies ( capitanias hereditárias ), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the island of São João , granted in 1504 to Fernão de Loronha . The continental land

320-455: The "4 Reservas" area and therefore could not be considered compensation for the settlement of "4 Reservas". An extractive reserve was intended to support sustainable management by traditional populations. Law 10261 of 22 January 2015 repealed law 8.680 of 2007. The law found that the total original area of the two conservation units, 110,630 hectares (273,400 acres), would serve to replace the "4 Reservas" area. Decree 59 of 13 April 2015 expanded

352-581: The Crown, becoming royal captaincies. The government of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as captaincies-general , to which other captaincies were subordinated. In addition,

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384-402: The area of the extractive reserve to a total of about 164,224 hectares (405,810 acres), with a perimeter of 654.74 kilometres (406.84 mi). There were continued discussions on the limits of the reserve in the legislative committee during 2015. In March 2016 the legislative assembly approved maintaining the area of the extractive reserve by four votes. The conservation units coordinator stressed

416-501: The biodiversity in an area where a new species on monkey had recently been discovered. The Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve has a complex history of decrees by the Mato Grosso governor, laws by the Mato Grosso legislature and judicial orders. The reserve was created by decree 952 of 19 June 1996, the responsibility of the Mato Grosso Coordenadoria de Unidades de Conservação. Law 7.164 of 23 August 1999 recreated

448-443: The city of Rio de Janeiro. In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul . In 1981, Rondônia became a state. The Brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of Tocantins from the northern portion of Goiás, established Amapá and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco. The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained

480-415: The community hunts and fishes. The reserve is threatened by illegal logging and poaching. The reserve is the last frontier of deforestation in Mato Grosso. Illegal loggers destroy the environment and also endanger the lives of traditional residents and un-contacted Indians living on the border of the unit. In October 2015 state employees arrested six people in the act of illegally felling trees and processing

512-907: The eastern boundary of the northern part of the reserve. Both these rivers originate on the Parecis plateau. The MT-418 highway, which runs west to become the RO-205 highway in Rondônia, crosses the southern part of the reserve. The reserve is the only state extractive reserve in Mato Grosso, and one of the last strongholds of traditional extraction. It is mainly in the Amazon biome , with a sub-humid warm tropical climate. Fauna include jaguar , tapir , black caiman , ocelot , capuchin monkey , six-banded armadillo , paca , agouti and birds such as barn swallow , swallow-tailed kite , solitary tinamou and gulls. The extractive products include nuts and rubber, and

544-619: The final years of the Kingdom of Brazil ( united with Portugal ), and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the Empire of Brazil . Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the Triângulo Mineiro from Goiás to Minas Gerais , transferring

576-564: The first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the State of Brazil ( Estado do Brasil ). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the State of Maranhão . However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations. During the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains,

608-490: The government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of the states , as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them. Fernando de Noronha is not a municipality, but a state district of Pernambuco (the only state district in the country). It is governed by an administrator-general, appointed by

640-475: The governor of Pernambuco, and a council whose members are elected by the citizens of the district. All states and the Federal District are represented in the national congress , each with three senators and between eight and 70 deputies , depending on their population. The citizens of all states and the Federal District vote for these national representatives and for president and vice president . The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to

672-487: The importance of the reserve, which faced land grabbing and illegal logging, saying that reducing the area would reward those who are trying to gain ownership of public land. Colniza Colniza is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso , Brazil. Colniza has the highest homicide rate in Brazil with 165 deaths per year per 100 thousand inhabitants. It is the westernmost and largest (by area) municipality of

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704-460: The possibility of creating others in the future. On 11 December 2011, a consultative referendum was held in the state of Pará about creating two new states from parts of it ( Tapajós and Carajás , with the rest of the state remaining as Pará). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in

736-729: The reserve with an area of about 57,630 hectares (142,400 acres). The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . Law 8.680 of 13 July 2007 expanded the Rio Roosevelt Ecological Station by more than 43,168 hectares (106,670 acres) and expanded the Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve by more than 80,462 hectares (198,830 acres), giving the reserve an area of about 138,092 hectares (341,230 acres). This expansion

768-474: The south bank of the São Francisco River from Pernambuco to Minas Gerais and later to Bahia , separating the capital city of Rio de Janeiro as a Neutral Municipality outside any province, splitting Amazonas from Pará , and splitting Paraná from São Paulo ), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The Cisplatine Province

800-827: The state. The municipality of Colniza has a mosaic of conservation units consisting of the Rio Madeirinha Ecological Station , the Rio Roosevelt Ecological Station , the Tucumã State Park and the Guariba-Roosevelt Extractive Reserve . Satellite monitoring showed that Colniza had the highest level of deforestation in Mato Grosso in the six years from 2010 to 2016, with 78,556 hectares (194,120 acres) cleared, most of it illegally. Rates of deforestation rose successively in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The 13,683 hectares (33,810 acres) Rio Madeirinha Ecological Station

832-426: The states. Municipalities have a mayor, vice mayor and a chamber of aldermen, all elected by the citizens of the municipality, but do not have a separate judiciary. The Federal District has the same executive, legislative and judiciary organization as a state, but it cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is composed of several administrative regions . These regions are directly managed by

864-417: The territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhão greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to

896-400: The wood. They seized a large tractor, 80 logs and a motorcycle, and were searching for two other vehicles used to remove forest products. Infrastructure built by the criminals include two wooden bridges. As of 2016 about 300 people from a unique traditional community were living in the area. Their presence was important in protecting the indigenous tribes living beside the reserve and maintaining

928-496: Was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as Uruguay in 1825, and was recognized by the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828. When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of Acre from Bolivia with the Treaty of Petrópolis . In 1942–1943, with the entrance of Brazil into World War II ,

960-412: Was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines. Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary ( capitão donatário ). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them. In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as

992-461: Was renamed Rondônia in 1956, and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962, while remaining territories along with Amapá and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962. In 1960, the rectangular-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás to contain the new capital, Brasília . The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara , but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of Rio de Janeiro , becoming its capital as

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1024-474: Was to compensate for the settlements in the municipalities of Terra Nova do Norte and Nova Guarita in the "4 Reservas" area. The deliberative council was created on 20 October 2009, and the utilisation plan was approved on 9 March 2011. On 19 April 2013 law 8680 of 2007 was revoked by Judge Alexandre Mendes Socrates, who stated that the extractive reserve was illegally occupied by squatters, had very little environmental protection, would soon be as devastated as

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