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43-508: Lev Shamba was reappointed as Administration Head on 10 May 2001 following the March 2001 local elections. On 16 June 2003, President Ardzinba assented to Shamba's request for dismissal and replaced him with First Deputy Minister for Education Beslan Dbar . On 29 March 2005, newly elected President Sergei Bagapsh replaced Beslan Dbar as the Head of Gudauta's Administration by Daur Vozba. During

86-636: A union republic within the USSR. From November 18, 1989, the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. The republic was renamed the Republic of Georgia on November 14, 1990, and subsequently became independent before the dissolution of the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991, whereupon each former SSR became a sovereign state. Geographically, the Georgian SSR was bordered by Turkey to

129-468: A brief, but successful, war with Georgia during a high point of tensions and the displacement of 30,000 Georgian civilians. In 2004, Bagapsh founded the United Abkhazia party in opposition to then-President Vladislav Ardzinba . The same year, Bagapsh ran for President against Raul Khajimba , Ardzinba's choice, and originally was forecast as losing to Khajimba. A political crisis followed, with

172-515: A conservative and generally ineffective Communist who coped poorly with the challenges of perestroika . Towards the end of the late 1980s, increasingly violent clashes occurred between the Communist authorities, the resurgent Georgian nationalist movement and nationalist movements in Georgia's minority-populated regions (notably South Ossetia ). On 9 April 1989, Soviet troops were used to break up

215-524: A height in May 1998, following attacks by Georgian insurgents on peacekeeping forces from the Commonwealth of Independent States . Subsequently, a military conflict erupted between CIS and Georgian insurgent forces. In the subsequent war, sometimes referred to as the "Six-Day War", Abkhazian forces eliminated the insurgents, and 30,000 Georgian civilians fled Abkhazia. From 2000 until 2004, Sergei Bagapsh

258-732: A month before being replaced by three new states: the Georgian Democratic Republic , the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic . The 1919 parliamentary elections saw the Social Democratic Party come to power in Georgia. It tried to establish a moderate left , multi-party system, but faced some internal and external problems. Georgia was dragged into wars against Armenia and remnants of

301-432: A new policy of forming a " Soviet people ". The "Soviet people" were said to be a "new historical, social, and international community of people having a common territory, economy, and socialist content; a culture that reflected the particularities of multiple nationalities; a federal state; and a common ultimate goal: the construction of communism." Russian was meant to become the common language of this community, considering

344-589: A peaceful demonstration at the government building in Tbilisi. Twenty Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded. The event radicalised Georgian politics, prompting many—even some Georgian communists—to conclude that independence was preferable to Soviet unity and would provide Georgia with a chance to fully integrate both South Ossetia and Abkhazia, whose peoples were still loyal to the Union. On October 28, 1990, democratic parliamentary elections were held. On November 14

387-470: A population of 36,775: The district's main settlements are: On 20 September 2013, Gudauta District signed a Friendship and Partnership Agreement with Kstovsky District . Sergei Bagapsh Sergei Uasyl-ipa Bagapsh (4 March 1949 – 29 May 2011) was an Abkhaz politician who served as the second President of Abkhazia from 12 February 2005 until his death on 29 May 2011. He previously served as Prime Minister of Abkhazia from 1997 to 1999. He

430-587: A proposal by Mayor Alias Labakhua to rename the Square of the Constitution of the USSR after Bagapsh. Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as Soviet Georgia , the Georgian SSR , or simply Georgia , was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation (by Russia) in 1921 to its independence in 1991 . Coterminous with

473-498: A reputation as a fighter of corruption and engineered the removal of Vasil Mzhavanadze , the corrupt First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party . Shevardnadze ascended to the post of First Secretary with the blessings of Moscow. He was an effective and able ruler of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving the official economy and dismissing hundreds of corrupt officials. In the 1970s Soviet authorities adopted

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516-469: A transitional period was declared until the restoration of Georgia's independence and in this regard, the republic changed its name to " Republic of Georgia ". Georgia (excluding Abkhazia) was one of the six republics along with Armenia , Moldova and the Baltic States who boycotted participation in the March 1991 union-wide preservation referendum . On 31 March 1991, a referendum was held on

559-526: Is alleged to have signed a decree on 11 August 2006, handing over two most valuable plots of coastal land to two individuals, which would have required authorisation by the Cabinet of Ministers. Following the May 2014 Revolution and the election of Raul Khajimba as President, on 23 September 2014 he replaced Malia as Administration Head with Ruslan Ladaria . At the time of the 2011 Census, Gudauta District had

602-604: The 2014 Winter Olympics , while Abkhazian political opponents accused him of selling off Abkhazian assets. Bagapsh first addressed the matter of his candidacy in the 12 December 2009 presidential election when, during a press conference in Moscow on 18 April 2009, he announced that he would probably make use of his constitutional right to run for a second term. Bagapsh was nominated on 27 October by United Abkhazia , with Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab of Aitaira as his vice presidential candidate. On 18 November, Bagapsh received

645-954: The Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR . During this period the province was led by Lavrentiy Beria , the first secretary of the Georgian Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia . In 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Lavrentiy Beria became head of the Georgian branch of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) and

688-697: The Axis powers never reached as far as Georgia. The country contributed almost 700,000 fighters (350,000 were killed) to the Red Army, and was a vital source of textiles and munitions. During this period Joseph Stalin , an ethnic Georgian, ordered the deportation of the Chechen , German , Ingush , Karachay , Karapapaks , Meskhetian Turks and Balkarian peoples from the Caucasus ; they were transported to Siberia and Central Asia for alleged collaboration with

731-584: The February 2011 assembly elections , Daur Vozba failed to be re-elected by a margin of 92 votes. Sergei Bagapsh appointed Valeri Malia as his successor on 23 February. On 17 February, during its first session, the new Gudauta District assembly elected Roman Bazba its chairman, with 22 out of 29 votes, and Fyodor Sakania its Deputy Chairman. On 1 November 2011, Abkhazia's Prosecutor General announced that he had initiated criminal proceedings against former Administration Head Daur Vozba, for abuse of power. Vozba

774-503: The Gulag . Party officials also suffered the purges. Many prominent Georgian Bolsheviks, such as Mikheil Kakhiani , Mamia Orakhelashvili , Sergo Ordzhonikidze , Budu Mdivani , Mikheil Okujava and Samson Mamulia were removed from office and killed. Reaching the Caucasus oilfields was one of the main objectives of Adolf Hitler 's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, but the armies of

817-509: The Nazis . He also abolished their respective autonomous republics. The Georgian SSR was briefly granted some of their territory until 1957. On March 9, 1956, about a hundred Georgian students were killed when they demonstrated against Nikita Khrushchev 's policy of de-Stalinization that was accompanied by an offhanded remark he made about Georgians at the end of his anti-Stalin speech . The decentralisation program introduced by Khrushchev in

860-597: The Ottoman Empire , while the rapid spread of ideas of revolutionary socialism in rural regions accounted for some Soviet-backed peasants' revolts in Racha , Samegrelo and Dusheti . In 1921, the crisis came to a head. The 11th Red Army invaded Georgia from the south and headed to Tbilisi . On 25 February, after a one-week offence by the Red Army, Tbilisi fell to the Bolsheviks. Georgian Bolsheviks took over

903-471: The Supreme Court of Abkhazia declaring Bagapsh the winner and protests against the election both by supporters of Bagapsh and Khajimba. The two eventually ran on a national unity ticket, with Bagapsh becoming President and Khajimba becoming Vice President in 2005. As President, Bagapsh lobbied for the international recognition of Abkhazia, eventually receiving recognition from Russia in 2008 following

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946-602: The additional support of the Communist Party of Abkhazia . In May 2011, cancerous growths were discovered on Bagapsh's lung. On 21 May, Bagapsh underwent surgery in a Moscow clinic. Though the growths were successfully removed, Bagapsh died on 29 May due to heart failure that resulted from what was described as "complications" from the surgery. After the surgery, doctors discovered he had cancer. Alexander Ankvab took over as acting president with an election scheduled to be held on 26 August. Abkhaz parliament speaker Nugzar Ashuba told Russian state television that, although

989-532: The agreement, Bagapsh ran for president and Khajimba ran for vice-president. Following Bagapsh's election, Russia placed an imports ban on Abkhazia, leading to several tangerines destined for Russian markets rotting at the border. The presidential election and subsequent political crisis was termed by some, including the BBC, as the "Tangerine Revolution", both as a reference to the Rose Revolution in Georgia

1032-557: The common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union. Georgian SSR was forced to cede Georgian-dominated Artvin Okrug to Turkey in exchange for Adjara , which was granted political autonomy within Georgian SSR under Soviet rule. In 1922 the Georgian SSR was incorporated into Soviet Union. From March 12, 1922, to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with

1075-491: The constitutional guarantee the same year. April 14 was established as a Day of the Georgian Language. In 1981, massive celebrations took place in honour of the republic's 60th anniversary, with a mass event taking place in front of General Secretary Brezhnev on Tbilisi's Constitution Square. Shevardnadze's appointment as Soviet Foreign Minister in 1985 brought his replacement in Georgia by Jumber Patiashvili ,

1118-619: The country and proclaimed the establishment of the Georgian SSR. Some small-scale battles between Bolshevik troops and Georgian Army also took place in Western Georgia. In March 1921 the government of the Georgian Democratic Republic was forced in exile . On March 2 of the following year the first constitution of Soviet Georgia was accepted. On 13 October 1921 the Treaty of Kars was signed, which established

1161-498: The death was completely unexpected, the situation remains calm. Russian president Dmitry Medvedev offered his condolences saying: "Bagapsh was a loyal supporter of friendship and alliance with Russia, and he tirelessly worked to deepen close bilateral ties between our countries." A state commission was installed to perpetuate the memory of Sergei Bagapsh. On 26 January 2012, the City Council of Sukhumi unanimously accepted

1204-533: The fall of communism , Bagapsh became a businessman and the representative of the Abkhazian government in Moscow . From 1995 until 1997, Bagapsh was First Deputy Prime Minister of Abkhazia. On 9 November 1995, Bagapsh was seriously wounded in an attack. Sergei Bagapsh was appointed to the office of Prime Minister of Abkhazia on 29 April 1997. Georgian-Abkhazian tensions during Bagapsh's term in office reached

1247-734: The head of a sovkhoz following which he became instructor with the Abkhazian regional committee of the Komsomol . In 1978, Bagapsh became responsible for information in the central committee of the Komsomol's Georgian branch and in 1980, first secretary of the Abkhazian Regional Committee. In 1982, Sergei Bagapsh became secretary general of the Communist Party in the Ochamchira District . After

1290-424: The mid-1950s was soon exploited by Georgian Communist Party officials to build their own regional power base. A thriving pseudo-capitalist shadow economy emerged alongside the official state-owned economy. While the official growth rate of the economy of the Georgia was among the lowest in the USSR, such indicators as savings level, rates of car and house ownership were the highest in the Union, making Georgia one of

1333-430: The most economically successful Soviet republics. Among all the union republics, Georgia had the highest number of residents with high or special secondary education. Although corruption was hardly unknown in the Soviet Union , it became so widespread and blatant in Georgia that it came to be an embarrassment to the authorities in Moscow. Eduard Shevardnadze , the country's interior minister between 1964 and 1972, gained

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1376-554: The present-day republic of Georgia , it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia, which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to the first occupation of annexation in the course of the 19th century. The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921 and subsequently incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922. Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , which existed as

1419-520: The restoration of Georgia's independence on the basis of the Independence Act of 26 May 1918. The majority of voters voted in favor of the act. Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991 under Zviad Gamsakhurdia as one of the republics to secede just four months before the failed coup against Gorbachev in August, which was supported by a declining number of hardliners. However, this

1462-553: The role that Russian was playing for the nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union. However, in 1978, Soviet authorities had to face the opposition of thousands of Georgians, who gathered in downtown Tbilisi to hold mass demonstration after Soviet officials accepted removal of the constitutional status of the Georgian language as Georgia's sole official state language. Bowing to pressure from mass street demonstrations on April 14, 1978, Moscow approved Shevardnadze's reinstatement of

1505-821: The south-west and the Black Sea to the west. Within the Soviet Union it bordered the Russian SFSR to the north, the Armenian SSR to the south and the Azerbaijan SSR to the south-east. On November 28, 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia , there was a Transcaucasian Commissariat established in Tiflis . On April 22 the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, though it only lasted for

1548-589: The successful capture of the Kodori Valley in the Russo-Georgian War by Russian and Abkhazian forces. Following the country's recognition by Russia, widespread investment by Russian businesses and pressure to privatise assets drew both support and criticism. Bagapsh successfully won a second term against Khajimba before dying of heart failure on 29 May 2011, due to complications from a surgery to remove cancerous growths on his lung. Sergei Bagapsh

1591-445: The two named him as their joint candidate for the coming October presidential elections, beating out other hopefuls, such as former foreign minister Sergey Shamba . In the elections, Bagapsh and his main opponent, Raul Khajimba , disputed the results. The Abkhaz Electoral Commission originally declared Khajimba to be the winner, with Bagapsh a distant second, but the Supreme Court later found that Bagapsh had actually won with 50.3% of

1634-401: The vote. The court then reversed its decision when Khajimba's supporters stormed the court building. At one point, Bagapsh and his supporters threatened to hold their own inauguration on 6 December 2004. However, in early December, Bagapsh and Khajimba reached an agreement to run together on a national unity ticket. New elections were held on 12 January 2005, with this ticket easily winning. Under

1677-631: The year prior and Abkhazia's tangerines. In August 2008, the Russo-Georgian War began following the 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis . Following the war, Abkhazia gained control over the Kodori Valley , as well as recognition by Russia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. Following Russia's recognition of Abkhaz independence, Russian businesses began to invest extensively within the country, particularly in real estate, infrastructure, and energy. Pressure began mounting on Bagapsh from Russian sources to hasten economic privatisation in preparation for

1720-632: Was born on 4 March 1949 at Sukhumi in the Georgian SSR . Throughout most of his life, he had lived in Abkhazia. In his youth, Bagapsh was a member of the Georgian basketball team . Bagapsh graduated from the Georgian State University of Subtropical Agriculture in Sukhumi. During his studies he worked first, in a wine cooperative and later as a security guard for the state bank. In 1972, he fulfilled his military service, worked as

1763-575: Was re-elected in the 2009 presidential election . Bagapsh's term as prime minister included the 1998 war with Georgia , while he oversaw both the recognition of Abkhazia by Russia and the Russo-Georgian War during his presidency. Born in 1949 in Sukhumi , Bagapsh became a businessman following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , as well as a representative of Abkhazian interests in Russia. Bagapsh became Prime Minister of Abkhazia in 1997, overseeing

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1806-429: Was the managing director of the Abkhazian state-owned power company Chernomorenergo . During the same period, he began to emerge as a likely opposition candidate in the lead-up to the 2004 presidential election . In early 2004, he became one of three leaders of the newly founded opposition party, United Abkhazia . On 20 July 2004, United Abkhazia joined forces with Amtsakhara , another important opposition party, and

1849-459: Was transferred to Moscow in 1938. The exact number of Georgians executed during the Great Purges is not estimated, but some scholars suggest it varies from 30,000 to 60,000. During the purges, many eminent Georgian intellectuals such as Mikheil Javakhishvili , Evgeni Mikeladze , Vakhtang Kotetishvili , Paolo Iashvili , Titsian Tabidze and Dimitri Shevardnadze were executed or sent to

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