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107-548: (Redirected from Guens ) Güns or Guens may refer to: Kőszeg , Hungary (German: Güns ) Kőszeg Mountains , Hungary (German: Günser Gebirge ) Gyöngyös (river) (German: Güns ), Austria and Hungary, tributary of the Rába People with the surname [ edit ] Akiva Güns (1761–1837), birth name of Akiva Eger, a Hungarian-Polish rabbi See also [ edit ] Guns (disambiguation) Gün ,

214-524: A yeshiva and began gathering many students, including those from his previous yeshiva in Lissa. As was customary at the time, the local Jewish community funded the rabbi's yeshiva and its students, in addition to his regular salary. The community board's protocol in Markisch-Friedland, detailing the new rabbi's salary terms, dated 8 Adar I 5551 (1791), has been preserved. In this agreement, under

321-447: A German-born rabbi for the same reason. According to this view, Rabbi Akiva Eger's appointment was a compromise. Delegates from the community board came to Rabbi Akiva Eger's home, but he hesitated and refused to immediately take on a responsible position in a large city like Posen. In his letter to the community board, he requested time to decide and promised to respond either positively or negatively before Passover . Meanwhile, news of

428-584: A child, he was recognized for his quick comprehension and phenomenal memory, and his parents directed him to study Talmud at a very young age. His name began to spread among scholars in the area when, at just six or seven years old, he solved a difficult Talmudic sugya that had stumped the greatest minds at the Breslau yeshiva for a long time without resolution. The question was sent to his father by his uncle, Rosh Yeshiva Binyamin Wolf Eger, who later became

535-750: A complete sealing off of the area under Soviet influence from the rest of the world, turning the Hungarian-Austrian border next to Burgenland into a deadly zone of minefields and barbed wire (on the Hungarian side of the border): part of the Iron Curtain . Even during the era of the Iron Curtain, local trains between the north and south of Burgenland operated as " corridor trains " ( Korridorzüge ) – they had their doors locked as they crossed through Hungarian territory. Between 1965 and 1971,

642-601: A language island since the 11th century. The other old Hungarian language island in Oberpullendorf /Felsőpulya has almost disappeared today. The Hungarians of Burgenland were " őrök ", i.e. guards of the western frontier, and their special dialect is similar to the Székelys in Transylvania. Their cultural centre is Oberwart/Felsőőr. Another distinct Hungarian group were the indentured agricultural workers living on

749-413: A letter from that time: My thoughts are confused, my heart is closed, and I lack the strength to settle into anything, and I am only pouring out my words in bitterness of heart... Therefore, my dear friends, if you find any fault in my letter, do not blame me, for a person is not held accountable for his grief. He attributed the stomach ailment he suffered from at this time, which stayed with him for

856-569: A meeting between Rabbi Akiva Eger and two other Torah giants of his generation: his son-in-law, the Chasam Sofer, and Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa, author of "Netivot HaMishpat." The legend, while elevating Rabbi Akiva Eger's status as a wonder worker, also shows the near-blind reverence people held for him: During this meeting, the two rabbis visited Rabbi Akiva Eger's home. Pleased with their visit, Rabbi Akiva Eger invited them to dine with him and assigned one of his yeshiva students to serve

963-670: A position he held for 23 years, until his death. Akiva Eger was born on 1 Cheshvan 5522 (October 29, 1761). in Eisenstadt . located in western Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (now in Burgenland , Austria), one of the " Seven Communities ." His brit milah is recorded in the circumcision register of the mohel Rabbi Binyamin Wolf Tevin, a leader of the Pressburg community, and it was performed on 9 Cheshvan, not on time. He

1070-466: A rabbi of well-known Torah stature, believing such a choice would honor the community. In the winter of 1814, an opportunity arose for the appointment following a coalition of relatively conservative factions within the community. In a meeting held at the home of Rabbi Yosef Landsberg, the head of the yeshiva in Posen, it was decided to appoint Rabbi Akiva Eger of Markisch-Friedland. One opinion suggests that

1177-546: A rabbinical position. In 1791, after the great fire in Lissa and the ensuing economic crisis, as well as the loss of his father-in-law's fortune, and following a trial period in the city of Ravicz, Rabbi Akiva Eger was appointed, through the intervention of his father-in-law and friends, to serve as the rabbi of Markisch-Friedland in West Prussia , a position he held for 24 years, beginning on 18 Adar I 5551. Immediately upon his arrival in Markisch-Friedland, he established

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1284-451: A specific Kronland , and when it was formed it did not have its own regional political and administrative institutions such as a Landtag (representative assembly) and Statthalter (imperial governor). On 18 July 1922, the first elections for the parliament of Burgenland took place. Various interim arrangements were required due to the changeover from Hungarian to Austrian jurisdiction. The parliament decided in 1925 on Eisenstadt as

1391-576: A surname Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Güns . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Güns&oldid=1255198514 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Short description

1498-417: A wife and mother to his children but also as his partner in all matters of service to God and Yirat Shamayim (Fear of Heaven), with whom he often consulted: Who among the creatures of flesh and blood knows her righteousness and fear of God better than I? – Many times, we engaged in debates about the fear of God until midnight. Shortly before his wife's passing, Rabbi Akiva Eger received an offer to assume

1605-993: Is 301,951. Burgenland's capital is Eisenstadt . The territory of present-day Burgenland was successively part of the Roman Empire , the Hun Empire , the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths , the Italian Kingdom of Odoacer , the Kingdom of the Lombards , the Avar Khaganate , the Frankish Empire , Dominion Aba belonging to the Aba (family) ; Aba – Koszegi, the Kingdom of Hungary , the Habsburg monarchy ,

1712-526: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Akiva G%C3%BCns Eger is considered one of the greatest Talmudic scholars of modern times and among the most prominent. His name has become synonymous with Talmudic genius in Jewish scholarly culture, and his Torah is studied in the Batei Midrash of contemporary yeshivas . His methods of study and

1819-721: Is known as Hradsko ; in Croatian as Gradišće ; in Hungarian as Őrvidék , Felsőőrvidék or Várvidék ; in Slovene as Gradiščanska . As the region was not a territorial entity before 1921, it never had an official name. Until the end of World War I the German-speaking western borderland of the Kingdom of Hungary was sometimes unofficially called Deutsch-Westungarn (German West Hungary). The historical region included

1926-422: Is not so. Therefore, my request from you is to give your attention to this and provide me with a fixed salary that would suffice minimally. If I had five Reichstaler per week as a fixed salary, I think it would cover my needs, albeit minimally. During the early period of his tenure in Markisch-Friedland, his fourth child, Sharl (Sarah), was born. She was married in her first match to Rabbi Avraham Moshe Kalischer,

2033-561: Is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria . It consists of two statutory cities and seven rural districts, with a total of 171 municipalities. It is 166 km (103 mi) long from north to south but much narrower from west to east (5 km (3.1 mi) wide at Sieggraben ). The region is part of the Centrope Project. The name of Burgenland was invented/coined in 1922, after its territories became part of Austria. The population of Burgenland as of 1 January 2024

2140-621: The Südostwall (South-east wall) with the help of mostly Jewish forced labor and collaborating inhabitants. Soviet troops crossed the Hungarian–Austrian border during the Vienna offensive and were only somewhat delayed by the unfinished fortifications. In the last days of the Nazi regime many executions and death marches of Jewish forced laborers took place. As of 1 October 1945 Burgenland

2247-522: The Austrian Empire , Austria-Hungary , and lastly Austria . Burgenland is the only Austrian province which has never been part of the Archduchy of Austria , Holy Roman Empire , German Confederation nor Austria-Hungary's Cisleithania . From the 4th century BC, the area was dominated by Celts and in the 1st century AD it became part of the Roman Empire . During Roman administration, it

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2354-646: The Austrian Independence Treaty of Vienna in 1955 by the Occupying Forces. The brutally crushed Hungarian Revolution on 23 October 1956 resulted in a wave of Hungarian refugees on the Hungarian-Austrian border, especially at the Andau Bridge ( Brücke von Andau ). They were received by the inhabitants of Burgenland with overwhelming hospitality. In 1957, the construction of the "anti-Fascist Protective Barrier" resulted in

2461-585: The Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004. All three countries became part of the Schengen zone in late 2007, and border controls ceased to exist in the region. In 2021, Burgenland grew by about 6,000 m . This was due to the change of flood protection measures along the river Lafnitz , which forms part of the border between Burgenland and Styria, in the late 1970s. As the course of

2568-498: The Greater Poland region, Wielkopolska). The last rabbi of Posen had died seven years earlier, in 1807, and the community had been without a spiritual leader. Disputes within the community leadership, mainly of a religious nature, had emerged, with liberal and Haskalah members wanting to appoint a more progressive rabbi. However, they faced opposition from the religious officials and others who did not want to forgo appointing

2675-477: The Neusiedler See (Hungarian: Fertő-tó ), a lake known for its reeds and shallowness, as well as its mild climate throughout the year. The Neusiedler See is Austria's largest lake. It is a tourist attraction, bringing ornithologists, sailors, and wind and kite surfers into the region north of the lake. Burgenland's provincial assembly ( Landtag ) has 36 seats. At the election held on 26 January 2020 ,

2782-743: The Ostrogoths , who came to Pannonia in AD 380. The Ostrogoths became allies of Rome and were allowed to settle in Pannonia, being tasked to defend the Roman borders . In the 5th century, the area was conquered by the Huns , but after their defeat, an independent Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Pannonia was formed. The territory of present-day Burgenland became part of the Italian Kingdom of Odoacer , but at

2889-606: The Slavic State of Samo , however it subsequently came back under Avar control. After the Avar defeat at the end of the 8th century, the area became part of the Frankish Empire . After the Battle of Lechfeld (or Augsburg ) in 955, new Germanic settlers came to the area. In 1043, Henry III and King Samuel Aba of Hungary signed a peace treaty. On 20 September 1058, Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to negotiate

2996-772: The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) won an absolute majority of 19 seats, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) won 11 seats, the Freedom Party (FPÖ) won 4 seats and the Green Party won 2 seats. The voting age for regional elections in Burgenland was reduced to 16 years in 2003. The province's Gross domestic product (GDP) was 9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.3% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

3103-594: The Uprising in West Hungary in 1921. Prónay occupied the whole area and created the state of Lajtabánság . With the help of Italian diplomatic mediation in the Venice Protocol , the crisis was resolved in the autumn of 1921, when Hungary committed to disarm the sharpshooters by 6 November 1921. This was in exchange for a plebiscite on the unification of certain territories, including Ödenburg ( Sopron ),

3210-408: The foreign ministers of Austria and Hungary, Alois Mock and Gyula Horn , cut the Iron Curtain in the village of Klingenbach in a symbolic act with far-reaching consequences. At the same time, the border crossing at Nickelsdorf (Austria) / Hegyeshalom (Hungary) was opened by the Hungarian border patrol and this enabled the escape of East Germans. Directly behind the wires special medic troops of

3317-558: The "Masoret HaShas" on the pages of Vilna Shas . In the summer of 1781, when he was about 20 years old, he married Glickl, the 18-year-old daughter (born 1763) of the wealthy Yitzchak (Itzik) Margolis of Lissa. The wedding took place in Lissa. According to their prior agreement, Rabbi Akiva Eger settled in Lissa. His father-in-law provided him with a large, well-furnished house, including a rich library, and also supported him financially so that he could devote himself to Torah study. During his time in Lissa, he befriended Rabbi Yehuda Neuburg,

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3424-482: The 1910 census 291,800 people lived on the territory of present-day Burgenland. Among them 217,072 were German-speaking (74%), 43,633 Croatian-speaking (15%) and 26,225 (9%) Hungarian-speaking. Roma people were counted according to their native language. In December 1918, the Republic of Heinzenland was declared by Austrian politician Hans Suchard with the goal of the territory being annexed by Austria. However, it

3531-651: The Austrian Red Cross awaited them and provided first assistance. Thousands of East Germans fled to the West in this way. Again, the inhabitants of Burgenland received them with great hospitality. Later, this was often referred to as the beginning of German reunification . After 1990 Burgenland regained its traditional role as a bridge between the western and eastern parts of Central Europe . In 2003 it joined an Interreg project Centrope . Cross-border links were further strengthened when Hungary , Slovakia and

3638-548: The Chasam Sofer, began even before they became family through marriage, as they exchanged letters on halachic and communal matters. The age gap between them was less than a year: Rabbi Akiva Eger was born in October 1761, while the Chasam Sofer was born in September 1762. A popular legend highlights the sensitivity of Rabbi Akiva Eger towards others’ feelings, portraying his character as compassionate. This story takes place during

3745-484: The Habsburgs of Austria, and in 1463 the northern part of it (with the town of Kőszeg ) became a mortgage-territory according to the peace treaty of Wiener Neustadt . In 1477 King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary had retaken the area, but in 1491 it was mortgaged again by King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary to Emperor Maximilian I . In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand II returned it to the Kingdom of Hungary (which itself

3852-518: The Kornik contract were more generous than those in Posen. Rabbi Akiva Eger ultimately declined Kornik's offer for unknown reasons and accepted Posen's offer in the spring, despite the ongoing internal dispute within Posen. In the summer of 1815 (5575), as preparations for new elections for the rabbinate in Jewish Posen were underway, negotiations took place among the conflicting factions within

3959-681: The Ottomans at the end of the 17th century, the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was enlarged to include much of the territory of the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary. In the 17th and 18th centuries the region of Western Hungary was dominated by the wealthy Catholic landowning families, for example the Esterházys and Batthyánys . In 1867, the Habsburg Empire was transformed into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. According to

4066-646: The border city of Sopron in Hungary (known as Ödenburg in German). The name Vierburgenland (Land of Four Castles) was created in 1919 by Odo Rötig, a Viennese resident of Sopron. It was derived from the four vármegye of the Kingdom of Hungary (in German Komitaten , 'counties') known in Hungarian as Pozsony , Moson , Sopron and Vas , or in German as Pressburg, Wieselburg, Ödenburg and Eisenburg. After

4173-460: The border. The area of Burgenland remained the western frontier of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the 16th century. The majority of the population was Germanic, except for the Hungarian border guards of the frontier March ( Gyepű ). Germanic immigration from neighbouring Austria was also continuous in the Middle Ages. In 1440 the territory of present-day Burgenland was controlled by

4280-442: The capital of Burgenland, and moved from the various provisional estates throughout the country to the newly built Landhaus in 1929. The first Austrian census in 1923 registered 285,600 people in Burgenland. The ethnic composition of the province had changed slightly: the percentage of German speakers increased compared to 1910 (227,869 people, 80%) while the percentage of Hungarian speakers rapidly declined (14,931 people, 5%). This

4387-589: The city's new rabbi, Rabbi Asher Lemmel from Glogau (Głogów) in Silesia , Prussia (today in Poland ). Over the years, after his uncle (his mother's brother) recognized his level of Torah knowledge, he persuaded his parents to send him for advanced studies at his yeshiva in Breslau. Due to his age, his parents preferred to keep him close to home, so he was briefly sent to the nearby Hungarian city of Mattersdorf, to

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4494-428: The common folk... Besides the fear of issuing halachic rulings, I always feel as if Gehinnom is open beneath me... It is also hard for me to depend on the community for sustenance for no reason, as some might give out of shame and not willingly... I prefer being a beadle in the synagogue or a night watchman, to earn my living from manual labor and study most of the day. This thought did not come to fruition. After

4601-486: The community of Kornik, a small community of about 1,000 Jews in a small town of approximately 3,000 residents, tried its luck and sent Rabbi Akiva Eger its own "rabbinic contract" on the 18th of Shevat 5575. It is possible that the Kornik community board assumed that Rabbi Akiva Eger had become tired of Markisch-Friedland's rabbinate but was not yet ready for a large rabbinate like Posen. The financial conditions offered in

4708-446: The community of Wilen. This caused discontent among the local community in Markisch-Friedland, which could have accepted the rabbi's move to a more prestigious position—a common career path for rabbis at that time—but not a move to an equivalent community. At the beginning of the month of Shevat 5575 (1815), several Jews of Markisch-Friedland approached Rabbi Akiva Eger on the matter, and he replied: I do not wish to leave here for

4815-1047: The community. Ultimately, in a meeting attended by all parties and mediated by Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa, who came as an agreed-upon arbitrator, even those who had initially opposed Rabbi Akiva Eger's appointment agreed to it. Thus, Rabbi Akiva Eger's appointment was delayed until the month of Elul 5575. In the rabbinic contract sent to Rabbi Akiva Eger in this month, it was written: ב"ה יום ה' ב' אלול בא יבא אדמ"ו הגאון מ"ו עקיבא איגר לפ"ק ע יר הקודש ק"ק פרידלאנד משם רועה אבן ישראל ק הלת קודש פוזנא תשית לראשו עטרת פזנאה עיר ואם בישראל י ושבת ק"ק פוזנן צהלי ורוני כי גדול בקרבך קדוש ישראל ב רוך אשר לא השבית גואל מישראל א יש אלקים קדוש ונורא מאוד תפארת ישראל ה"ה אדמ"ו הרב הגאון הגדול המפורסם מופת הדור החרוץ ושנון נזר הקודש פאר הזמן נ"י פ"ה ע"ה כ"ש תפארתו מ"ו עקיבא נרו יאיר, כאור הבהיר. Burgenland Burgenland ( German pronunciation: [ˈbʊʁɡn̩lant] ; Hungarian : Őrvidék ; Croatian : Gradišće ; Austro-Bavarian : Burgnland ; Slovene : Gradiščanska ; Slovak : Hradsko )

4922-619: The date of Burgenland's official unification with Austria for 28 August 1921. However, on that day sharpshooters with the support of Hungary prevented the establishment of Austrian police control and customs. Lieutenant Colonel Pál Prónay and his men, the Rongyos Gárda , defended western Hungary from occupation by Austrian officials and forces of the Austrian Gendarmerie . Prónay had help from Hungarians and Croatians who did not want to live under Austrian rule, leading to

5029-455: The death of Rabbi Meshulam Igra, the rabbinic seat of Pressburg became vacant, and Rabbi Akiva Eger was among the leading candidates proposed by the local community board, but ultimately, Rabbi Moshe Sofer (the "Chasam Sofer"), who later became Rabbi Akiva Eger's son-in-law, was appointed. In 1805 (5565), Rabbi Akiva Eger's fourth son was born and named after his uncle and mentor, Benjamin Wolf,

5136-414: The debate surrounding the appointment of Posen's rabbi was primarily fueled by the political-national tensions in the region. Posen, historically Polish, had been under Prussian control since 1795. Some believed this was temporary and preferred appointing a Polish-born rabbi who could interact effectively with the authorities, while others assumed Prussian rule would persist (as it did) and therefore preferred

5243-543: The designated capital of Burgenland, and eight surrounding villages. The vote took place from 14 to 16 December, and resulted in a clear (but doubted by Austria) vote of the people who inhabited the Sopron district to be part of Hungary. Consequently, the territory was incorporated into Austria, except for the Sopron district which was united with Hungary. In contrast to all the other present Austrian states, which had been part of Cisleithania , Burgenland did not constitute

5350-573: The devastating Ottoman war in 1532, when the Ottoman army destroyed some settlements in their ethnic territory. The emigration in great haste of the remaining Catholic population of western Slavonia into Burgenland was – as far as possible – organized by estate owners. The archives of the Sabor (the Croatian parliament) from this period contain numerous references to such resettlements. As reported in

5457-639: The disadvantaged. He served as a member of the Board of Directors in all charity organizations in the city and even founded specific charitable organizations for neglected areas until his arrival. At his initiative, the city established the "Holy Society for Wood Distribution," a charitable fund aimed at ensuring a steady supply of firewood to heat the homes of the poor during the harsh winter. On 12 Adar I 5556 (1796), two months after they walked their daughter to her wedding canopy , his first wife, Glickl, died. Rabbi Akiva Eger mourned her deeply, as he describes in

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5564-517: The district of Niederdonau (Lower Danube) while southern Burgenland joined Styria . The Jews of Burgenland were forced to emigrate in the immediate aftermath of the Anschluss . The policy of Germanization also affected other minorities, especially Burgenland Croats and Hungarians. Minority schools were closed and the use of their native language discouraged. In 1944, the Nazis began to build

5671-522: The election process was legitimate, the rest was a private matter of the Jewish community. However, to no avail; the authorities enforced new elections. Even as it became public knowledge that the important and leading community of Posen, the most significant in Western Poland annexed to Prussia (since 1793), had chosen Rabbi Akiva Eger as its rabbi, the delay in the appointment led Rabbi Akiva Eger to receive offers from smaller communities, such as

5778-421: The end of the 5th century the Ostrogothic king Theodoric conquered this kingdom and restored Ostrogothic administration in western Pannonia. In the 6th century, the territory was included in another Germanic state, the Kingdom of the Lombards . However, the Lombards subsequently left towards Italy and the area came under the control of the Avars . For a brief period in the 7th century, the area became part of

5885-414: The famous "Seven Communities" ( Siebengemeinden /Sheva kehillot) in Eisenstadt , Mattersburg , Kittsee , Frauenkirchen , Kobersdorf , Lackenbach and Deutschkreutz , where they formed a substantial part of the population: e.g. in Lackenbach, 62% of the population was Jewish as of 1869. After the war, Jews from Burgenland founded the Jerusalem haredi neighbourhood of Kiryat Mattersdorf , reminding of

5992-424: The first provincial Landtag in 1922. In Hungarian the German name is generally accepted but there are three modern alternatives used by minor groups. The Hungarian translation of the German name, "Várvidék", was invented by László Juhász , an expert of the region in the 1970s, and it is becoming increasingly popular especially in tourist publications. The other two names "Őrvidék" and "Felső-Őrvidék" are derived from

6099-427: The greatest halachic respondents of his generation. His responsa from this period are addressed to the rabbis of major communities in Italy , Germany , Moravia , Poland , and Russia . Even the local authorities entrusted him with decisions concerning Jewish life. In addition to issuing halachic rulings, studying, and spreading Torah, Rabbi Akiva Eger was involved in all public needs in his city, especially those of

6206-444: The holy congregation of Markisch-Friedland! I appeal to you and express my feelings to inform you that the salary granted to me, along with all income, does not even reach two-thirds of the necessary expenses, and I cannot sustain myself on this. Undoubtedly, your intention is not for me to live in hardship, nor for me to seek another path for sustenance. Do not think that I possess great wealth or have support from elsewhere , for it

6313-443: The huge estates north of Neusiedler See. They arrived mainly from the Rábaköz region. After the dissolution of the manors in the mid-20th century this group ceased to exist. In addition to Germans, Croats and Hungarians, Burgenland used to have substantial Roma and Jewish populations, but these were wiped out by the Nazi regime. Before their deportation during 1938, the traditionally very religious Burgenland Jews were concentrated in

6420-548: The influence of the National Revival in Croatia. Between 1918 and 1921 Croats opposed the planned annexation of West-Hungary to Austria, and in 1923 seven Croatian villages voted for a return to Hungary. The Croatian Cultural Association of Burgenland was established in 1934. In the Nazi era (1938–45) the Croatian language was officially prohibited, and the state pursued an aggressive policy of Germanization. The Austrian State Treaty of 1955 guaranteed minority rights for every native ethnic minority in Austria but Croats had to fight for

6527-430: The intervention of his friends and some of the dayanim (judges) of Lissa, Rabbi Akiva Eger remarried at the end of the year, in a second match, to his niece Breindel, the daughter of his brother-in-law, also a son-in-law of Itzik Margolis, Rabbi Yehoshua HaLevi Feibelman Segal, who served as a dayan in Lissa and later as the Av Beit Din in Satmar . Despite the age difference and Rabbi Akiva Eger's concerns about entrusting

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6634-434: The lady and mistress of the house. The Lord has shown His great kindness to me, granting me a second match beyond my merit. Even my children see her as a comfort after their mother; they revere and respect her as if she bore and raised them herself, without distinction. In 1801 (5561), their first son was born. Rabbi Akiva Eger named him Moshe after his father, who had died about a decade earlier. In 1802 (5562), after

6741-471: The letter to his close associate, Rabbi Daniel Proshtitz, who then wrote to Rabbi Akiva Eger, suggesting he match his daughter with the rabbi of Pressburg. At the same time, Rabbi Bonem Eger, Rabbi Akiva Eger's brother and the rabbi of Mattersdorf, reached out to Rabbi Sofer, his friend, and to his brother, Rabbi Akiva Eger, supporting the match idea. The wedding took place in early winter of 1813 in Eisenstadt. Rabbi Akiva Eger's friendship with his son-in-law,

6848-422: The local rabbi's yeshiva, where he strengthened his knowledge and confidence. At age 12 (5533, 1773), he traveled to Breslau and became the close student of his uncle, Rabbi Wolf Eger, who even designated him as his successor should he be absent. In this yeshiva, he met Rabbi Yeshaya Pick Berlin , who later became the rabbi of Breslau and was known for his glosses on the Babylonian Talmud printed as additions to

6955-436: The logic he applied remain relevant today, unlike other Aharonim who tended towards Pilpul . In addition to his significant influence on the study of the Talmud and the works of the Rishonim , Rabbi Akiva Eger had a decisive impact in the field of halakha . His glosses printed on the margins of the Shulchan Aruch , as well as his responsa in his Shut works, are foundational elements in the world of daily halachic ruling and

7062-500: The lowest point (which is also the lowest point of Austria ) at 114 metres (374 ft), is in the municipal area of Apetlon . Burgenland borders the Austrian states of Styria to the southwest and Lower Austria to the northwest. To the east it borders Hungary ( Vas County and Győr-Moson-Sopron County ). In the extreme north and south there are short borders with Slovakia ( Bratislava Region ) and Slovenia ( Mura Statistical Region ) respectively. Burgenland and Hungary share

7169-399: The meal. During the meal, the rabbi of Lissa shared a complex discussion involving several Talmudic topics. When he finished, Rabbi Akiva Eger asked his son-in-law for his opinion, and the Chasam Sofer expressed, at length, his view that the rabbi of Lissa's argument was untenable. Sensing that the rabbi of Lissa was displeased with the turn of events, Rabbi Akiva Eger, in his sensitivity, asked

7276-551: The minefields were cleared because people were often harmed by them, even on the Austrian side of the border. Despite Burgenland (especially the area around the Neusiedler See ) always producing excellent wine, some vintners in Burgenland added illegal substances to their wine in the mid-1980s. When this was revealed, Austria's wine exports dwindled dramatically. After recovering from the scandal, vintners in Austria, and not only in Burgenland, started focusing on quality and mostly stopped producing low-quality wine. On 27 July 1989,

7383-420: The name "Yaakov" is an anagram of "Akiva," and "Moshe" represents his father's name. Later, during his lifetime, the family adopted the mother's surname "Eger" as it was considered genealogically more prestigious. His father, Rabbi Moshe Ginz, was the son of Rabbi Shmuel Schlesinger and Sarah, the daughter of Rabbi Moshe Broda, and the granddaughter of Rabbi Avraham Broda, rabbi of Prague and Frankfurt . As

7490-568: The original name of Mattersburg, once a centre of a famous yeshiva. According to 2021 figures of Statistics Austria , Burgenland's population is mostly Christian (80.3%), with the highest proportion of Protestants in Austria (11.4%). 65.5% of the population are Roman Catholic , and further 3.4% are adherents of other Christian denominations (mostly Orthodox Christians ). Islam is practiced by 2.2%, while 0.7% profess another religion. 16.8% of Burgenland's inhabitants profess no affiliation with any religion or denomination. In Slovak , Burgendland

7597-411: The perceptions and attitudes of the population. This decision was put into law in 2021. Burgenland is the third-smallest of Austria's nine states at 3,962 km (1,530 sq mi). The province's highest point is exactly on the border with Hungary , on the Geschriebenstein , 884 metres (2,900 ft) above sea level. The highest point entirely within Burgenland is 879 metres above sea level;

7704-474: The proposed appointment spread in Posen, causing unrest among some Jews in the city who argued that the appointment of an "old-fashioned" rabbi like Rabbi Akiva Eger was unsuitable for a progressive community like Posen's. Twenty-two community members lodged a complaint with the local governor, Zbroni di Sposeti, arguing that Posen needed only a preacher who would focus on ethics and moral rectification. The community board tried to defend itself by claiming that since

7811-429: The rabbi of Zülz and Leipnik (Lipnik). The solution proposed by the young Eger earned him the reputation of a child prodigy and sparked curiosity. Many sought to meet him and witness his abilities firsthand. At the age of seven, his father sent him to Mattersdorf to study under the local rabbi, Rabbi Natan Nata Frankfurter. When he turned 12, he returned to Eisenstadt, where he primarily studied with his father and

7918-471: The rabbi of Leipnik. Benjamin Wolf Eger (the second) was a learned Torah scholar and resided in Berlin. In 1806 (5566), his daughter Hadassah was born; she later married Rabbi Meir Aryeh Leib HaKohen Rosens of Brody , and after her death (before 1837), he married her younger sister, Beila. In 1807 (5567), his son Feibelman was born but died the following year. Another daughter born to him in Markisch-Friedland

8025-589: The rabbi of Ravicz ( Rawitsch ), son-in-law of Rabbi Meir Posner, author of the "Beit Meir," who later corresponded with Eger. Rabbi David Tevel ben Natan Neta of Lissa also included him in his rabbinical court during his stay in the city. In Lissa, Rabbi Akiva Eger and Glickl had their first three children: While still in Lissa, Rabbi Akiva Eger established a yeshiva in the house provided by his father-in-law, and students began gathering around him, some of whom later became rabbis themselves and maintained correspondence with their teacher. This arrangement continued until

8132-589: The rabbi of Schneidermuhl, the son of Rabbi Yehuda Leib Kalischer of Lissa, author of the "Yad HaChazakah." His daughter Tzipora, born in Markisch-Friedland, died in her youth. During the Markisch-Friedland period, Rabbi Akiva Eger established his first students. His innovations on the Talmud and his annotations on the Mishnah and Shulchan Aruch were mostly written there. Rabbi Akiva Eger began responding to halachic queries from across Europe and became known as one of

8239-575: The rabbi's livelihood. Rabbi Akiva Eger had already given his consent in principle. However, his friends, the rabbis of the cities Lissa, Berlin, and Rawitsch, prevented him from taking the position, and the appointment did not materialize. In the summer of 1811 (5571), Rabbi Akiva Eger's mother died in Eisenstadt. Later that year, a daughter was born to him, named Gitel after his mother. She later married Rabbi Shmuel Kornfeld. A year later (1812), his young son-in-law, Rabbi Avraham Moshe Kalischer, who

8346-561: The rabbi's residence, notary fees for certifying marriages and inheritance agreements. The agreement also specified the occasions on which the rabbi was entitled to be called to the Torah and to read the Haftarah . Additionally, it stipulated that the rabbi would serve as the Sandak (godfather) at the first brit milah (circumcision) conducted each month in the community. The initial salary

8453-481: The rabbinic position in Leipnik after the previous rabbi, Benjamin Wolf Eger, Rabbi Akiva Eger's uncle and mentor, died, leaving the position vacant. The offer remained open until after his second marriage, but ultimately, it did not materialize. Following his wife's death, Rabbi Akiva Eger contemplated resigning from his rabbinical post: To find rest, to remove the burden of the rabbinate, and to live as one of

8560-545: The realm of Dayanut . At the beginning of his career, he avoided taking on a rabbinical position involving halachic rulings but did not refrain from serving as a rosh yeshiva . Later, he served for 24 years as the rabbi of the town of Markisch-Friedland . His main public activity began when, after the efforts of his famous son-in-law, the Chatam Sofer , he was elected as the rabbi of the Polish district city of Posen ,

8667-456: The rest of his life, to the grief he felt during this period. To his friends who sought to console him and quickly proposed a new match immediately after the mourning period ended, he responded with a bitter letter revealing the depth of their love: Do you consider me to be of such cruel and harsh heart that I would rush to find a match during my mourning? Can I forget the love of my youth, my perfect dove whom God granted to His servant...? She

8774-436: The river changed somewhat along with the change of the flood protection measures, some areas belonging to Styria ended up to the east of the river and some areas belonging to Burgenland ended up to the west of the river. In 2010, it was decided by legislators together with the local councils that the areas to the west of the river would be part of Styria and the areas to the east of the river would be part of Burgenland, reflecting

8881-468: The sake of money or honor, for I lack neither. But troubles are beginning here, and unfortunately, I am distressed by this, and I am fifty-three years old... and here they do not raise children for Torah... and there is no difference between a small community and a large one. And if, God forbid, it is false honor that I seek? As the delays continued in Posen and the knowledge that Rabbi Akiva Eger had grown tired of his long tenure in Markisch-Friedland spread,

8988-458: The spring of 1538 by the Ban of Croatia , Petar Keglević , who himself owned large estates in western Slavonia, that the country's population at the Ottoman border was preparing to emigrate. Their resettlement by estate owners was finished only in 1584. They have preserved their strong Catholic faith and their language until today, and in the 19th century their national identity grew stronger because of

9095-427: The student serving as a waiter for his opinion on the dispute between the two rabbis. To everyone's surprise, the student declared that the rabbi of Lissa was correct, outlining the points of disagreement, refuting the Chasam Sofer's position, and proving the truth of the Lissa rabbi's argument. According to the legend, the Chasam Sofer later remarked that the student's arguments were beyond his Torah knowledge and that it

9202-428: The title, "We have all agreed to accept the rabbi among us, to guide the people of Israel in the way they should go, and we have resolved that his meal will always come from this..." his monthly salary is detailed in the local currency ( Reichstaler ), including special pay for his sermons on Shabbat Shuva and Shabbat HaGadol , Kimcha D'Pischa (Passover flour), Four Cups, Etrog and Lulav , free accommodation in

9309-465: The town of Pozsony/Pressburg ( Bratislava ) was assigned to Czechoslovakia , the number vier was to be changed to drei (=three), but after it became clear that none of the Burgen would be part of the Burgenland, the number was dropped completely but the name Burgenland was kept because it was deemed to be appropriate for a region with so many old frontier castles. The "Burgenland" name was adopted by

9416-569: The upbringing of his children to his young niece, he preferred this match as it brought comfort to his grieving father-in-law. To his brother-in-law, his new father-in-law, he wrote immediately after the wedding about how his children from his previous marriage saw her as their mother in every way and praised her performance: To my dear father-in-law... Regarding your daughter... may his pure heart be calm and trust, and may he not worry. For her great fear of God and wisdom have enabled her to do all things properly. Despite her young age, she is, thank God,

9523-460: The use of their language in schools and offices even in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2000 51 new bilingual village name signs were erected in Burgenland (47 Croatian and 4 Hungarian). The Burgenland Croatian language is a 16th-century dialect which is different from standard Croatian. In minority schools and media the local dialect is used, and it has had a written form since the 17th century (the Gospel

9630-417: The winter of 1789–1790 (5550). In the middle of Shevat 5550, Rabbi Akiva Eger's father died, and he mourned deeply. That summer a fire broke out, destroying most of the Jewish homes in Lissa, including the properties of his father-in-law Itzik Margolis, who was left destitute with his extended family. The yeshiva students dispersed, and Rabbi Akiva Eger was forced to move to the nearby city of Ravicz, where he

9737-696: The youth. He started reconsidering the idea of stepping down from the rabbinate altogether and became more open to rabbinic offers from other communities where his Torah abilities could be more effectively utilized. In the following years, negotiations took place with several cities regarding his tenure. In the month of Adar 5574 (1814), Rabbi Akiva Eger was offered the rabbinic position of the large city of Posen , then under Prussian control (in German: Posen; in Polish: Poznań; now in Poland, capital of

9844-423: Was Rodish, wife of Rabbi Wolf Schiff of Wolnstein (d. 1849). In the summer of 1810 (5570), Rabbi Akiva Eger was offered to leave Markisch-Friedland for the rabbinic position of his hometown, Eisenstadt. A rabbinic contract was sent to him, where the community leaders, aware of the salary issues in the poor community Rabbi Akiva Eger was serving, offered generous terms, including appointing two individuals to oversee

9951-479: Was a Habsburg possession in this time). In the 16th century, the medieval Kingdom of Hungary lost its independence and its northwestern part that was not conquered by the Ottoman Empire was included in the Habsburg Empire. This Habsburg possession was known as Royal Hungary and it included territory of present-day Burgenland and western Hungary. Royal Hungary still had counties. What is today Burgenland

10058-496: Was appointed as a dayan (rabbinical judge). His economic situation in Ravicz worsened daily, and the small Jewish community could not afford the salaries for its religious leaders. Initially, Rabbi Akiva Eger was reluctant to accept a rabbinical position, preferring to be a rosh yeshiva and teach students, relying on a living stipend provided by local Jewish benefactors. However, financial difficulties eventually forced him to take on

10165-583: Was due mainly to the emigration of the Hungarian civil servants and intellectuals after the territory was ceded to Austria. In 1923, emigration to the United States of America , which started in the late 19th century, reached its climax; in some places up to a quarter of the population went overseas. After the Nazi German Anschluss of Austria, the administrative unit of Burgenland was dissolved. Northern and central Burgenland joined

10272-560: Was first translated to this dialect in 1711). Today the language is endangered by assimilation, according to the UNESCO's Red Book of Endangered Languages . The Croats of Burgenland belong to the same group as their relatives on the other side of the modern-day border with Hungary. Hungarians live in the villages of Oberwart /Felsőőr, Unterwart /Alsóőr and Siget in der Wart /Őrisziget. The three villages together are called Upper Őrség (Hun: Felső-Őrség , German: Wart ), and they have formed

10379-765: Was in those times the Moson, Sopron and Vas counties of Hungary. In the 16th and 17th centuries German Protestant refugees arrived in Western Royal Hungary to shelter from the religious wars of the Holy Roman Empire , particularly from the suppression of the Reformation in Austrian territories, then ruled by the staunchly Roman Catholic Habsburgs. After the Habsburg military victory against

10486-471: Was modest, and Rabbi Akiva Eger, who saw that it was insufficient to support his family, suspected that the community leaders assumed he had savings from the dowry he received from his wealthy father-in-law. However, as he did not have such funds, he approached the community board to request a raise, emphasizing that he only wished to receive the minimum necessary for his subsistence: To the esteemed leaders, noblemen, officers, chiefs, and community leaders of

10593-455: Was my support in minimizing the Torah of the Lord within me... She watched over me to ensure my weak and fragile body was taken care of, and she shielded me from financial worries so as not to hinder me from serving God, as I now realize, unfortunately, in my many sins... My pain is as vast as the sea, my wound is severe, and darkness has fallen upon my world. Rabbi Akiva Eger saw her not only as

10700-414: Was not chosen for the position, and the community of Trešt decided to appoint Rabbi Elazar Löw, author of "Shemen Rokeach." In 1812, Jews of Prussia received formal emancipation . The process of secularization that followed the " Age of Enlightenment " was felt more strongly in smaller towns, and the 51-year-old Rabbi Akiva Eger began to question his influence over the local Jewish community, particularly

10807-420: Was part of the province of Pannonia , and later part of the provinces of Pannonia Superior (in the 2nd century) and Pannonia Prima (in the 3rd century). During the late Roman Empire, Pannonia Prima province was part of larger administrative units, such are Diocese of Pannonia , Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and Praetorian prefecture of Italy . The first Germanic people to settle in this region were

10914-528: Was reestablished with Soviet support and given to the Soviet forces in exchange for Styria , which was in turn occupied by the United Kingdom . Under Soviet occupation, people in Burgenland had to endure a period of serious mistreatment and an extremely slow economic progress, the latter induced by the presence of Soviet troops which discouraged investment. The Soviet occupation ended with the signing of

11021-493: Was taken over within two days by Hungary. From March to August 1919, Burgenland was part of the Hungarian Soviet Republic . The area had also been discussed as the site of a Czech Corridor to Yugoslavia. The decision on "German West Hungary" ( Deutsch-Westungarn ) was fixed in the treaties of Saint Germain and Trianon . Despite diplomatic efforts by Hungary , the victorious parties of World War I set

11128-625: Was the eldest son of Rabbi Moshe Ginz and Gittel Eger. His mother, Gittel, whom her brother described as "righteous and learned like a man", was the daughter of Rabbi Akiva Eger of Halberstadt , author of the book "Mishnat DeRabbi Akiva," rabbi of Zülz and Pressburg, considered one of the great rabbis of German Jewry and of the Holy Roman Empire . Rabbi Eger of Halberstadt at age 39, and his daughter Gittel chose to name her eldest son after him, Akiva. Rabbi Akiva Eger always signed his letters: "Akiva Ginz of AS" (Eisenstadt), like his father, but on official documents, he signed "Yaakov Moshe Eger," where

11235-443: Was then the rabbi of Schneidermuhl, died, leaving Rabbi Akiva Eger's daughter, Sherel, aged 22, with their two daughters: Glickl (who died in childhood) and Radish (wife of Rabbi Yosef Gins). Rabbi Akiva Eger urgently wrote about her in a letter to Rabbi Moshe Sofer, the rabbi of Pressburg, asking if he knew of a suitable widower in his community for his daughter. Rabbi Sofer, who had recently been widowed from his first wife, forwarded

11342-474: Was unlikely he could have followed the discussion while serving the meal. However: When my father-in-law commands someone to speak, even a stone from the wall would cry out. Immediately after his wedding, the Chasam Sofer began searching for a rabbinic position for his father-in-law in a major city befitting his stature and standing in the Jewish community. One proposal was for the rabbinate of Trešt (Třešť), Moravia . For an unknown reason, Rabbi Akiva Eger

11449-603: Was €27,300 or 90% of the EU27 average in the same year. Burgenland is the province with the lowest GDP per capita in Austria. Burgenland consists of nine districts , two statutory cities and seven rural districts. From north to south: These combine the attributes of district and city. The historical population is given in the following chart: Burgenland has notable Croatian (130,000) and Hungarian (5,000–15,000) populations. Croats number 30,000. The Croats arrived after

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