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57-539: Gummies have a long history as a popular confectionery . The first gelatin based shaped candy was the Unclaimed Babies, sold by Fryers of Lancashire in 1864. In the 1920s, Hans Riegel of Germany started his own candy company and eventually popularized the fruit flavored gummy candy with gelatin as the main ingredient. By the start of World War Two , the company started by Riegel employed over 400 people and produced multiple tons of candy each day. The company

114-577: A maker from Bonn, produced these sweets under the Haribo company name, which he started in 1920. Cola bottles are sweets in the shape of classic Coca-Cola -style bottles with a cola flavor. They are produced by numerous companies. "Fizzy Blue Bottles", made by Lutti (formerly part of the French division of the Leaf Company , now controlled by a private investment group), are sweets typically found in

171-444: A wedding cake , birthday cake , or Halloween . The chocolate company Cadbury (under the guidance of Richard Cadbury ) was the first to commercialize the connection between romance and confectionery, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868. Tourists commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties

228-607: A "staple food" for tax purposes requires that the sugar or fat content be no more than 2% of the weight of the flour, so some products sold as bread in the US would be treated as confectionery there. Cakes have a somewhat bread-like texture, and many earlier cakes, such as the centuries-old stollen (fruit cake), or the even older king cake , were rich yeast breads. The variety of styles and presentations extends from simple to elaborate. Major categories include butter cakes , tortes , and foam cakes . Confusingly, some confections that have

285-568: A cooling fabric. When moisture, such as sweat, comes into contact with the xylitol embedded in the fabric, it produces a cooling sensation. Humans absorb xylitol more slowly than sucrose, and xylitol supplies 40% fewer calories than an equal mass of sucrose. Xylitol has about the same sweetness as sucrose , but is sweeter than similar compounds like sorbitol and mannitol . Xylitol is stable enough to be used in baking, but because xylitol and other polyols are more heat-stable, they do not caramelise as sugars do. When used in foods, they lower

342-420: A day of xylitol can cause diarrhea ", tabletop sweeteners (as well as other products containing xylitol) are required to display the warning "Excessive consumption may induce laxative effects". Xylitol has 2.4 kilocalories of food energy per gram of xylitol (10 kilojoules per gram) according to U.S. and E.U. food-labeling regulations. The real value can vary, depending on metabolic factors. Primarily,

399-427: A green colour. and mint flavoured bottles which replace the cola flavor for a mint flavor and are typically green instead of brown-red. Ring-shaped gummy is often covered in sugar or sour powder. The most common and popular flavor is the peach ring. Other flavors include green apple, melon, blue raspberry, strawberry, and aniseed — although these are typically coated in chocolate. A commonly known producer of gummy rings

456-530: A high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous candies, is the glass transition process. This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. Both bakers' and sugar confections are used to offer hospitality to guests. Confections are used to mark celebrations or events, such as Christmas , Easter ,

513-400: A pick and mix selection. These are very similar to cola bottle gummies in shape, but they are usually sour and coloured blue and pink. "Blue Bottles", a variation from another company, are identifiable by the small rims around the sides, and are chewier and thicker, with a sweeter taste. There are also Lime cola bottles which typically retain the brownish-red colour and replace the clear top with

570-462: A positive effect in reducing tooth decay of xylitol-containing fluoride toothpastes when compared to fluoride-only toothpaste, but there was insufficient evidence to determine whether other xylitol-containing products can prevent tooth decay in infants, children or adults. Subsequent reviews support the belief that xylitol can suppress the growth of pathogenic Streptococcus in the mouth, thereby reducing dental caries and gingivitis , although there

627-534: A roadkill themed gummy candy in the shape of flattened animals. In February 2005, following complaints by the New Jersey Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , Kraft decided to stop production of the controversial Trolli U.S. Road Kill Gummies. The society complained that the products, shaped as partly flattened squirrels, chickens and snakes, would give children an incorrect message on

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684-470: A significant level of risk," especially to children under three years of age. This can be resolved with the Heimlich maneuver . Storage of gummy candies in conditions of high humidity will result in the moisture migration of water molecules from the surrounding environment into the candy. If gummy candies are exposed to an environment that is high in moisture content, it is likely that moisture will permeate

741-465: A soft, cake-like texture. Others are crisp or hard. Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as snack food . This includes sugar candies , chocolates , candied fruits and nuts, chewing gum , and sometimes ice cream . In some cases, chocolate confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. Different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections: In

798-766: A syrup may have a moderate effect in preventing AOM in healthy children. It may be an alternative to conventional therapies (such as antibiotics ) to lower risk of earache in healthy children – reducing risk of occurrence by 25%  – although there is no definitive proof that it could be used as a therapy for earache. In 2011, EFSA approved a marketing claim that foods or beverages containing xylitol or similar sugar replacers cause lower blood glucose and lower insulin responses compared to sugar-containing foods or drinks. Xylitol products are used as sucrose substitutes for weight control, as xylitol has 40% fewer calories than sucrose (2.4 kcal/g compared to 4.0 kcal/g for sucrose). The glycemic index (GI) of xylitol

855-518: Is Trolli , for which the gummy rings are an important asset. In Australia, jelly confectionery in the shape of frogs has been very popular since the 1930s. They are colored red or green, although they are usually referred to as "red frogs". These have influenced the shape, structure, consistency and formula that makes gummy bears. Red frog gummies are not associated with the Red Frogs Association. In 2004, Trolli's U.S. arm introduced

912-485: Is table sugar , which is chemically a disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose . Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar , which is sweeter and is also a common commercial ingredient. Finally, confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch . These sweeteners include all types of corn syrup . Bakers' confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for

969-400: Is a common first symptom, which can be followed by tiredness and ataxia . At doses above 500 mg/kg bw, liver failure is likely and may result in coagulopathies like disseminated intravascular coagulation . Xylitol is safe for rhesus macaques , horses , and rats . A 2018 study suggests that xylitol is safe for cats in doses of up to 1000 mg/kg; however, this study

1026-592: Is a subset of products produced by a baker . Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called sweets , short for sweetmeats , in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum, pastillage , and other confections that are made primarily of sugar. In some cases, chocolate confections (confections made of chocolate) are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. The words candy (Canada and US), sweets (UK, Ireland, and others), and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for some of

1083-433: Is concern that swallowed xylitol may cause intestinal dysbiosis . A 2022 review suggested that xylitol-containing chewing gum decreases plaque, but not xylitol-containing candy. In 2011 EFSA "concluded that there was not enough evidence to support" the claim that xylitol-sweetened gum could prevent middle-ear infections, also known as acute otitis media (AOM). A 2016 review indicated that xylitol in chewing gum or

1140-530: Is extracted; raw biomass materials include hardwoods , softwoods , and agricultural waste from processing maize, wheat, or rice. The mixture is hydrolyzed with acid to give xylose . The xylose is purified by chromatography . Purified xylose is catalytically hydrogenated into xylitol using a Raney nickel catalyst. The conversion changes the sugar (xylose, an aldehyde ) into the primary alcohol , xylitol. Xylitol can also be obtained by industrial fermentation , but this methodology are not as economical as

1197-606: Is lacking on whether xylitol itself prevents dental cavities . In the United States, xylitol is used as a common sugar substitute , and is considered to be safe for humans. Xylitol can be toxic to dogs . Emil Fischer , a German chemistry professor, and his assistant Rudolf Stahel isolated a new compound from beech wood chips in September 1890 and named it Xylit , the German word for xylitol. The following year,

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1254-507: Is not a common household sweetener. Xylitol has negligible effects on blood sugar because its assimilation and metabolism are independent of insulin . It is approved as a food additive and sugar substitute in the United States. Xylitol is often marketed as "birch sugar". Xylitol is also found as an additive to saline solution for nasal irrigation and has been reported to be effective in improving symptoms of chronic sinusitis . Xylitol can also be incorporated into fabrics to produce

1311-805: Is only 7% of the GI for glucose . When ingested at high doses, xylitol and other polyols may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including flatulence , diarrhea , and irritable bowel syndrome (see Metabolism above); some people experience the adverse effects at lower doses. Xylitol has a lower laxation threshold than some sugar alcohols but is more easily tolerated than mannitol and sorbitol . Increased xylitol consumption can increase oxalate, calcium, and phosphate excretion to urine (termed oxaluria , calciuria , and phosphaturia , respectively). These are known risk factors for kidney stone disease , but despite that, xylitol has not been linked to kidney disease in humans. A 2024 study suggests that xylitol

1368-609: Is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat Sachertorte and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat Blackpool rock candy. Transportable confections like fudges and tablet may be purchased as souvenirs . Generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories . They may be fat-free foods , although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered empty calories and ultra-processed foods . Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in

1425-493: Is prothrombotic (increases clotting) and is associated with cardiovascular risk when consumed at "typical dietary amounts". Xylitol is poisonous to dogs . Ingesting 100 milligrams of xylitol per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg bw) causes dogs to experience a dose-dependent insulin release; depending on the dose it can result in life-threatening hypoglycemia . Hypoglycemic symptoms of xylitol toxicity may arise as quickly as 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion. Vomiting

1482-498: Is the art of making confections , or sweet foods. Confections are items that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates although exact definitions are difficult. In general, however, confections are divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories: bakers' confections and sugar confections . Bakers' confectionery, also called flour confections , includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, and similar baked goods . Baker's confectionery excludes everyday breads , and thus

1539-592: The Middle Ages and into the modern era. The oldest recorded use of the word confectionery discovered so far by the Oxford English Dictionary is by Richard Jonas in 1540, who spelled or misspelled it as "confection nere" in a passage " Ambre , muske , frankencense , gallia muscata and confection nere ", thus in the sense of "things made or sold by a confectioner". Also according to the OED,

1596-474: The dessert course. Bakers' confections are sweet foods that feature flour as a main ingredient and are baked . Major categories include cakes , sweet pastries , doughnuts , scones , and cookies . In the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections predominate. The definition of which foods are "confectionery" vs "bread" can vary based on cultures and laws. In Ireland, the definition of "bread" as

1653-511: The 16th century, a cumfit was more specifically a seed, nut or small piece of spice enclosed in a round or ovoid mass of sugar. The production of comfits was a core skill of the early confectioner , who was known more commonly in 16th and 17th century England as a comfitmaker. Reflecting their original medicinal purpose, however, comfits were also produced by apothecaries and directions on how to make them appear in dispensatories as well as cookery texts. An early medieval Latin name for an apothecary

1710-616: The 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the Persians , followed by the Greeks , made contact with the Indian subcontinent and its "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and sugarcane agriculture. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . In the early history of sugar usage in Europe, it was initially the apothecary who had

1767-1187: The European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. In the United States, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520. Sugar confectionery items include candies, lollipops , candy bars , chocolate , cotton candy , and other sweet items of snack food . Some of

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1824-433: The French chemist M. G. Bertrand isolated xylitol syrup by processing wheat and oat straw. Sugar rationing during World War II led to an interest in sugar substitutes . Interest in xylitol and other polyols became intense, leading to their characterization and manufacturing methods. Xylitol is one of three 5-carbon sugar alcohols. The others are arabitol and ribitol . These three compounds differ in

1881-664: The US, a chocolate-coated candy bar (e.g. Snickers ) would be called a candy bar , in Britain more likely a chocolate bar than unspecifically a sweet . The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, white chocolate ), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles. In

1938-520: The US. There is no specific maximum in the EU. Candy colorants, particularly yellow colorants such as E102 Tartrazine , E104 Quinoline Yellow WS and E110 Sunset Yellow FCF , have many restrictions around the world. Tartrazine, for example, can cause allergic and asthmatic reactions and was once banned in Austria, Germany, and Norway. Some countries such as the UK have asked the food industry to phase out

1995-596: The acid hydrolysis/chromatography route described above. Fermentation is effected by bacteria, fungi, or yeast, especially Candida tropicalis . According to the US Department of Energy , xylitol production by fermentation from discarded biomass is one of the most valuable renewable chemicals for commerce, forecast to be a US $ 1.4 billion industry by 2025. Xylitol is used as a sugar substitute in such manufactured products as drugs , dietary supplements , confections , toothpaste , and chewing gum , but

2052-572: The blue and white ones are the most popular. There are also several multi-vitamin gummy bears, usually marketed for children, such as Flintstones Chewable Vitamins . These form of vitamins give off nutrients and protein for those that do not swallow pills or need various supplements to stay healthy. Times Scientists have studied adding the tooth-protecting sugar substitute xylitol to gummies to fight tooth decay . Choking risks are higher with gummy candies; research shows that "hard, round foods with high elasticity or lubricity properties, or both, pose

2109-418: The candy and increase its relative moisture content. An increase of the candies moisture content will increase the molecular mobility of particles in the candy, leading to a variety of unwanted outcomes such as: Moisture migration of gummy candies can be prevented by storing candies in conditions where the surrounding environment is equal to their own moisture content. Confectionery Confectionery

2166-406: The categories and types of sugar confectionery include the following: Shelf life is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions. High-sugar candies, such as boiled candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage of low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture, and flavor, rather than

2223-403: The common sugar alcohols, only sorbitol is more soluble in water. The name derives from Ancient Greek : ξύλον , xyl[on] 'wood', with the suffix -itol used to denote it being a sugar alcohol. Xylitol is used as a food additive and sugar substitute . Its European Union code number is E967 . Replacing sugar with xylitol in food products may promote better dental health, but evidence

2280-419: The finished confection. Pastries can be elaborately decorated, or they can be plain dough. Doughnuts may be fried or baked. Scones and related sweet quick breads , such as bannock , are similar to baking powder biscuits and, in sweeter, less traditional interpretations, can seem like a cupcake . Cookies are small, sweet baked treats. They originated as small cakes, and some traditional cookies have

2337-536: The freezing point of the mixture. No serious health risk exists in most humans for normal levels of consumption. The European Food Safety Authority has not set a limit on daily intake of xylitol. Due to the adverse laxative effect that all polyols have on the digestive system in high doses, xylitol is banned from soft drinks in the European Union . Similarly, due to a 1985 report by the E.U. Scientific Committee on Food which states that "ingesting 50 g

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2394-427: The growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments. This process is due to the effects of water activity , which results in the transfer of unwanted water from

2451-718: The intestines. Of the remaining 50% that is not absorbed by the intestines, in humans, 50–75% of the xylitol remaining in the gut is fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain organic acids and gases, which may produce flatulence . The remnant unabsorbed xylitol that escapes fermentation is excreted unchanged, mostly in feces; less than 2 g of xylitol out of every 100 g ingested is excreted via urine. Xylitol ingestion also increases motilin secretion, which may be related to xylitol's ability to cause diarrhea. The less-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to constipation relieving effects. A 2015 Cochrane review of ten studies between 1991 and 2014 suggested

2508-402: The liver metabolizes absorbed xylitol. The main metabolic route in humans occurs in cytoplasm , via nonspecific NAD -dependent dehydrogenase (polyol dehydrogenase), which transforms xylitol to D -xylulose . Specific xylulokinase phosphorylates it to D -xylulose-5-phosphate . This then goes to pentose phosphate pathway for further processing. About 50% of eaten xylitol is absorbed via

2565-596: The most important role in the production of sugar-based preparations. Medieval European physicians learned the medicinal uses of the material from the Arabs and Byzantine Greeks. One Middle Eastern remedy for rheums and fevers were little, twisted sticks of pulled sugar called in Arabic al fänäd or al pänäd . These became known in England as alphenics, or more commonly as penidia, penids, pennet or pan sugar. They were

2622-412: The most popular varieties of sugar confectionery . The occupation of confectioner encompasses the categories of cooking performed by both the French patissier (pastry chef) and the confiseur (sugar worker). The confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records. Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times and continued to be eaten through

2679-431: The past for military use as a high-density food energy source. Many sugar confections, especially caramel-coated popcorn and the different kinds of sugar candy , are defined in US law as foods of minimal nutritional value . Contaminants and coloring agents in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of lead , have been restricted to 1 ppm in

2736-494: The precursors of barley sugar and modern cough drops . In 1390, the Earl of Derby paid "two shillings for two pounds of penydes. " As the non-medicinal applications of sugar developed, the comfitmaker, or confectioner gradually came into being as a separate trade. In the late medieval period the words confyt, comfect or cumfitt were generic terms for all kinds of sweetmeats made from fruits, roots, or flowers preserved with sugar. By

2793-595: The proper treatment of animals. In Australia, jelly confectionery in the shape of teeth has been very popular since the 1930s. They are colored pink and white, with pink representing the gums and teeth being white. They have a slight minty flavor, similar to mint toothpaste. Worm-shaped gummy candy can be attributed to the German confectionery manufacturer Haribo in 1981. They are a popular choice among Halloween trick-or-treaters, and sold with different flavors and coatings. There are also many types of gummy sharks, but

2850-506: The sense of "the art and business of a confectioner" is first recorded in 1743, and the earliest use in the sense of a "confectioner's shop" dates to 1803. Before sugar was readily available in the ancient western world, confectionery was based on honey . Honey was used in Ancient China , Ancient India , Ancient Egypt , Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create sweetmeats. Between

2907-471: The stereochemistry of the three secondary alcohol groups. Xylitol occurs naturally in small amounts in plums, strawberries, cauliflower, and pumpkin; humans and many other animals make trace amounts during metabolism of carbohydrates . Unlike most sugar alcohols, xylitol is achiral . Most other isomers of pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol are chiral, but xylitol has a plane of symmetry. Industrial production starts with lignocellulosic biomass from which xylan

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2964-434: The use of these colorants, especially for products marketed to children. Xylitol Xylitol is a chemical compound with the formula C 5 H 12 O 5 , or HO(CH 2 )(CHOH) 3 (CH 2 )OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that structural formula. It is a colorless or white crystalline solid. It is classified as a polyalcohol and a sugar alcohol , specifically an alditol . Of

3021-440: The word cake in their names, such as cheesecake , are not technically cakes, while others, such as Boston cream pie are cakes despite seeming to be named something else. Pastry is a large and diverse category of baked goods, united by the flour-based doughs used as the base for the product. These doughs are not always sweet, and the sweetness may come from the sugar, fruit, chocolate, cream, or other fillings that are added to

3078-639: Was confectionarius , and it was in this sort of sugar work that the activities of the two trades overlapped and that the word "confectionery" originated. In the cuisine of the Late Ottoman Empire diverse cosmopolitan cultural influences were reflected in published recipes such as European-style molded jellies flavored with cordials. In Europe, Ottoman confections (especially "lumps of delight" ( Turkish delight ) became very fashionable among European and British high society. An important study of Ottoman confectionery called Conditorei des Orients

3135-504: Was named Haribo , and it became a main producer of gummy bears. Gummy candies are made mostly of corn syrup, sucrose, gelatin, starch and water. In addition, minor amounts of coloring and flavoring agents are used. Food acids such as citric acid and malic acid are also added in order to give a sharp flavor to gummies. It is often that other gelling agents are used in place of gelatin to make gummy candies suitable for vegans or vegetarians, such as starch and pectin. The Jelly Babies gum candy

3192-480: Was published by the royal confectioner Friedrich Unger in 1838. The first confectionery in Manchester, England was opened by Elizabeth Raffald who had worked six years in domestic service as a housekeeper. Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners. These are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free candies, such as sugar-free peppermints . The most common sweetener for home cooking

3249-606: Was the first commercially available shaped gum candy. It originated in the United Kingdom. They were first produced by Fryers of Lancashire in 1864 and sold as "Unclaimed Babies". By 1918 they were (and still are) produced by Bassett's in Sheffield as Jelly Babies. The gummy bear originated in Germany, where it is popular under the name Gummibär (rubber bear) or Gummibärchen (little rubber bear). Hans Riegel Sr.,

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