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130-472: Guatemala is a multicultural society, though most Guatemalans have varying degrees of European (predominantly Spaniards ) and Amerindian ancestry. Guatemalans are also colloquially nicknamed C hapines in other Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America . Guatemala has a population of 17,153,288 (July 2020 est). In 1900, Guatemala had a population of 885,000. Guatemala had the fastest population growth in

260-436: A matrilocal society, but the women are forced to rely on men for a steady income in order to support their families, because the few jobs that are available, housework and selling homemade goods, do not create enough of an income to survive on. Although women have power within their homes, they rely heavily on the income of their husbands. Although men can be away at work for large amounts of time they still believe that there

390-785: A culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, settling initially along the Mediterranean coast. Then Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age . Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, who had cultural contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians . In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. They are believed to have developed

520-473: A first or second language, which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain's population of 46 million. Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to Santo Domingo in 1492. Spanish is spoken natively by over 400 million people and spans across most countries of the Americas; from

650-455: A fish soup called "Hudut". Other accompanying dishes may include: bundiga (a green banana lasusu ), mazapan ( breadfruit ), and bimecacule (sticky sweet rice), as well as a coconut rice made with red beans. Nigerians also make "eba", "gari" and "fufu" from dried, grated cassava flour and similar accompanying dishes such as "efo-riro" (made from spinach leaves) or egusi" (made with grounded melon seeds) soup. An alcoholic drink called gifiti

780-689: A joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada. The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade . The Christians were successful and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish sultan Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra . Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496. Their indigenous Berber population,

910-485: A lesser extent people also arrived from Spain, France, Belgium, England, Italy, Sweden, etc. Many Europeans who emigrated to Guatemala were politicians, refugees, families, entrepreneurs and mainly settlers, Guatemala had long been the Central American country that received the most immigrants, behind Costa Rica for 1950, that does not mean that the country no longer receive large numbers of immigrants. From

1040-571: A neutral island, under no European sovereignty. Throughout this period, however, unofficial, mostly French settlement took place on the island, especially on the Leeward side. African escapees continued to reach Saint Vincent, and a mixed-race population developed through unions with the Carib. In 1763 by the Treaty of Paris , Britain gained control over Saint Vincent following its defeat of France in

1170-1142: A part of their families' heritage. In 2011, Garifuna organisations in the United States estimated that the Garifuna population consisted of roughly 400,000 people, mostly living in Honduras and the United States. In 1805, the remaining Garifuna in Morne Ronde on Saint Vincent numbered 16 men, 9 women, and 20 children, although others remained on the island in hiding after the deportations of 1797. The 1844 census of Saint Vincent listed 273 "Black Caribs". The 1960 census listed 1,265 "Black Caribs" in Saint Vincent. In 1984, anthropologist Michael Crawford estimated that 1,100–2,000 Garifuna resided in Saint Vincent. By 1981, around 65,000 Garifuna were living in fifty-four fishing villages in Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. In 2001 UNESCO proclaimed

1300-493: A people native to Spain . Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history , including a number of different languages, both indigenous and local linguistic descendants of the Roman -imposed Latin language , of which Spanish is the largest and the only one that is official throughout the whole country. Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably,

1430-476: A people of mixed free African and Amerindian ancestry that originated in the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent and speak Garifuna , an Arawakan language , and Vincentian Creole . The Garifuna are the descendants of indigenous Arawak , Kalinago (Island Carib), and Afro-Caribbean people . The founding population of the Central American diaspora, estimated at 2,500 to 5,000 persons, were transplanted to

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1560-483: A separate culture influenced by Phoenicia . The seafaring Phoenicians , Greeks , and Carthaginians successively settled trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. Interaction took place with Indigenous peoples. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during

1690-445: A significant number of Moriscos — (Muslims who had been baptized Catholic) were expelled by royal decree. Although initial estimates of the number of Moriscos expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion has been increasingly challenged by modern historians. Nevertheless, the eastern region of Valencia, where ethnic tensions were highest,

1820-726: A steady income in the past, but much of this land was taken by fruit companies in the 20th century. These companies were welcomed at first because the production helped bring an income to the local communities, but as business declined these large companies sold the land and it has become inhabited by mestizo farmers. Since this time the Garifuna people have been forced to travel and find jobs with foreign companies. The Garifuna people mainly rely on export businesses for steady jobs; however, women are highly discriminated against and are usually unable to get these jobs. Men generally work for foreign-owned companies collecting timber and chicle to be exported, or work as fishermen. Garifuna people live in

1950-599: A totally independent Suebic Kingdom . In 447 AC they converted to Roman Catholicism under King Rechila . After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths, the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD. It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths, after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom ,

2080-430: Is a strong connection between men and their newborn sons. Garifunas believe that a baby boy and his father have a special bond, and they are attached spiritually. It is important for a son's father to take care of him, which means that he must give up some of his duties in order to spend time with his child. During this time women gain more responsibility and authority within the household. According to one genetic study

2210-544: Is an offshoot of the Arawak language , and it is spoken in Honduras , Belize , Guatemala , and Nicaragua by the Garifuna people. It is an Arawakan language with French, English, Dutch, African, and Spanish influences, reflecting their long interaction with various colonial peoples. Garifuna has a vocabulary featuring some terms used by women and others used primarily by men. This may derive from historical Carib practices: in

2340-494: Is arguably the most important tradition practiced by the Garifuna people. Cassava is so closely tied to the Garifuna culture that the very name Garifuna draws its origin from the Caribs who were originally called "Karifuna" of the cassava clan. They later adopted the name "Garifuna", which literally means cassava-eating people. Making "ereba" is a long and arduous process that involves a large group of Garinagu women and children for

2470-423: Is commonly made at home; it is rum-based bitters , made by soaking roots and herbs. In contemporary Belize there has been a resurgence of Garifuna music, popularized by musicians such as Andy Palacio, Mohobub Flores, and Aurelio Martinez. These musicians have taken many aspects from traditional Garifuna music forms and fused them with more modern sounds. Described as a mixture of punta rock and paranda, this music

2600-666: Is exemplified in Andy Palacio's album Watina, and in Umalali: The Garifuna Women's Project , both of which were released on the Belizean record label, Stonetree Records. Canadian musician Danny Michel has also recorded an album, Black Birds Are Dancing Over Me , with a collective of Garifuna musicians. Through traditional dance and music, musicians have come together to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS . The majority of Garinagu have been Catholic since

2730-685: Is in the masa or dough ( maize , potatoes , rice ), what's in the filling (meat, fruits, nuts), and what is it wrapped with (leaves, husks). The masa is made out of corn that is not sweet, such as what is known as feed corn in the U.S.A. In Guatemala, this non-sweet corn is called maize and the corn that Americans from the US are used to eating on the cob, sweet corn, they call elote . Tamales in Guatemala are more typically wrapped in plantain , banana , or maxan leaves rather than corn husks. The ancient Mayan civilization lasted for about six hundred years before collapsing around 900 A.D. Today, almost half of

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2860-424: Is no information regarding Garifuna from Nicaragua having migrated to either coast of the United States. The Nicaraguan Garifuna population is quite small. Community leaders are attempting to resurrect the Garifuna language and cultural traditions. By 2014 more Garifuna were leaving Honduras and immigrating to the United States. The Garifuna people speak Garifuna and Vincentian Creole . The Garifuna language

2990-535: Is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million. Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish Calé also live in Southern France, especially in

3120-542: Is one of the aspects (including laws and general "ways of life") that causes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people . Spanish has a significant Arabic influence in vocabulary; between the 8th and 12th centuries, Arabic was the dominant language in Al-Andalus and some 4,000 words are of Arabic origin, including nouns, verbs and adjectives. It also has influences from other Romance languages such as French , Italian , Catalan , Galician or Portuguese . Traditionally,

3250-649: Is the official language. As a first and second language, Spanish is spoken by 93% of the population as second or third language. Twenty-one Mayan languages are spoken, especially in rural areas, as well as two non-Mayan Amerindian languages, Xinca , an indigenous language, and Garifuna , an Arawakan language spoken on the Caribbean coast. According to the Language Law of 2003, the languages of Mayas, Xincas, and Garifunas are unrecognized as National Languages. The peace accords signed in December 1996 provide for

3380-411: Is the official state language, although the other languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities. Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects; among the southern ones Andalusian Spanish is particularly important. The Canary Islands have a distinct dialect of Spanish which is close to Caribbean Spanish . The Spanish language is a Romance language and

3510-557: Is traditional to eat on certain days of the week – for example, by tradition it is known that on Thursday, the typical food is "paches", which is like a tamale made with a base of potato, and on Sundays it is traditional to eat tamales, due to the fact that Sundays are considered holidays. Certain dishes are also associated with special occasions, such as fiambre for All Saints Day on November 1 and tamales, which are common Christmas . There are reportedly hundreds of varieties of tamales throughout Guatemala. They key variations are what

3640-494: Is very popular when tourists visit the country for the first time, and is a great choice in the search for new and interesting flavors. Many traditional foods are based on Maya cuisine and prominently feature corn, chilis and beans as key ingredients. Various dishes may have the same name as dishes from a neighboring country, but may in fact be quite different for example the enchilada or quesadilla , which are nothing like their Mexican counterparts. There are also foods that it

3770-734: The Almohads , another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. But the Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following

3900-623: The Basque language has been considered a key influence on Spanish, though nowadays this is questioned. Other changes are borrowings from English and other Germanic languages, although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain. The number of speakers of Spanish as a mother tongue is roughly 35.6 million, while the vast majority of other groups in Spain such as the Galicians , Catalans , and Basques also speak Spanish as

4030-516: The Battle of Sagrajas . By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He also regained Valencia from the Christians. About this time a massive process of conversion to Islam took place, and Muslims comprised the majority of the population in Spain by the end of the 11th century. The Almoravids were succeeded by

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4160-531: The Castilians , Aragonese , Catalans , Andalusians , Valencians , Balearics , Canarians , Basques and the Galicians among others. The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples , who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as

4290-658: The Catholic Monarchs , generally considered the point of emergence of Spain as a unified country. The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512. There was also a period called Iberian Union , the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Spanish Crown ; during which, both countries were ruled by the Spanish Habsburg kings between 1580 and 1640. In the early modern period, Spain had one of

4420-512: The Galicians (who speak Galician , a descendant of old Galician-Portuguese ). Respect to the existing cultural pluralism is important to many Spaniards. In many regions there exist strong regional identities such as Asturias , Aragon , the Canary Islands , León , and Andalusia , while in others (like Catalonia , Basque Country or Galicia ) there are stronger national sentiments . Many of them refuse to identify themselves with

4550-638: The Guanches , were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers. Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V. The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524, while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees. Between 1568 and 1571, Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of

4680-631: The Iberian Peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals . Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania , into the Visigothic Kingdom , which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically, and legally all

4810-784: The Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711. This army consisted mainly of ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, who were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Only a remote mountainous area in the far north retained independence, eventually developing as the Christian Kingdom of Asturias . Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus . The Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across

4940-546: The Igbo ethnic group from what is now Nigeria , escaped and reached the small island of Bequia . There, the Caribs enslaved them and brought them to Saint Vincent. However, according to Young, the enslaved people were too independent of "spirit", prompting the Caribs to make plans to kill all the African male children. When Africans heard about the Caribs' plan, they rebelled and killed all the Caribs they could find, then headed to

5070-601: The K'iche' 9.1%, Q'eqchi 8.4%, Kaqchikel 7.9%, Mam 6.3% and 8.6% of the population is "other Mayan ", 0.4% is indigenous non-Mayan, making the indigenous community in Guatemala about 40.3% of the population. There are smaller communities present, including about 15,000 Salvadorans. The Garífuna , who are descended primarily from Africans who lived with and intermarried with indigenous peoples from St. Vincent, live mainly in Livingston and Puerto Barrios . Those communities have other blacks and mulattos descended from

5200-674: The Lent and Easter -week processions, as well as on other occasions. The Garifuna people of Afro-Caribbean descent, who are spread thinly on the northeastern Caribbean coast, have their own distinct varieties of popular and folk music . Cumbia , from the Colombian variety, is also very popular, especially among the lower classes. The Guatemala National Prize in Literature is a one-time only award that recognizes an individual writer's body of work. It has been given annually since 1988 by

5330-659: The Mediterranean Sea , like other Southern European countries, the land that is now Spain also had contact with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians , Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along the Iberian Mediterranean coast, the Sephardi Jewish community, and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al-Andalus , all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic contributions, particularly in

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5460-611: The Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. The Spanish people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula: There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period, including the Suebi , Hasdingi Vandals , Alans and Visigoths . Due to its position on

5590-684: The Pyrenee Mountains into France. Upon the collapse of the Umayyad in Damascus , Spain was seized by Yusuf al Fihri . The exiled Umayyad Prince Abd al-Rahman I next seized power, establishing himself as Emir of Cordoba . Abd al Rahman III , his grandson, proclaimed a Caliphate in 929, marking the beginning of the Golden Age of Al Andalus. This policy was the effective power of the peninsula and Western North Africa; it competed with

5720-522: The Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan , Hadrian , Seneca , Martial , Theodosius , and Quintilian . The Germanic Vandals and Suebi , with Iranian Alans under King Respendial , arrived in the peninsula in 409 AD. Part of the Vandals with the remaining Alans, now under Geiseric , removed to North Africa after a few conflicts with another Germanic tribe,

5850-939: The Seven Years' War , fought in Europe, Asia and North America. It also took over all French territory in North America east of the Mississippi River . Through the rest of the century, the Carib-African natives mounted a series of Carib Wars, which were encouraged and supported by the French. When in 1627 the English began to claim the St. Vincent island, they opposed the French settlements (which had started around 1610 by cultivating plots) and its partnerships with

5980-555: The Shiite rulers of Tunis and frequently raided the small Christian kingdoms in the North. The Caliphate of Córdoba effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013; it was not finally abolished until 1031, when al-Andalus broke up into a number of mostly independent mini-states and principalities called taifas . These were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from

6110-461: The Visigoths . The latter were established in Toulouse and supported Roman campaigns against the Vandals and Alans in 415–19 AD. The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries. They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians, so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian-Roman culture. The Suebi were another Germanic tribe in

6240-520: The "War Caribbean". The First Carib War began in 1769. Led primarily by Black Carib chieftain Joseph Chatoyer , the Caribs successfully defended the windward side of the island against a military survey expedition in 1769, and rebuffed repeated demands that they sell their land to representatives of the British colonial government. The effective defense of the Caribs, the British ignorance of

6370-507: The 1890s there have been small communities of Asians (in particular from Korea , China, Japan, Singapore and the Philippines ) but in recent decades this has been growing. Also beginning with the First World War , the immigrant population is being strengthened by Jewish and Pakistani immigration. During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American immigration grew strong in Guatemala, particularly from other Central American countries, Mexico, Cuba , Colombia , etc. Although

6500-424: The 1970s. Below are estimates for certain countries: During the colonial era Guatemala received immigrants (settlers) only from Spain. Subsequently, Guatemala received waves of immigration from Europe in the mid 19th century and early 20th century. Primarily from Germany, these immigrants installed coffee and cardamom fincas in Alta Verapaz , Zacapa , Quetzaltenango , Baja Verapaz and Izabal departments. To

6630-479: The 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and established a series of Latin -speaking provinces in the region. As a result of Roman colonization , the majority of local languages, with the exception of Basque , stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania (Roman Iberia). A new group of Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula including Spanish , which eventually became the main language in Spain evolved from Roman expansion. Hispania emerged as an important part of

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6760-458: The 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Hispania , the name given to Iberia by the Romans as a province of their Empire, underwent a process of linguistic and cultural Romanization , and as such, the majority of local languages in Spain today, with the exception of Basque , evolved out of Vulgar Latin which was introduced by the ancient Romans . At the end of the Western Roman Empire , the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded

6890-399: The Almoravids, Muslim Berber rulers of the Maghreb . But the Almoravids went on to conquer and annex all the Taifa kingdoms. In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco, Yusuf ibn Tashfin , was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI , King of Castile and León. In that year, Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted defeat on the Christian army at

7020-411: The British Crown, that the island was populated by Black enslaved people from two Spanish slave ships that had sunk near the island of San Vincent in 1635 (although, according to other authors such as Idiáquez , the two slave ships wrecked between 1664 and 1670) . The slave ships were destined to the West Indies ( Bahamas and Antilles ). According to Young's report, after the wreck, enslaved people from

7150-508: The British and the French. Many of the captured enslaved people were integrated into their communities (this also occurred in islands such as Dominica). After the African rebellion against the Caribs, and their escape to the mountains, over time, according to Itarala , Africans would come down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with Amerindian women - perhaps because most Africans were men - or to search for other kinds of food. The sexual activity did not necessarily lead to marriage. On

7280-427: The British assumed control. As the United Kingdom abolished slavery in 1833 , it operated it for roughly a generation on the island, creating a legacy different from on other Caribbean islands. Elsewhere, slavery had been institutionalized for much longer. In the 21st century, the Garifuna population is estimated to be around 600,000 in total, taking together its people in Central America, Yurumein ( Saint Vincent and

7410-433: The Caribs. Over time, tensions began to arise between the Caribs and the Europeans. The governor of the English part of the island, William Young, complained that the Black Caribs had the best land and they had no right to live there. Moreover, the friendship of the French settlers with the Black Caribs, drove them, even though they had also tried to stay with San Vicente, tried to support them in their struggle. All this caused

7540-430: The Central American coast from the British West Indies island of Saint Vincent, which was known to the Garinagu as Yurumein , in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . Small Garifuna communities still live in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Garifuna diaspora abroad includes communities in Honduras , in the United States , and in Belize . In the Garifuna language , the endonym Garínagu refers to

7670-425: The Christian states to the north and west, which were known to the Muslims as "the Galician nations". These had expanded from their initial strongholds in Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque country, and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon, and the County of Barcelona. Eventually they began to conquer territory, and the Taifa kings asked for help from

7800-439: The French agreed to leave them at peace. After the arrival of the English to St. Vincent in 1667, English Army officer John Scott wrote a report on the island for the English crown , noting that St. Vincent was populated by Caribs and a small number of Blacks from two Spanish slave ships which had wrecked on its shores. Later, in 1795, the British governor of St. Vincent, William Young , noted in another report, addressed to

7930-494: The French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636, Louis XIII of France proclaimed La Traité des Noirs . This authorized the capture and purchase of enslaved people from sub-Saharan Africa and their transportation as labor to Martinique and other parts of the French West Indies . In 1650, the company liquidated, selling Martinique to Jacques Dyel du Parquet , who became governor. He held this position until his death in 1658. His widow Mme. du Parquet took over control of

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8060-641: The Garifuna are descendants of Caribbeans with the African origins Efik (Nigeria-Cameroon residents), Ibo (Igbo) (Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea), Fons (residents between Benin - Nigeria), Fante and Ashanti (from Ashanti Region , in central Ghana ), Yoruba (resident in Togo , Benin, Nigeria) and Kongo ( Congo , DR Congo and Angola), obtained in the coastal regions of West and Central Africa by Spanish and Portuguese traders of enslaved people. These enslaved people were trafficked to other Caribbean islands, from where emigrated or were captured (they or their descendants) to Saint Vincent. In this way,

8190-411: The Garinagu have qualities similar to the voodoo (as the Europeans put it) rituals performed by other tribes of African descent. Mystical practices and participation such as in the Dugu ceremony and chugu are also widespread among Garifuna. Gender roles within the Garifuna communities are significantly defined by the job opportunities available to everyone. The Garifuna people have relied on farming for

8320-538: The Grenadines ), and the United States. As a result of extensive emigration from Central America, the United States has the second-largest population of Garifuna outside Central America. New York City, specifically in the Bronx , has the largest population, dominated by Garifuna from Honduras , Guatemala and Belize. Los Angeles ranks second with Belizean Garifuna being the most populous, followed by those from Honduras and Guatemala. There are also growing Garifuna populations in Houston , Atlanta , and New Orleans . There

8450-467: The Guatemalan diaspora is located in the United States of America, with estimates ranging from 480,665 to 1,489,426. The difficulty in getting accurate counts for Guatemalans abroad is because many of them are refugee claimants awaiting determination of their status. Emigration to the United States of America has led to the growth of Guatemalan communities in California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Texas, Rhode Island and elsewhere since

8580-442: The Guatemalan population is Mayan. These natives live throughout the country and grow maize as their staple crop. In addition, the ancient Maya ate amaranth, a breakfast cereal similar to modern day cereals. Guatemala 's national instrument is the marimba , an idiophone from the family of the xylophones , which is played all over the country, even in the remotest corners. Towns also have wind and percussion bands that play during

8710-401: The Honduras, they expanded along the Caribbean coast of Central America, coming to Belize and Guatemala to the north, and the south to Nicaragua . Over time, the Black Caribs would denominate in the mainland of Central America as "Garifuna". This was also in the period of the Haitian Revolution in the French colony of Saint-Domingue , which ultimately led to the enslaved people creating

8840-456: The Ministry of Culture and Sports. Miguel Ángel Asturias won the literature Nobel Prize in 1967. Among his famous books is El Señor Presidente , a novel based on the government of Manuel Estrada Cabrera . Rigoberta Menchú , winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for fighting oppression of indigenous people in Guatemala, is famous for her books I, Rigoberta Menchú and Crossing Borders. Religion in Guatemala (2001) Historically, Catholicism

8970-410: The Muslims of the mountains of Granada. Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80,000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain. The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada , Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today. This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on

9100-404: The Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula . Within Spain, there are various nationalities and regional populations including the Andalusians , Castilians , Catalans , Valencians and Balearics (who speak Catalan , a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain), the Basques (who live in the Basque country and north of Navarre and speak Basque , a non-Indo-European language), and

9230-460: The Southwestern United States in North America down to Tierra del Fuego , the southernmost region of South America in Chile and Argentina . A variety of the language, known as Judaeo-Spanish or Ladino (or Haketia in Morocco), is still spoken by descendants of Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) who fled Spain following a decree of expulsion of practising Jews in 1492. Also, a Spanish creole language known as Chabacano , which developed by

9360-736: The Spanish Slave Trade. There are also Asians , mostly of Chinese descent. Other Asian groups include Arabs of Lebanese and Syrian descent. There is also a growing Korean community in Guatemala City and in nearby Mixco , currently numbering about 6,000. Guatemala's German population is credited with bringing the tradition of a Christmas tree to the country. Guatemalan mestizos are people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. They may also have varying degrees of African or Asian ancestry. Mixed Guatemalans could reach 60% with people of different grades of mixture, but

9490-546: The Spanish ethnic group and prefer some of the following: Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people (commonly known by the English exonym "gypsies", Spanish: gitanos ). The Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup ( calé ), are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. Data on ethnicity

9620-443: The Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism. This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally, linguistically and religiously very diverse. A majority of Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th centuries and those remaining were expelled from Spain in 1492. The open practice of Islam by Spain's sizeable Mudejar population was similarly outlawed. Furthermore, between 1609 and 1614,

9750-536: The Western Hemisphere during 20th century. Approximately half of the Guatemalan population lives in poverty and 13.7% of them live in extreme poverty. Guatemala is heavily centralized. Transportation, communications, business, politics, and the most relevant urban activity takes place in Guatemala City. Guatemala City has about 2 million inhabitants within the city limits and more than 5 million within

9880-431: The ancestry of the Garifuna people on average, is 76% African, 20% Arawak/Carib and 4% European. The admixture levels vary greatly between island and Central American Garinagu Communities with Stann Creek, Belize Garinagu having 79.9% African, 2.7% European and 17.4% Amerindian and Sandy Bay, St. Vincent Garinagu having 41.1% African, 16.7% European and 42.2% Amerindian. Based on oral traditions, according to some authors,

10010-526: The anthropologist and Garifuna historian Belizean Sebastian R. Cayetano says African ancestors of the Garifuna are ethnically West African "specifically of the Yoruba, Ibo, and Ashanti tribes, in what is now Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, to mention only a few." To Roger Bastide, the Garifuna almost inaccessible fortress of Northeast Saint Vincent integrated constantly to Yoruba, Fon, Fanti -Ashanti and Kongo fugitives. These African origins are true at least in

10140-458: The arrival of some French troops. A major military expedition by General Ralph Abercromby was eventually successful in defeating the Carib opposition in 1796. After the war was concluded and the Caribs surrendered, the British authorities decided to deport the Caribs of St. Vincent. This was done to avoid the Caribs causing more slave revolts in St. Vincent. In 1797, the Caribs with African features were chosen to be deported as they were considered

10270-697: The beginning of the 20th century. By the end of the Spanish Civil War , some 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France. From 1961 to 1974, at the height of the guest worker in Western Europe, about 100,000 Spaniards emigrated each year. The nation has formally apologized to expelled Jews and since 2015 offers the chance for people to reclaim Spanish citizenship. By 2019, over 132,000 Sephardic Jewish descendants had reclaimed Spanish citizenship. The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of

10400-465: The cause of the revolt, and originally exported to Jamaica, and then they were transported to the island of Roatan in Honduras . Meanwhile, the Black Caribs with higher Amerindian traits were allowed to remain on the island. More than 5,000 Black Caribs were deported, but when the deportees landed on Roatan on April 12, 1797, only about 2,500 had survived the trip to the islands. After settling in

10530-419: The colonial era, the Carib of both sexes spoke Island Carib. Men additionally used a distinct pidgin based on the unrelated Carib language of the mainland. Almost all Garinagu are bilingual or multilingual . They generally speak the official languages of the countries they reside in, such as Spanish or English, most commonly as a first language . Many also speak Garifuna, mostly as a cultural language, as

10660-576: The community's historical encounters with the Jesuits, Dominicans, and various Catholic colonial powers (namely the French and Spanish) in the West Indies and Central America. A complex set of practices exist in their traditional religion for individuals and groups to show respect for their ancestors and Bungiu (God) or Sunti Gabafu (All Powerful). A shaman known as a buyei is the head of all Garifuna traditional practices. The spiritual practices of

10790-618: The country declined. By the end of this period, Spain was becoming a net emigrant country. Spanish people, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from

10920-479: The culture environment into different communities can influence people to identify as Indigenous, Ladino or White. The mestizo population in Guatemala is concentrated in urban areas of the country (the national capital and departmental capitals). Genetic testing indicates that Guatemalan Mestizos are on average of predominantly indigenous ancestry. Historically the mestizo population in the Kingdom of Guatemala at

11050-531: The death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but weakened, were quickly conquered by the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Emirate of Granada survived as a Muslim state, tributary of Castile until 1492. In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled

11180-538: The dominant culture. The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain. In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in

11310-429: The enslaved people came from Barbados (most of the enslaved people of this island were from present-day Nigeria and Ghana ), but they also came from places such as St. Lucia (where enslaved people likely came from what is now Senegal , Nigeria, Angola ) and Grenada (where there were many enslaved people from Guinea , Sierra Leone , Nigeria , Angola , Kongo and Ghana). The Bajans and Saint Lucians arrived on

11440-571: The former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania. In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate that arrived to the peninsula in the year 711. The Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, termed al-Andalus , soon became autonomous from Baghdad. The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule, along

11570-650: The immigrant population topped over 4.5 million. These immigrants came mainly from Europe , Latin America , Asia , North Africa , and West Africa . Languages spoken in Spain include Spanish ( castellano or español ) (74%), Catalan ( català , called valencià , in the Valencian Community ) (17%), Galician ( galego ) (7%), and Basque ( euskara ) (2%). Other languages with a lower level of official recognition are Asturian ( asturianu ), Aranese Gascon ( aranés ), Aragonese ( aragonés ), and Leonese , each with their own various dialects. Spanish

11700-508: The independent republic of Haiti in 1804. The French lost thousands of troops in an attempt to take back the island in 1803, many to yellow fever epidemics. Thousands of whites and free people of color were killed in the revolution. Europeans throughout the Caribbean and in the Southern United States feared future slave revolts. Large-scale sugar production and chattel slavery were not established on Saint Vincent until

11830-494: The island before 1735. Later, after 1775, most of the enslaved people who arrived from other islands were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving on the island, they were taken in by the Caribs, who offered them protection, enslaved them and, eventually mixed with them. In addition to the African refugees, the Caribs captured enslaved people from neighboring islands (although they also had white people and their fellow Caribs as enslaved people), while they were fighting against

11960-545: The island from France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as Cabesterre (leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The Jesuits and the Dominicans agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of

12090-588: The island to the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe , in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique . The French colonists imposed French Law on the inhabitants, and Jesuit missionaries arrived to convert them to the Catholic Church . Because the Carib people resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the sugar and cocoa plantations which

12220-571: The island, causing the Second Carib War . Despite the odds being against them, the Caribs successfully gained control of most of the island except for the immediate area around Kingstown , which was saved from direct assault on several occasions by the timely arrival of British reinforcements. British efforts to penetrate and control the interior and windward areas of the island were repeatedly frustrated by incompetence, disease, and effective Carib defences, which were eventually supplemented by

12350-524: The island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing. When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to Dominica and Saint Vincent, where

12480-534: The islands, giving birth to the Garifuna". According to Charles Gullick some Caribs mixed peacefully with the Maroons and some not, creating two factions, that of the Black Caribs and that of the Yellow Caribs, who fought on more than one occasion in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. According to Itarala , many intermarried between indigenous and African people, which was that which caused

12610-715: The language, dance, and music of the Garifuna as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize. In 2005 the First Garifuna Summit was held in Corn Islands , Nicaragua, with the participation of the government of other Central American countries. There is a wide variety of Garifuna dishes, including the more commonly known ereba ( cassava bread ) made from grated cassava root, yuca. The process of making "ereba"

12740-569: The largest empires in history , which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones , making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese . During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez . The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote ,

12870-738: The largest population of people with ancestors from Spain. These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry. The listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain, although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared. Spanish Chilean of Chile and Spanish Uruguayan of Uruguay could be included by percentage (each at above 40%) instead of numeral size. Gar%C3%ADfuna The Garifuna people ( / ˌ ɡ ɑːr iː ˈ f uː n ə / GAR -ee- FOO -nə or Spanish pronunciation: [ɡa'ɾifuna] ; pl. Garínagu in Garifuna ) are

13000-488: The late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States ). Immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. But Spain's prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities, and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in

13130-512: The majority of the indigenous St. Vincent population as "mere interlopers from Africa" who lacked claims to land possession in St. Vincent. The Carib people migrated from South America to the Caribbean circa 1200, according to carbon dating of artifacts. According to Taíno testimonies, the Kalinago largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated the Taíno who were resident on the islands at

13260-562: The majority of them resided only temporarily to go to their final destination, which was the United States. The Guatemalan cuisine reflects the multicultural nature of Guatemala, in that it involves food that differs in taste depending on the region. Guatemala has 22 departments (or divisions), each of which has very different varieties of food.. For example, Antigua Guatemala is well known for its candy which makes use of many local ingredients fruits, seeds and nuts along with honey, condensed milk and other traditional sweeteners. Antigua's candy

13390-412: The manner in which the weight is provided, the result is the same. The cassava is then ready to be made into flour. The remaining pulp is dried overnight and later sieved through flat rounded baskets ( hibise ) to form flour that is baked into pancakes on a large iron griddle ( Comal ). Ereba is eaten with fish, machuca (pounded green and ripe plantains ) or alone with gravy ( lasusu ) often made with

13520-485: The masculine gender. For the female gender, the origins comes from the union of black enslaved people with Caribs. Based on 18th-century English documents, Ruy Galvão de Andrade Coelho suggests that came from Nigeria, Gold Coast , Dahomey , Congo "and other West African regions". At the beginning of the 18th century, the population in Saint Vincent was already mostly black and although during this century there were extensive mixtures and black people and Carib Indians,

13650-892: The mixing of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain's rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898, is spoken in the Philippines (by roughly 1 million people). Roman Catholicism is by far the largest denomination present in Spain , although its share of the population has been decreasing for decades. According to a study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research in 2013 about 71% of Spaniards self-identified as Catholics , 2% other faith, and about 25% identified as atheists or declared they had no religion . Survey data for 2019 show Catholics down to 69%, 2.8% "other faith" and 27% atheist-agnostic-non-believers. Outside of Europe, Latin America has

13780-408: The most part. Cassava is mostly grown on the farms of the garinagu. When it is ready be harvested, it is mostly done in large quantities (usually several dozen pounds of the cassava root) and taken to the village. The root is then washed peeled and grated over small sharp stones affixed to wooden boards. The grating is difficult and time-consuming, and the women would sing songs to break the monotony of

13910-558: The mountains, where they settled and lived with other enslaved people who had taken refuge there before them. From the mountains, the former enslaved people attacked and killed the Caribs continually, reducing them in number. Several modern researchers have rejected the theory espoused by Young. According to them, most of the enslaved people who arrived in Saint Vincent actually came from other Caribbean islands, and had settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape slavery, therefore Maroons came from plantations on nearby islands. Although most of

14040-419: The next century. It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty. After the conquest of Mexico and Peru these two regions became

14170-502: The origin of the Black Caribs. Britain and France both made conflicting claims on Saint Vincent from the late seventeenth century onward. French pioneers began informally cultivating plots on the island around 1710. In 1719 the governor of the French colony of Martinique sent a military force to occupy it, but was repulsed by the Carib inhabitants. A British attempt in 1723 was likewise repelled. In 1748, Britain and France agreed to put aside their claims and declared Saint Vincent to be

14300-457: The other hand, if the Maroons abducted Arauaco-Caribbean women or married them, is another of the contradictions between the French documents and the oral history of the Garinagu. Andrade Coelho states that "...whatever the case, the Caribs never consented to give their daughters in marriage to blacks" . Conversely, Sebastian R. Cayetano argues that "Africans were married with women Caribs of

14430-544: The people as a whole and the term Garífuna refers to an individual person, the culture, and the language. The terms Garífuna and Garínagu originated as African modifications of the Kalinago terms Karifuna and Kalinago respectively. The terms may have been used by the Garifuna to refer to themselves as early as the mid-17th century. The Garifuna were historically known by the exonyms Caribs , Black Caribs , and Island Caribs . European explorers began to use

14560-592: The population is "other Mayan," 0.4% is indigenous non-Mayan, making the indigenous community in Guatemala about 40.3% of the population. The Garífuna , who are descended primarily from Africans who lived with and intermarried with indigenous peoples from St. Vincent, live mainly in Livingston and Puerto Barrios . The term Criollo refers to Guatemalans of mostly or fully Spanish descent. Other European ethnic groups include those of Germans , Italians , English , and Belgian descent. Other ancestry can include those from Eastern Europe and White Americans . Spanish

14690-742: The presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenean range, would eventually lead to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Portugal and Navarre . Along seven centuries, an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms (known in historiography as the Reconquista ) took place, culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity (the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada ) in 1492,

14820-500: The principal destinations of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century. In the period 1850–1950, 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas , particularly Argentina , Uruguay , Mexico , Brazil , Chile , Venezuela , and Cuba . From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela . 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century, and 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at

14950-630: The process of inculturation , whereby certain practices are incorporated into Catholic ceremonies and worship when they are sympathetic to the meaning of Catholic belief. Indigenous religious practices are increasing as a result of the cultural protections established under the peace accords. The government has instituted a policy of providing altars at every Mayan ruin found in the country, so traditional ceremonies may be performed there. Spaniards Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry Nationals abroad: 2,183,043 Spaniards , or Spanish people , are

15080-415: The prohibition of trade with neighbouring islands, so little endeared the Caribs. Three years later, the French supported American independence (1776–1783); the Caribs aligned against the British. Apparently, in 1779 the Caribs inspired such terror to the British that surrender to the French was preferable than facing the Caribs in battle. Later, in 1795, the Caribs again rebelled against British control of

15210-413: The region and London opposition to the war made this be halted. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island. The treaty delimited the area inhabited by the Caribs, and demanded repayment of the British and French plantations of runaway enslaved people who took refuge in St. Vincent. This last clause, and

15340-509: The region of Perpignan . The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the United States ) and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year. In 2008,

15470-603: The same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World . During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Spain persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition . A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under

15600-404: The sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia , Basque , as well as other Latin-descended Romance languages like Spanish itself, Catalan and Galician . Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture. The most notable of these comprise Hispanic America in the Western Hemisphere. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during

15730-546: The term Black Caribs in the 17th century. In the 18th century, English accounts used the terms Black Caribs and Yellow or Red Caribs to differentiate, with some ambiguity, two groups with a similar culture by their skin color. The British colonial use of the term Black Carib , particularly in William Young 's Account of the Black Charaibs (1795), has been described in modern historiography as framing

15860-429: The time of Independence amounted to nearly 600,000 Indians , 300,000 castes (mostly mestizos and a lesser number of mulattos ), and 45,000 criollos or Spanish , with a very small number of Spaniards. The Amerindian populations in Guatemala are estimated from 41.7% to the half of population. According to the last Census, the distribution are formed by K'iche' 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9% and Q'eqchi 6.3%. 8.6% of

15990-617: The time, as well as the earlier Igneri . The French missionary Raymond Breton arrived in the Lesser Antilles in 1635, and lived in Guadeloupe and Dominica until 1653. He took ethnographic and linguistic notes on the native peoples of these islands, including St. Vincent , which he visited briefly. In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the adventurer Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet . Cardinal Richelieu of France gave

16120-528: The translation of some official documents and voting materials into several indigenous languages (see summary of main substantive accords) and mandate the provision of interpreters in legal cases for non-Spanish speakers. The accord also sanctioned bilingual education in Spanish and indigenous languages. It is common for indigenous Guatemalans to learn or speak between two and five of the nation's other languages, and Spanish. The Civil War forced many Guatemalans to start lives outside of their country. The majority of

16250-472: The west of the peninsula; some sources said that they became established as federates of the Roman Empire in the old Northwestern Roman province of Gallaecia (roughly, present-day northern Portugal and Galicia ). But they were largely independent and raided neighboring provinces to expand their political control over ever-larger portions of the southwest after the Vandals and Alans left. They created

16380-794: The wider urban area. This is a significant percentage of the population (14 million). The estimated median age in Guatemala is 20 years old, 19.4 for males and 20.7 years for females. This is the lowest median age of any country in the Western Hemisphere and comparable to most of central Africa and Iraq. According to the 2018 Census, about 56.57% of the population identifies as non-indigenous. The majority, or 56.01% are Ladinos , those include Mestizos , people mixed European with Amerindian, another part but visible are Whites of European descent, specially Spanish, German and Italian , (in Colonia Era, direct descendants of Spanish were called as Criollo ). The Amerindian populations as of 2002 Census include

16510-418: The work. The grated cassava is then placed into a large cylindrical woven bag called a "ruguma". The "ruguma" is hung from a tree and weighted at the bottom with heavy rocks in order to squeeze out and remove the poisonous liquid and starch from the grated pulp. The counterweight is sometimes provided by piercing the bottom of the "ruguma" with a tree branch and having one or two women sit on the branch. Whatever

16640-478: Was also published during the Golden Age of the Spanish Empire. The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States ). The diverse regional and cultural populations mainly include

16770-540: Was introduced by the Spanish and was the official religion during the colonial era. However, the practice of Protestantism has increased markedly in recent decades, with nearly one third of Guatemalans identifying themselves as Protestants, chiefly Evangelicals and Pentecostals . Growth is particularly strong among the ethnic Mayan population, with National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala being an important denomination, maintaining 11 indigenous-language Presbyteries. Traditional Mayan religion persists through

16900-674: Was particularly affected by the expulsion, suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory. The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting, and among many others, accounts for two of the eight masterpieces of Islamic architecture from around the world: the Alhambra of Granada and the Cordoba Mosque ; the Palmeral of Elche is listed as a World Heritage Site due to its uniqueness. Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into

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