Dual naming is the adoption of an official place name that combines two earlier names, or uses both names, often to resolve a disagreement over which of the two individual names is more appropriate. In some cases, the reasons are political. Sometimes the two individual names are from different languages; in some cases this is because the country has more than one official language, and in others, one language has displaced another.
27-501: Gulaga , dual-named as Mount Dromedary and also referred to as Mount Gulaga , is a mountain located in the south coast region of New South Wales , Australia. It rises above the village of Central Tilba and is within the Gulaga National Park . At its highest point, it measures 806 metres (2,644 ft) above sea level . Najanuka / Little Dromedary Mountain , also dual-named, lies 6.37 km (3.96 mi) to
54-400: A colonial settler community had displaced the indigenous peoples and started using names in the settler language centuries ago, and more recent efforts have been made to use names in the indigenous language alongside the colonial names, as an act of reconciliation. In Afghanistan, the name 'Dari' replaced Persian (Farsi) after the 1964 constitution which was the only official language until
81-512: A dome shape. Domes typically solidify to form the rich in silica extrusive rock obsidian and sometimes dacite domes form the extrusive rock dacite, like in the case of Mount St. Helens . Calderas are volcanic depressions formed after an erupted volcano collapses. Resurgent calderas can refill with an eruption of rhyolitic magma to form the extrusive rock rhyolite like the Yellowstone Caldera . Submarine volcanoes erupt on
108-407: A few places along the way, it is a fairly leisurely hike, requiring no special hiking equipment. Access to the park is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Bermagui . The lakes can be accessed by boat, which can be rented from Regatta Point or Beauty Point. Dual-named In several countries, dual naming has begun to be applied only recently. This has come about in places where
135-430: A residual portion of the matrix fails to crystallize at all, instead becoming a natural glass like obsidian . If the magma contains abundant volatile components which are released as free gas, then it may cool with large or small vesicles (bubble-shaped cavities) such as in pumice , scoria , or vesicular basalt . Other examples of extrusive rocks are rhyolite and andesite . The texture of extrusive rocks
162-400: Is an outer layer of monzonite around the banatite core main core of Gulaga, probably emplaced by the vertical movement of magma which created intrusion into the surrounding Ordovician sediments. There are dykes within the complex, mainly composed of dolerite or quartz feldspar . At its highest point, Gulaga measures 806 metres (2,644 ft) above sea level . Gulaga is located within
189-409: Is characterized by fine-grained crystals indistinguishable to the human eye, described as aphantic . Crystals in aphantic rocks are small in size due to their rapid formation during eruption. Any larger crystals visible to the human eye, called phenocrysts , form earlier while slowly cooling in the magma reservoir. When igneous rocks contain two distinct grain sizes, the texture is porphyritic , and
216-589: Is now officially named Uluru / Ayers Rock . In the city of Adelaide , the Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the parklands which surround the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide , and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people (the "Adelaide tribe") in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in
243-462: Is thus an igneous rock complex, known as Mount Dromedary Igneous Complex. It comprises a group of igneous and extrusive rocks of the Shoshonite association. There are also Ordovician sediments to the east and west of the villages of Central Tilba and Tilba Tilba. The mountain is composed of banatite ("a rock of intermediate composition between quartz diorite and quartz monzonite ". There
270-471: The Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff . In contrast, intrusive rock refers to rocks formed by magma which cools below the surface. The main effect of extrusion is that the magma can cool much more quickly in the open air or under seawater , and there is little time for the growth of crystals . Sometimes,
297-562: The Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands had their official dual name attested from 1916; it was made official with the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 . In Finland, many towns have two names, one in Finnish and one in Swedish (the two official languages of
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#1732800970570324-595: The Yuin people , in a historic agreement signed by the NSW Environment Minister and the Yuin people. The agreement also included Biamanga National Park , which incorporates Mumbulla Mountain, the "men's mountain". After a period of community consultation from mid-2021, The mountain was officially assigned the dual names of Gulaga and Mount Dromedary on 30 November 2021. Signage would place Gulaga first and
351-572: The 1920s, but dual names have become much more common in the 1990s and 2000s, in part due to Treaty of Waitangi settlements . "Derry/Londonderry" has been used unofficially to circumvent the Derry/Londonderry name dispute , in which Irish nationalists used "Derry" and Ulster unionists use "Londonderry" for the city and county in Northern Ireland . The "Derry stroke Londonderry" spoken form of this has in turn engendered
378-467: The 4,673-hectare (11,550-acre) Gulaga National Park and the area serves as a site for public activity as well as a place of significance for the Aboriginal peoples. The national park provides walkways along the mining roads, which provide views of the coastal lakes. The hike from Tilba to the summit is approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi); taking about a half a day to complete. Though it is steep in
405-567: The European name underneath it, reflecting the importance of the Dhurga language , history and traditions. At the same time, Little Dromedary Mountain was dual-named Najanuka / Little Dromedary Mountain, and the island Barunguba / Montague Island . When Gulaga / Mount Dromedary was once an active volcano , part of a complex covering about 40 km (15 sq mi), with the first of several eruptions occurring about 94 million years ago during
432-561: The Mid Cretaceous. Its eruptions formed both Najanuka / Little Dromedary to the east and Baranguba/ Montague Island. Back then it would have been nearly 2,000 m (6,600 ft) higher than its current 797 m (2,615 ft) above sea level, with foothills stretching to Tuross Head . What remains today is the inner core of the original volcano. It has been dormant since end of the Cretaceous (65 million years ago). Gulaga
459-488: The approval of the constitution in that year. In addition government also added Pushtu as a fellow official language in the country. In Australia, a dual naming policy is often now used officially to name landmarks that are of significance to local Indigenous Australians , but for which the most common name is European. For example, the landmark with the Pitjantjatjara name Uluru and English name Ayers Rock
486-533: The city's Spanish name of Vitoria and Basque name of Gasteiz. The Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute is an example of a dual naming issue in the United States. A special problem occurs when the landmark lies on the border between two or more countries. For example, Mount Everest has several different names used locally. Extrusive rock Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside
513-490: The city's nickname "Stroke City". In Romania , the cities of Turnu Severin and Cluj were renamed Drobeta-Turnu Severin in 1972 and Cluj-Napoca in 1974, respectively, for political reasons, as the communist government wanted to emphasize the cities' Roman origins. Another example of the phenomenon can be seen in the name of the capital of the Spanish Basque Country , Vitoria-Gasteiz . This combines
540-644: The country). The two names are considered equally correct but are not used as a formal duality of names. The official names of bilingual areas of Alsace , France , and Switzerland also apply. For instance, the German and French Swiss town of Biel/Bienne is the combination of its German name (Biel) and its French name (Bienne). Similarly, some places in New Zealand have dual Māori and English names, such as Aoraki / Mount Cook . The practice of officially giving certain New Zealand places dual names began in
567-568: The crest of Gulaga, reefs were discovered in 1877 that allowed for gold mineralisation. These pyrite -rich veins, ranging in size from 15 to 45 centimetres (5.9 to 17.7 in), were mined by the Mount Dromedary Gold Mining Company mainly between 1878 and 1910. In May 2006 the Gulaga National Park, incorporating the former Wallaga Lake National Park , was handed back to its traditional owners ,
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#1732800970570594-440: The extrusive rock basalt. Composite or stratovolcanoes often have andesitic magma and typically form the extrusive rock andesite. Andesitic magma is composed of many gases and melted mantle rocks. Cinder or scoria cones violently expel lava with high gas content, and due to the vapor bubbles in this mafic lava, the extrusive basalt scoria is formed. Lava domes are formed by high viscosity lava that piles up, forming
621-520: The finer crystals are called the groundmass . The extrusive rocks scoria and pumice have a vesicular, bubble-like, texture due to the presence of vapor bubbles trapped in the magma. Shield volcanoes are large, slow forming volcanoes that erupt fluid basaltic magma that cools to form the extrusive rock basalt . Basalt is composed of minerals readily available in the planet's crust, including feldspars and pyroxenes . Fissure volcanoes pour out low viscosity basaltic magma from fissure vents to form
648-469: The mid-1800s Mount Dromedary, became a prominent site of gold mining . Rev. W.B. Clarke first found traces of alluvium gold in Dignams Creek in 1852. Gold mining then became a common activity in the area. A significant amount of gold was found in deposits along streams coming from Gulaga's slopes. Between 1878 and 1920 approximately 603 kilograms (1,329 lb) of gold was found in its slopes. Near
675-433: The mountain as well as the surrounding area holds particular significance for Aboriginal women. For the Yuin people it is seen as a place of cultural origin. The mountain is regarded as a symbolic mother-figure providing the basis for the people's spiritual identity. Gulaga, the mother, has two sons: Barunguba , also known as Montague Island, and Najanuka, named Little Dromedary by Europeans. The story tells that her second son
702-488: The south-east, and both mountains are of great significance to the local Aboriginal people, the Dhurga -speaking Yuin people . The area features the southernmost subtropical rainforest in New South Wales. Gulaga is the place of ancestral origin within the mythology of the Yuin people , the Aboriginal people of the area. Gulaga itself symbolises the mother and provides a basis for Aboriginal spiritual identity;
729-461: Was not allow to go far from home, as his elder brother did, and that Gulaga can see both of her sons in the distance. The first Europeans to sight the mountain were the crew of Captain Cook's ship, HMS Endeavour on 21 April 1770. Endeavour passed the mountain at a distance of 24 km (15 mi) offshore. Cook named it "Mount Dromedary", as its figure reminded him of the hump of a camel. In
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