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81-534: Gull Bay First Nation or Kiashke Zaaging Anishinaabek ( Gayaashki-zaagiing Anishinaabeg in the Fiero orthography ) is an Anishinaabe ( Ojibway ) First Nation band government located in Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario , Canada. It is approximately 175 kilometres (109 mi) north of Thunder Bay , Ontario on Highway 527 on the western shore of Lake Nipigon . As of May 2010,

162-431: A claim with the government of Canada on the issue of the size of their reserve in 2016. In 2016, the band voted to accept a 8.1 million dollar settlement from the government over timber royalties on the reserve. Ojibwe writing systems#Double-vowel system The absence of linguistic or political unity among Ojibwe-speaking groups is associated with the relative autonomy of the regional dialects of Ojibwe. There

243-518: A diaeresis was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., "coöperative", "reëlect"), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. "co-operative", "re-elect"). Some modified letters, such as the symbols ⟨ å ⟩ , ⟨ ä ⟩ , and ⟨ ö ⟩ , may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned

324-652: A lingua franca , but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet. With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages , the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of Northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets ) or Baltic languages , as well as by

405-475: A ⟩ , ⟨ e ⟩ , ⟨ i ⟩ , ⟨ o ⟩ , ⟨ u ⟩ . The languages that use the Latin script today generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns . The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English , for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas Modern English of

486-500: A European CEN standard. In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding diacritics to existing letters , by joining multiple letters together to make ligatures , by creating completely new forms, or by assigning

567-647: A Regional Chiefs Council, and the Union of Ontario Indians , a Political Territorial Organization that represents many of the Anishinaabe First Nation governments in Ontario located about Lake Superior and Lake Huron . In August 2019, the community shut down its diesel electric generator for the first time in 60 years, drawing power from a new solar panel installation. Diesel is still used overnight. The Gull Bay First Nation has reserved for itself

648-468: A collection of texts dictated by an Ottawa speaker from Walpole Island First Nation , Ontario. The two dialects are characterized by loss of short vowels because of vowel syncope . Since vowel syncope occurs frequently in the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, additional consonant clusters arise. The letter h is used for the glottal stop [ʔ] , which is represented in the broader Ojibwe version with

729-476: A distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century. By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their ( ISO/IEC 646 ) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation

810-569: A doubled V (VV) used to represent the Voiced labial–velar approximant / w / found in Old English as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩ , which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded u ; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in

891-752: A form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia . The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscans , and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Ancient Romans . Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet. The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet , and

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972-641: A proposal endorsed by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025. In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet. By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated

1053-458: A single language. For example, in Spanish, the character ⟨ ñ ⟩ is considered a letter, and sorted between ⟨ n ⟩ and ⟨ o ⟩ in dictionaries, but the accented vowels ⟨ á ⟩ , ⟨ é ⟩ , ⟨ í ⟩ , ⟨ ó ⟩ , ⟨ ú ⟩ , ⟨ ü ⟩ are not separated from the unaccented vowels ⟨

1134-532: A small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the umlaut sign used in the German characters ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ , ⟨ ü ⟩ or the Romanian characters ă , â , î , ș , ț . Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate

1215-470: A special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an alphabetical order or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language. Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the Runic letters wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨Þ þ⟩ , and the letter eth ⟨Ð/ð⟩ , which were added to

1296-504: A specific place in the alphabet for collation purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in Swedish . In other cases, such as with ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ , ⟨ ü ⟩ in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within

1377-669: A translation of the New Testament in both the Severn Ojibwe and the Berens River dialects, and a text collection in the Northwestern Ojibwe dialect. The short vowels are: i, o, a The long vowels are: ii, oo, aa, e The consonants are: p, c, h, k, m, n, s, sh, t, y, w The letter ⟨c⟩ is used to represent the postalveolar affricate /tʃ/ ; the digraph ⟨sh⟩

1458-624: A unified writing system for the Inuit languages in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the Greenlandic language . On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the Uzbek language by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use. At present

1539-489: A variant in which long vowels are represented with a macron (ˉ) over short vowels is also reported for several publications in the early 1970s. Development of the double vowel system is attributed to Charles Fiero. At a conference held to discuss the development of a common Ojibwe orthography, Ojibwe language educators agreed that the double vowel system was a preferred choice but recognized that other systems were also used and preferred in some locations. The double vowel system

1620-640: Is also used by the Faroese alphabet . Some West, Central and Southern African languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, Adangme uses the letters ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩ , and Ga uses ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩ , ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩ . Hausa uses ⟨Ɓ ɓ⟩ and ⟨Ɗ ɗ⟩ for implosives , and ⟨Ƙ ƙ⟩ for an ejective . Africanists have standardized these into

1701-476: Is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase). A ligature is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph or character. Examples are ⟨ Æ æ⟩ (from ⟨AE⟩ , called ash ), ⟨ Œ œ⟩ (from ⟨OE⟩ , sometimes called oethel or eðel ),

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1782-454: Is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system used to represent all dialects. Ojibwe dialects have been written in numerous ways over a period of several centuries, with the development of different written traditions reflecting a range of influences from the orthographic practices of other languages. Writing systems associated with particular dialects have been developed by adapting

1863-515: Is represented with ⟨n'⟩ , in words such as niiyawe n' enh "my namesake" and aa n' aa n' we " pintail duck ". A minor variant of the double vowel system is used to write the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe varieties spoken in Michigan and southwestern Ontario , as exemplified in a prominent dictionary. Other publications making use of the same system include a reference grammar and

1944-557: Is used for several publications in the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects (see below Ottawa-Eastern Ojibwe double vowel system ). One of the goals underlying the double vowel orthography is promoting standardization of Ojibwe writing so that language learners are able to read and write in a consistent way. By comparison, folk phonetic spelling approaches to writing Ottawa based on less systematic adaptations of written English or French are more variable and idiosyncratic and do not always make consistent use of alphabetic letters. Letters of

2025-464: Is used to represent the postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ . The lenis consonants are: p, c, k, s, sh, t Consonant clusters of h followed by a lenis consonant correspond to fortis consonants in other dialects: hp, hc, hk, hs, hsh, ht Latin script The Latin script , also known as the Roman script , is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet , derived from

2106-528: Is widely favored among language teachers in the United States and Canada and is taught in a program for Ojibwe language teachers. The double vowel orthography is used to write several dialects of Ojibwe spoken in the circum- Great Lakes area. Significant publications in Chippewa (Southwestern Ojibwe) include a widely used dictionary and a collection of texts. The same system with minor differences

2187-747: Is written with a single ⟨e⟩ . The short vowels are: ⟨i, o, a⟩ . The long vowels are: ⟨ii, oo, aa, e⟩ . The short vowel represented as orthographic ⟨a⟩ has values centering on [ə ~ ʌ] ; short ⟨i⟩ has values centering on [ɪ] ; and short ⟨o⟩ has values centring on [o ~ ʊ] . The long vowel ⟨aa⟩ has values centering on [aː] ; long ⟨ii⟩ has values centering on [iː] ; and long ⟨oo⟩ has values centering on [oː ~ uː] . The long vowel ⟨e⟩ has values centering on [eː ~ ɛː] . The long nasal vowels are phonetically [ĩː] , [ẽː] , [ãː] , and [õː] . They most commonly occur in

2268-540: The African reference alphabet . Dotted and dotless I — ⟨İ i⟩ and ⟨I ı⟩ — are two forms of the letter I used by the Turkish , Azerbaijani , and Kazakh alphabets. The Azerbaijani language also has ⟨Ə ə⟩ , which represents the near-open front unrounded vowel . A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to

2349-556: The Crimean Tatar language uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union's collapse but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless, Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved

2430-519: The English alphabet substitute for specialized phonetic symbols , in conjunction with orthographic conventions unique to Ojibwe. The system embodies two principles: (1) alphabetic letters from the English alphabet are used to write Ojibwe but with Ojibwe sound values; (2) the system is phonemic in nature in that each letter or letter combination indicates its basic sound value and does not reflect all

2511-454: The English alphabet . Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 ( Unicode Latin ), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. The DIN standard DIN 91379 specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow

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2592-588: The Hadiyya and Kambaata languages. On 15 September 1999 the authorities of Tatarstan , Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the Tatar language by 2011. A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory. In 2015, the government of Kazakhstan announced that a Kazakh Latin alphabet would replace

2673-584: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the Roman numerals . The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system . The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. W originated as

2754-713: The Iranians , Indonesians , Malays , and Turkic peoples . Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script . Through European colonization the Latin script has spread to the Americas , Oceania , parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the Spanish , Portuguese , English , French , German and Dutch alphabets. It is used for many Austronesian languages , including

2835-788: The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet as the official writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan , and Mongolia . Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the Mongolian script instead of switching to Latin. In October 2019, the organization National Representational Organization for Inuit in Canada (ITK) announced that they will introduce

2916-518: The Latin script , usually the English or French orthographies . A widely used Roman character-based writing system is the double vowel system, attributed to Charles Fiero. The double vowel system is quickly gaining popularity among language teachers in the United States and Canada because of its ease of use. A syllabic writing system not related to English or French writing is used by some Ojibwe speakers in northern Ontario and Manitoba. Development of

2997-576: The People's Republic of China introduced a script reform to the Zhuang language , changing its orthography from Sawndip , a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters. With

3078-700: The Turkic -speaking peoples of the former USSR , including Tatars , Bashkirs , Azeri , Kazakh , Kyrgyz and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based Uniform Turkic alphabet in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, Azerbaijan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , as well as Romanian-speaking Moldova , officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. Kyrgyzstan , Iranian -speaking Tajikistan , and

3159-399: The abbreviation ⟨ & ⟩ (from Latin : et , lit.   'and', called ampersand ), and ⟨ ẞ ß ⟩ (from ⟨ſʒ⟩ or ⟨ſs⟩ , the archaic medial form of ⟨s⟩ , followed by an ⟨ ʒ ⟩ or ⟨s⟩ , called sharp S or eszett ). A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is

3240-470: The fricatives / ʃ / and / ʒ / are written ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨zh⟩ . The semivowels / j / and / w / are written ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ . The lenis obstruents are written using voiced characters: ⟨b, d, g, j, z, zh⟩ . The fortis consonants use voiceless characters: ⟨p, t, k, ch, s, sh⟩ . The remaining consonants are written ⟨m, n, w, y, h⟩ , in addition to

3321-511: The glottal stop /ʔ/ , which is written ⟨'⟩ . Although the double vowel system treats the digraphs ⟨ch, sh, zh⟩ each as single sounds, they are alphabetized as two distinct letters. The long vowel written with double symbols are treated as units and alphabetized after the corresponding short vowel. The resulting alphabetical order is: a aa b (ch) d e g h ' i ii j k m n o oo p s t w y z The consonant clusters that occur in many Ojibwe dialects are represented with

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3402-708: The languages of the Philippines and the Malaysian and Indonesian languages , replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah ; however, the sound values are completely different. Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the Vietnamese language , which had previously used Chinese characters . The Latin-based alphabet replaced

3483-435: The ogonek diacritic in some publications, while in others they are represented by underlining the vowel. The Double Vowel system used today employing ⟨-ny-⟩ / ⟨-nh⟩ for long nasal vowels is sometimes called "Fiero-Nichols Double Vowel system" since John Nichols popularized this convention. The affricates / tʃ / and / dʒ / are written ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨j⟩ , and

3564-407: The 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule v was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final swash form, j , came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered

3645-665: The 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern German is written today, e.g. German : Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen , lit.   'All of the Sisters of the old City had seen the Birds';. Words from languages natively written with other scripts , such as Arabic or Chinese , are usually transliterated or transcribed when embedded in Latin-script text or in multilingual international communication,

3726-472: The 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet , which are the same letters as the English alphabet . Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and Central Europe, most of sub-Saharan Africa,

3807-709: The 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. The Latin alphabet spread, along with Latin , from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire . The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the Levant , and Egypt, continued to use Greek as

3888-606: The 3,940 hectares (9,700 acres) Gull River 55 Indian Reserve. The community of Gull Bay is located on this reserve. The reserve was created as part of the Robinson Superior Treaty in 1850. That same year, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) moved its trading post there from Wabinosh Bay (about 16 km (10 mi) to the north on Lake Nipigon). The post, known as Nipigon or Fort Nipigon, operated an outpost at Red Rock (now known as Nipigon ) from 1864 to 1871. It

3969-458: The Americas, and Oceania, as well as many languages in other parts of the world. The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of transliteration , the term " romanization " ( British English : "romanisation") is often found. Unicode uses the term "Latin" as does

4050-526: The British, the treaty-signing chiefs would often mark an "X" for their signature and then use the Wiigwaasabak character representing their doodem . Today, Ojibwe artists commonly incorporate motifs found in the Wiigwaasabak to instill "Native Pride." The term itself: "Anishinaabewibii'iganan", simply means Ojibwe / Anishinaabe or " Indian " writings and can encompass a far larger meaning than only

4131-666: The Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule. In the late 19th century, the Romanians switched to using the Latin alphabet, dropping the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet . Romanian is one of the Romance languages . In 1928, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's reforms, the new Republic of Turkey adopted a Latin alphabet for the Turkish language , replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of

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4212-541: The Cree-Saulteaux Roman system, the most notable difference being the substitution of conventional letters of the alphabet for symbols taken from the International Phonetic Alphabet , which results in the use of ⟨sh⟩ instead of ⟨š⟩ and the use of double vowels to represent long vowels. This system is used in several pedagogical grammars for the Severn Ojibwe dialect,

4293-587: The First Nation had a registered population of 1,149 people, including an on-Reserve population of 328. The Chief and 10 Band Council members elected every 4 years under the First Nations Elections Act Electoral system. Before 2012, the council had 11 members but it was narrowed down to ten council members, with the passing of a council member. The current Chief is Wilfred King, whose first term began on January 12, 2013 (at

4374-434: The Latin alphabet in their ( ISO/IEC 646 ) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange , better known as ASCII , which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of

4455-719: The Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet. As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in Western , Northern , and Central Europe . The Orthodox Christian Slavs of Eastern and Southeastern Europe mostly used Cyrillic , and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic script was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like

4536-435: The alphabet of Old English . Another Irish letter, the insular g , developed into yogh ⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩ , used in Middle English . Wynn was later replaced with the new letter ⟨w⟩ , eth and thorn with ⟨ th ⟩ , and yogh with ⟨ gh ⟩ . Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern Icelandic alphabet , while eth

4617-480: The alphabetical order is: a b c d e g (g̣) h (ḥ) i j k (ḳ) m n o p s t w y z The Cree-Saulteaux Roman system, also known as the Cree Standard Roman Orthography (Cree SRO), is based on the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics and is found in northern Ontario, southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan. Compared to the Fiero or Rhodes double vowel systems, long vowels, including ⟨e⟩ , are shown with either macron or circumflex diacritic marks, depending on

4698-464: The apostrophe. In Ottawa, the apostrophe is reserved for a separate function, as noted below. In a few primarily expressive words, orthographic h has the phonetic value [h]: aa haaw "OK". The apostrophe ’   is used to distinguish primary (underlying) consonant clusters from secondary clusters that arise when the rule of syncope deletes a vowel between two consonants. For example, orthographic ng must be distinguished from n'g . The former has

4779-460: The appearance of a ligature ⟨ij⟩ very similar to the letter ⟨ÿ⟩ in handwriting . A trigraph is made up of three letters, like the German ⟨ sch ⟩ , the Breton ⟨ c'h ⟩ or the Milanese ⟨oeu⟩ . In the orthographies of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs

4860-464: The body of Ojibwe writings found as petroglyphs , on story-hides, and on Midewiwin wiigwaasabakoon , similar to the Mi'kmaw Suckerfish script . Not much is known to academia regarding these "hieroglyphics" or glyphs , though there are said to be several Ojibwe elders who still know the meanings of many of the symbols. As their content is considered sacred, however, very little information about them has been revealed. In treaty negotiations with

4941-427: The breakaway region of Transnistria kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia. In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of Kurds replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official Kurdish government uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of Kurdish -speakers. In 1957,

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5022-405: The collapse of the Derg and subsequent end of decades of Amharic assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in Ethiopia dropped the Geʽez script , which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the Semitic branch . In the following years the Kafa , Oromo , Sidama , Somali , and Wolaitta languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for

5103-407: The community's standards. Though syncope is not a common feature with Saulteaux, the occasional vowel loss is indicated with a ⟨'⟩ Nasaled vowels are generally not marked. The resulting alphabetical order is: Although speakers of the dialects of Ojibwe spoken in northern Ontario most commonly write using the syllabary, an alphabetic system is also employed. This system is similar to

5184-531: The correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of European Union and European Free Trade Association countries (thus also the Greek and Cyrillic scripts), plus the German minority languages . To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided. Efforts are being made to further develop it into

5265-451: The final syllable of nouns with diminutive suffixes or words with a diminutive connotation. Orthographically they are represented differently in word-final position as opposed to word-internally. In the final syllable of a word the long vowel is followed by word-final ⟨nh⟩ to indicate that it is nasal; the use of ⟨h⟩ is an orthographic convention and does not correspond to an independent sound. The examples in

5346-409: The following sequences of characters: mb, nd, ng, nj, nz, ns, nzh, sk, shp, sht, shk The consonant cluster ⟨nw⟩ represents syllable onset [ n ] followed by a syllable medial [ w ], while the rare consonant cluster ⟨n'w⟩ represents a nasaled vowel followed by ⟨w⟩ ; in some varieties of Southwestern Ojibwe, the rare nasaled vowel followed by a glottal stop

5427-431: The historical pictographic script. Indeed, Anishinaabewibii'iganan may describe the pictographic script better since its connections with non-Anishinaabe or -Ojibwe nations extend deeply. The different systems used to write Ojibwe are typically distinguished by their representation of key features of the Ojibwe inventory of sounds. Differences include: the representation of vowel length, the representation of nasal vowels,

5508-460: The nasal consonants ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ are frequently nasalized, particularly when followed by ⟨s, sh, z, or zh⟩ . In such cases the nasalization is sometimes overtly indicated by optionally writing ⟨n⟩ immediately after the vowel: moo n z or mooz "moose." In the original Double Vowel system, nasal long vowels now represented with ⟨-ny-⟩ / ⟨-nh⟩ were written with

5589-423: The original form of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics is credited to missionary James Evans around 1840. The Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics are based on French orthography with letters organized into syllables. It was primarily used by speakers of Fox , Potawatomi , and Winnebago , but there is indirect evidence of use by speakers of Chippewa ("Southwestern Ojibwe"). Anishinaabewibii'iganan can refer to

5670-420: The phonetic detail that occurs. Accurate pronunciation thus cannot be learned without consulting a fluent speaker. The long vowels /iː, oː, aː/ are paired with the short vowels /i, o, a/ , and are written with double symbols ⟨ii, oo, aa⟩ that correspond to the single symbols used for the short vowels ⟨i, o, a⟩ . The long vowel /eː/ does not have a corresponding short vowel, and

5751-422: The phonetic value [ŋ] (arising from place of articulation assimilation of /n/ to the following velar consonant /ɡ/ , which is then deleted in word-final position as in mnising [mnɪsɪŋ] "at the island"), and the latter has the phonetic value [ŋɡ] as in san'goo [saŋɡoː] "black squirrel". Labialized stop consonants [ɡʷ] and [kʷ] , consisting of a consonant with noticeable lip rounding , occur in

5832-505: The representation of fortis and lenis consonants; and the representation of consonants which require an International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol that differs significantly from the conventional alphabetic symbol. The double vowel orthography is an adaptation of the linguistically oriented system found in publications such as Leonard Bloomfield 's Eastern Ojibwa. Its name arises from the use of doubled vowel symbols to represent long vowels that are paired with corresponding short vowels;

5913-567: The speakers of several Uralic languages , most notably Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . The Latin script also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages , as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism . The speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity . The Serbian language uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by

5994-453: The speech of some speakers. Labialization is not normally indicated in writing, but a subscript dot is used in a dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe to mark labialization: g̣taaji "he is afraid" and aaḳzi "he is sick". The Ottawa-Eastern Ojibwe variant of the Double vowel system treats the digraphs sh , zh , ch as two separate letters for purposes of alphabetization. Consequently,

6075-496: The start of a new syllable, or distinguish between homographs such as the Dutch words een ( pronounced [ən] ) meaning "a" or "an", and één , ( pronounced [e:n] ) meaning "one". As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent. English is the only major modern European language that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary . Historically, in formal writing,

6156-593: The table below are from the Ottawa dialect. Word-internally long nasal vowels are represented by orthographic ⟨ny⟩ , as in Southwestern Ojibwe mindimooyenyag ' old women ' . The nasalized allophones of the vowels, which occur predictably preceding the nasal + fricative clusters ns, nz , and nzh are not indicated in writing, in words such as gaawiin ingikend an ziin "I don't know it", jiimaan en s "small boat", and oshk an zhiin "someone's fingernail(s)". Long vowels after

6237-596: The time, it was a 2-year term). The current councillors are Anthony Esquega, Brian King, Gwendoline King, Hugh King, Kenny King, Kevin King, Wayne King, Hector Murchinson, Roland Poile, Lawrence Shonias Sr, and Marcel Shonias. The next election will take place in November 2020. As a signatory to the Robinson Superior Treaty of 1850, Kiashke Zaaging Anishinaabek is a member of the Nokiiwin Tribal Council ,

6318-504: The unit of the mile , and assumed it was the size of a league . The treaty gave each band a reserve of 16 square miles, which was much smaller than what the signatories expected. As soon as the error was noticed, the first nations notified the crown of the issue, and surveyors corrected the problem except for a few reserves, such as the Gull Bay First Nation, considered too far and too remote. The Gull Bay first nation filed

6399-527: The written letters in sequence. Examples are ⟨ ch ⟩ , ⟨ ng ⟩ , ⟨ rh ⟩ , ⟨ sh ⟩ , ⟨ ph ⟩ , ⟨ th ⟩ in English, and ⟨ ij ⟩ , ⟨ee⟩ , ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ei⟩ in Dutch. In Dutch the ⟨ij⟩ is capitalized as ⟨IJ⟩ or the ligature ⟨IJ⟩ , but never as ⟨Ij⟩ , and it often takes

6480-456: Was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange , better known as ASCII , which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet . Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 ( Unicode Latin ), have continued to define

6561-576: Was headquarters of the Nipigon District from 1881 to 1892. In 1900, the post was renamed to Nipigon House (to avoid confusion with Red Rock, which was renamed Nipigon), and renamed again in 1954 to Gull Bay. In 1959, the post became part of the HBC Northern Stores Department, which ran it as a "Northern Store" until it closed in 1972. The First nations signatories of the Robinson Superior Treaty were unfamiliar with

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