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54-636: The municipality of Gulen sits to the south of the Sognefjorden and it surrounds the Gulafjorden , which is considered to be the place where Norway 's west-coastal Vikings met for the Gulating , a governing body. The area along the Gulafjorden called Flolid (just east of the village of Eivindvik) is now a national historic place, where an open-air theater and annual summer play commemorates

108-455: A chalice or candelabrum . In German it is called Tatzenkreuz from Tatze , foot, paw. Planché provides a dubious suggestion that the term comes from the Latin verb pateo , to lie open, be spread. He states it to be discernible on the standard of King Stephen (1135–1154). Several variants exist as follows: Many crowns worn by monarchs have jewelled crosses pattées mounted atop

162-455: A cross formée . The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The crosses represent the two stone crosses found near the village of Eivindvik that are believed to be about 1000 years old, erected there in 1023 after the Vikings who met at the Gulating gathering embraced Christianity . These are some of

216-459: A "red St George's cross with triangular arms". In Ukraine , the " cossack cross " was used historically in banners by cossacks , installed on their graves, and nowadays part of emblems of a number of Ukrainian state bodies connected with security, including the Armed Forces of Ukraine . The cross pattée is also placed before the name of the bishop who issues a Catholic imprimatur , and

270-829: A cross pattée on the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . The British Imperial State Crown has a base of four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis . A cross pattée on the Imperial State Crown holds the Black Prince's Ruby . The cross pattée also features in many of the other British Crowns including the St Edward's Crown , used for coronations, and the Imperial Crown of India created for George V as Emperor of India to wear at

324-479: A distance of only 20 kilometres (12 mi)— one of the steepest unassisted railway climb in the world. Around the inner end of the fjord, three of Norway's famous stave churches have survived: Kaupanger and Urnes (along the shoreline) and Borgund (30 km or 20 mi into the Lærdal valley). The Sognefjord Span (power lines) crosses the fjord with a span of 4,597 metres (15,082 ft). This

378-511: A northwestern gneiss area with a south-west to north-east structure, and penetrates the Caledonian fold through in the inner part. There is no clear relation between the east–west direction of the main fjord and the fold patterns of the bedrock, while some of tributary fjords in the parts corresponds to fold pattern. The volume of the whole Sognefjorden including its various branches is about 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi), while

432-714: Is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal . The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Gulen is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Nynorsk : ordførar ) of Gulen: Gulen has an area of about 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi) including about 1500 small islands, islets, and skerries . The largest of

486-555: Is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre, and often flared in a curve or straight line shape, to be broader at the perimeter. The form appears very early in medieval art, for example in a metalwork treasure binding given to Monza Cathedral by Lombard queen Theodelinda (died 628), and the 8th-century lower cover of the Lindau Gospels in the Morgan Library . An early English example from

540-759: Is adopted by Russian Border Service, it is also found on coats of arms of some Russian regions. The cross alisée version of the cross pattée, with rounded edges, has been used in Russia since the 19th century. This cross shape was used in the badges of the Narodnoe Opolcheniye , during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Crimean War as well as the Aleksandrovskoe Military School  [ ru ] . Although it

594-540: Is autumn and winter, and December the wettest month. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 19 April and average date for first freeze in autumn is 31 October giving a frost-free season of 194 days (1981-2010 average). The Takle weather station started recording in June 1950. Historically, Gulen's economy has been centered around farming and fishing. More recently, Gulen has become important because of its close proximity to

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648-510: Is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications, with no border of any kind at the ends of each arm (as was the case with the Balkenkreuz used on German aircraft in 1918-1945). The cross pattée is adopted in several municipal coats of arms of Belarus . The cross pattée, a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into official national symbols , provincial symbols and

702-464: Is more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) deep for about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of its length, from Rutledal to Hermansverk . Near its mouth, the bottom rises abruptly to a sill about 100 metres (330 ft) below sea level. The seabed in Sognefjord is covered by some 200-metre-thick (660 ft) sediments such that the bedrock is some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) below sea level. The fjord

756-726: Is occasionally found as a map symbol indicating the location of a Christian site. It appears in the insignia of: Firefighters , especially in the United States, commonly use a version with triangular arms for patches and medals, though the cross pattée and the cross of St. Florian are both commonly mistaken for the Maltese cross . The cross pattée is used on the Marksmanship Badge in the United States Army , and United States Marine Corps . In Unicode ,

810-696: Is situated by the Nærøyfjord , a branch of the Sognefjord particularly noted for its unspoiled nature and dramatic scenery, and only 300 metres (1,000 ft) across at its narrowest point. Together with the Geirangerfjord in Møre og Romsdal , the Nærøyfjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . From the village of Flåm, the Flåm Railway climbs 864 metres (2,835 ft) up to Myrdal Station in

864-399: Is the second largest span of power lines in the world. The fjord has become a tourist attraction with summer tourists being an important part of the local economy. There is a plan to build a road across the Sognefjord, crossing through a submerged tube in mid-water anchored to floats. This will avoid storms on the surface, and will not have to go over a kilometer deep to get below the bed of

918-447: Is up to six kilometres ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi) wide. The average width of the main branch of the Sognefjord is less than five kilometres (3 mi). The depth increases gradually from Årdal to a central basin reaching more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in depth located between Leikanger and Brekke . From Brekke the floor rises rapidly to Losna island, then drops gradually with a threshold at about 150 metres (500 ft) in

972-717: The Delhi Durbar of 1911 . This cross is often associated with the Crusades . The heraldic cross pattée was sometimes used by the Teutonic Knights , a Crusader order, though their more usual emblem was a plain straight black cross on white field. . In 1813, King Frederick William III of Prussia established the Iron Cross as a decoration for military valor, and it remained in use, in various forms, by Prussia and later Germany until 1945. A stylized version of

1026-544: The Mongstad industrial area which includes many oil refineries operated by Statoil , Shell Oil , and other oil companies. Other factories and industries in Gulen include Wergeland-Halsvik, Baker Oil Tools, Johnny Birkeland Transport, and Vest Tank. There are many other small businesses located in Gulen today. The Gulating was a legislative assembly which met regularly for a period of at least five hundred years in Gulen on

1080-653: The Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross of Canada the highest military honour that is derived from that of the British original Victoria Cross . The cross pattée can be found on coats of arms of various French communes. The Bolnisi cross ( Georgian : ბოლნისის ჯვარი bolnisis ǰvari ) is a cross symbol, taken from a 5th-century ornament at the Bolnisi Sioni church, which came to be used as one of

1134-519: The Paleic surface formed. The fluvial and glacial erosion that made the fjords has followed structural weaknesses in the crust . During the last glaciation the ice reached a maximum thickness of nearly 3000 meters in the Sognefjord area. Confluence of tributary fjords led excavation of the deepest fjord basin. Until about 30 km from the very coast the Sognefjord glacier was apparently constricted to its narrow channel of homogeneous gneiss, then

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1188-574: The Solund area. Thresholds occur in an area with sounds, valleys, and low land where the glacier was allowed spread out and lose its erosive effect. Cliffs surrounding the fjord rise almost sheer from the water to heights of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and more. Around the outer area the land rises to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the sea, while in the inner areas of the fjord, they reach about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). The inner part has extensive tributary fjords such as Aurlandsfjorden , while

1242-401: The parish ) was originally named after the old Evindvig farm ( Old Norse : Eyvindarvík , now spelled Eivindvik ) since the first Evindvig Church was built there. The first element is derived from the male name Eyvindr . The last element is vík which means "small bay ", " cove ", or " inlet ". In 1891, the municipal name was changed to Gulen ( Old Norse : Guli ) which was

1296-480: The 1990s, it was used as a symbol of Montenegrin independence movement, most notably by the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro . Nowadays, Montenegro's Royal Capital City Cetinje uses krstaš flag as its flag. It is also used as an unofficial alternate Montenegrin flag , as well as by local trademarks and societies related to Montenegro. The Portuguese heraldry makes a very common use of three variants of

1350-572: The Iron Cross is used to date by the German army ( Bundeswehr ) as its symbol of nationality, and is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications. Prussian and Imperial German Landwehr and Landsturm troops used a Cross Pattée cap badge to distinguish them from regular army troops. A stylized version of the Cross Pattée is used by the modern German military as its symbol of nationality, and

1404-708: The King of the Fjords ( Norwegian : Fjordenes konge ), is the largest and deepest fjord in Norway . Located in Vestland county in Western Norway , it stretches 205 kilometres (127 mi) inland from the ocean to the small village of Skjolden in the municipality of Luster . The fjord gives its name to the surrounding district of Sogn . The name is related to Norwegian word súg- "to suck", presumably from

1458-690: The Norwegian Parliament, Storting . A sculpture park was built in Flolid in Gulen in order to commemorate the Gulating legislative assembly. Norwegian sculptor Bård Breivik was responsible for the artistic elements which were opened by the public during August 2005. The park is a work of art in its own right that is used as the setting for outdoor dance and musical performances in beautiful and unique natural surroundings. Wooden shoes were produced in Sellevåg from 1899 to 1975. The factory

1512-557: The Scandinavian inland was by boat between Bergen and Skjolden and from there on a simple road over the highlands (today Norwegian County Road 55 ), or by boat to Lærdal and through the mountain pass to Valdres (now European route E16 ). The valley of Sognefjord is one of various valleys of western Norway that certainly predates the Quaternary glaciations. It existed already as part of the ancient Paleic surface but had at

1566-537: The Vikings who gathered there 1000 years ago to accept Christianity . The 599-square-kilometre (231 sq mi) municipality is the 190th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Gulen is the 265th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,228. The municipality's population density is 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (10/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.3% over

1620-456: The band. Most crowns possess at least four such crosses, from which the half arches rise. Some crowns are designed so that the half-arches can be detached, allowing the circlet to be worn separately on occasion. A cross pattée is particularly associated with crowns in Christian countries. It is often heavily jewelled, with diamonds and precious stones. The Koh-i-Noor diamond is set in

1674-742: The cross pattée, the standard form (also as a variant of the Maltese cross proper, associated with the Knights Hospitaller ), the Alisee form (associated with the Knights Templar ) and the Order of Christ cross (associated with this order of chivalry and also used as one of main the National symbols of Portugal). These crosses are often present on the arms of the municipalities located in former domains of these orders. The cross pattée

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1728-579: The dominating picture of the area. Due to the large quantity of rain in the area, there are many types of moss and lichen in Gulen. Most of the land in Gulen is very mountainous and inhospitable. Gulen has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification ), also known as a marine west coast climate. Gulen is among the wettest areas of Norway, with almost 3,000 millimetres (120 in) of annual precipitaiton, and on average 202 days annually with precipitation, mostly as rain. Wettest season

1782-525: The fjord. There are many ferry crossings of the Sognefjord. One of the ferryboats that traverses this fjord is the MV Ampere , the world's first battery-electric car ferry, which crosses the fjord between the towns of Lavik and Ytre Oppedal . Cross form%C3%A9e A cross pattée , cross patty or Pate , or cross paty , also known as a cross formy or cross formée ( French : croix pattée , German : Tatzenkreuz ) or Templar cross ,

1836-403: The glacier suddenly spread out presumably through sounds and low valleys. Boats connect settlements along the fjord and its sidearms. Larger villages on the fjord and its branches include Leirvik , Ytre Oppedal , Vadheim , Høyanger , Vikøyri , Balestrand , Hermansverk , Sogndalsfjøra , Gudvangen , Flåm , Aurlandsvangen , Lærdalsøyri , Årdalstangen , Gaupne and Solvorn . Gudvangen

1890-452: The inner end of Sognefjorden and its branches are not as wet as on the outer coastline. Hurrungane range at the eastern end of the fjord reaches 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The greatest elevation from seabed to summit is at Sogndal . Several rivers pour fresh water into the fjord with an annual "spring" flood in June. The mouth of the fjord is surrounded by many islands including Sula , Losna , and Hiserøyna . The Sognefjord cuts through

1944-501: The insignia of various national armed forces . The Arms of Canada , numerous provincial coat of arms and the badges of the Canadian Forces feature St Edward's Crown ; that displays four cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys , supporting two dipped arches topped by a monde and another cross pattée. Numerous orders, decorations, and medals of Canada are designed with a cross pattée, including the nation's highest civilian honour,

1998-578: The islands are Byrknesøyna , Hiserøyna , Mjømna , and Sandøyna . The mainland is characterized by small valleys and large mountains crossing the landscape. The lake Dingevatn is one of Norway's deepest lakes. Gulen is bounded on the north by the Sognefjorden and the Sognesjøen , and to the south by the Fensfjorden with the North Sea to the west of the municipality. Gulen is bordered by

2052-527: The municipalities of Solund and Hyllestad to the north (across the Sognefjorden), by Høyanger to the east, and by Austrheim (across the Fensfjorden), Lindås , and Masfjorden to the south. The area is a geological region that contains a relatively low nutrition content ground, which characterizes the types of flora . The moors , which are frequently covered with wild purple heather , are

2106-463: The municipality and are divided into four school districts: Brekke , Eivindvik , Dalsøyra , and Byrknes . Gulen Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor

2160-448: The municipality of Brekke (population: 782) was merged (back) with Gulen. Also on that same date, the island of Losna (population: 40) was transferred from Gulen to the neighboring municipality of Solund . After these changes, Gulen had a population of 3,250. On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly created Vestland county after Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland counties were merged. The municipality (originally

2214-567: The oldest monuments to Christianity still existing in Norway. One of the crosses was damaged by a falling tree in 2012. The arms were designed by Even Jarl Skoglund. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. The Church of Norway has three parishes( sokn ) within the municipality of Gulen. It is part of the Nordhordland prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin . The roughly 2,500 residents live scattered throughout

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2268-535: The oldest national symbol of Georgia. It was used on the flags and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Georgia and the current Republic of Georgia, with its various organizations and administrative divisions. The Montenegrin cross-flag ( Krstaš-barjak ) has been used in Montenegro since medieval times to represent the state , and lately its military divisions . Use of this flag was first recorded in 1687. During

2322-446: The original name of the local Gulafjorden . The name is probably derived from the word gul which means "(strong) wind" or " gale ". The coat of arms was granted on 9 February 1990. The official blazon is "Azure, two Latin crosses formée argent " ( Norwegian : På blå grunn to utbøygde sølv krossar ). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a set of two Latin crosses that are designed as

2376-470: The outer part is connected by narrow sounds to neighbouring fjords. Near the coast the fjord mouth is bounded largely by low islands and skerries that are part of the strandflat . The inner end of the Sognefjord is southeast of a mountain range rising to about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and covered by the Jostedalsbreen , continental Europe's largest glacier . Thus the climate of

2430-470: The previous 10-year period. In 2016, the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations. He proposed that the police station in Gulen be closed. Evindvig was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The municipality of 1838 was created to be identical to the Evindvig parish ( prestegjeld ) that included

2484-419: The shores of the Gulafjorden . In 1300, the assembly was moved to Bergen . The members of the assembly represented the farmers of Western Norway. This was where important political issues were discussed and decisions were made. The old assembly was also used as a law court for both civil and criminal cases. The Gulating was thus related to the representative institutions of today such as the municipal council and

2538-403: The start of the age of heraldry proper (i.e. about 1200) is found in the arms of Baron Berkeley . The word pattée is a French adjective in the feminine form used in its full context as la croix pattée , meaning literally " footed cross ", from the noun patte , meaning literally foot , generally that of an animal . The cross has four splayed feet, each akin to the foot, for example, of

2592-464: The sub-parish of Husøy (population: 1,384) was separated from Evindvig to form its own municipality called Utvær (renamed Solund in 1923). This left Evindvig with 3,018 inhabitants. On 1 July 1890, the name of Evindvig municipality was officially changed to Gulen. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1964,

2646-403: The surge or suction of the tidal currents at the mouth of the fjord. The fjord runs through many municipalities: Solund , Gulen , Hyllestad , Høyanger , Vik , Sogndal , Lærdal , Aurland , Årdal , and Luster . The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 metres (4,291 ft) below sea level, and the greatest depths are found in the central parts of the fjord near Høyanger . Sognefjord

2700-417: The three sub-parishes ( sokn ) of Evindvig , Brekke , and Husøy . The sub-parish of Brekke (population: 898) was separated from the municipality in 1850 to form a municipality of its own, leaving a total of 3,944 residents in Evindvig. (Later, Brekke was merged with Lavik as the municipality of Lavik og Brekke . This was short-lived and Brekke later became a separate municipality once again.) In 1858,

2754-593: The time much gentler slopes. The fjords of western Norway formed in connection to the east-ward tilting of much of Norway during the Cenozoic uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains . This uplift, that occurred long before the Quaternary glaciations , enabled rivers to incise deeply the Paleic relief . An estimate of 7610 km of rock has been eroded from the Sognefjord drainage basin since

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2808-589: The total volume of rock eroded by glaciers from the entire Sognefjord system and adjacent valleys is about 4,000 cubic kilometres (960 cu mi). There are many smaller fjords which branch off the main fjord. The innermost arm of the Sognefjorden is called the Lustrafjord , in the municipality of Luster. At its end is the village of Skjolden , which is an access point to Jotunheimen National Park . In earlier times, transport between Bergen and

2862-605: Was not used for decorations before, in the modern-day Russian Federation , the cross alisée was adopted for the Order of Courage , as well as for other emblems such as the logo of the Wagner Group . In Sweden , the term " Saint George's Cross " sometimes refers to the cross pattée used by Swedish Freemasons . For example, the cross of the Swedish Order of Freemasons was defined by the King of Sweden in 1928 to be

2916-616: Was powered by water in the Sellevåg Lake. The wooden shoe factory is still there with all its production equipment intact. A guided tour with demonstration can be arranged on request. The historic mail route from Bergen and Trondheim , The post-road goes through the municipalities of Fjaler , Hyllestad and Gulen. Built between 1801 and 1806, it passes over many beautiful stone bridges. Sognefjorden The Sognefjord or Sognefjorden ( Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsɔ̂ŋnəˌfjuːɳ] , English: Sogn Fjord ), nicknamed

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