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67-576: Dhauwurd Wurrung is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the Gunditjmara people of the Western District of Victoria , Australia. Keerray Woorroong (also spelt Girai Wurrung and variants) is regarded by some as a separate language, by others as a dialect. The dialect continuum consisted of various lects such as Kuurn Kopan Noot , Big Wurrung , Gai Wurrung , and others (each with variant spellings). There

134-417: A mission outside Warrnambool . This was unacceptable, it was located moreover on Girai wurrung land. 827 hectares were set aside for them at Lake Condah , and two decades later, in 1885, this reserve was expanded by a further 692 hectares. The tribe congregated here, until an act was passed to deny right of residence to any " half-caste ", resulting in the dispersal of many Gunditjmara kinsfolk, and

201-524: A base area for their operations. Contact exposed the local people to epidemics from new diseases born by whites but otherwise was seasonal, and allowed time for demographic recovery. The major turn in relations occurred with the arrival of, and settlement of their lands by, the Henty Brothers from 1834 onwards. Though much silence surrounded the massacres that took place, and, despite Boldrerwood's explicit testimony, some early historians dismissed

268-470: A five-vowel system as /a, e, i, o, u/. There is some fluctuation between /i/ and /e/, and /u/ and /o/. In the orthography adopted by Blake, 'where there was a back vowel occurring before a syllable-final palatal, /o/ was used instead of /u/, to give a better idea of the more likely pronunciation (i.e. puroyn "night")'. Gunditjmara The Djargurd Wurrung , Girai wurrung , and Gadubanud are also Aboriginal Victorian groups who all spoke languages in

335-692: A group of Aboriginal Australian people from central New South Wales , united by common descent through kinship and shared traditions. They survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers, in family groups or clans, and many still use knowledge of hunting and gathering techniques as part of their customary life. In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin , Peak Hill , Narrandera and Griffith . There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong , Parkes , Dubbo , Forbes , Cootamundra , Darlington Point , Cowra and Young . The Wiradjuri autonym

402-591: A man and mother-in-law were speaking in each other's company. Thus, if one asked: "Where are you going just now?", this would be phrased in normal speech as: In Gunditjmara avoidance speech the same sentiment would be articulated quite differently: The term ngamadjidj was used to denote white people by the Gunditjmara, with the same word used in the Wergaia dialect of the Wemba Wemba language . The word

469-652: A medium for language revival. Gunditjmara composer, singer and guitarist, Corey Theatre in collaboration with Australian composer and music director Iain Grandage created the Gunditjmara Six Seasons. The piece is sung entirely in the Gunditjmara language and was performed in collaboration with Aboriginal (Gunditjmara and Bundjalung) Australian musician Archie Roach at the 2016 Port Fairy Spring Music Festival . Australian composer and soprano, Deborah Cheetham , wrote Australia's first requiem based on

536-501: A revised and expanded edition of Lancelot Threlkeld 's 1834 work on the Awabakal language, An Australian Grammar , in which he created his own names for groupings, such as Yunggai, Wachigari and Yakkajari. Tindale says that some of the later terms had entered the literature, although not based on fieldwork and lacking Aboriginal support, as artificial, collective names for his "Great Tribes" of New South Wales. He writes that there

603-406: A role passed on by hereditary transmission. They spoke distinct dialects, not all of them mutually intelligible, with the three main hordes located around Lake Condah , Port Fairy and Woolsthorpe respectively. The Gunditjmara groups are divided into two moieties , respectively the grugidj ( sulphur-crested cockatoo or Long-billed corella ) and the gabadj ( Red-tailed black cockatoo ,

670-465: A study published in February 2020, new evidence produced by using a form of radiometric dating known as argon-argon dating , showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanoes erupted at least 34,000 years ago. Specifically, Budj Bim was dated at within 3,100 years either side of 36,900 years BP , and Tower Hill was dated at within 3,800 years either side of 36,800 years BP . Significantly, this

737-460: A sudden change in vegetation consistent with an artificial ponding system, and initial radiocarbon dating of the soil samples suggests the ponds were created up to 8,000 years ago. The eels were prepared by smoking them with burning leaves from Australian blackwood . The coastal clans, like other tribes on the south-west coast, according to an early settler, Thomas Browne , had a rich fish diet, which included whale ( cunderbul ) flesh , In

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804-747: Is a Registered Native Title Body Corporate (RNTBC) under the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 , and a Registered Aboriginal Party under the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 . The TOAC owns culturally significant properties across Western Victoria on behalf of the Gunditjmara community. Sources: Tindale 1974 , p. 204 Howitt 1904 , p. 69, Wiradjuri The Wiradjuri people ( Wiradjuri northern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjd̪uːraj] ; Wiradjuri southern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjɟuːraj] ) are

871-561: Is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the Gunditjmara oral histories which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence. An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 was also proof that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill. The beginnings of contact with ngamadjidj (white people) date as far back as 1810, when whalers and sealers began to use Portland as

938-697: Is also referred to as the Warrnambool language or the Gunditjmara language. Gunditj Wurrung, meaning "Gunditj language" is used by a contemporary teacher of the language, Gunditjmara musician Corey Theatre . Keerray Woorroong (Girai Wurrung, Kirrae wuurong, Kiriwurrung, etc.) is regarded by the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages (following Clark) as a separate language; it is of the Girai wurrung people Gadubanud ( Tindale Katubanut), also Yarro waetch, "Cape Otway tribe",

1005-635: Is also used to refer to ghosts , as people with pale skins were thought to be the spirits of ancestors. The first known use is to refer to William Buckley , an escaped convict who lived with the Wathaurong people near Geelong from 1803 until 1856. The term was also applied to John Green, manager at Coranderrk , an Aboriginal reserve north-east of Melbourne between 1863 and 1924. It was also recorded as being used to describe other missionaries such as William Watson in Wellington, New South Wales , by

1072-457: Is centred in Wiradjuri region. Jessica's best friend (Mary Simpson) was from Wiradjuri. Noel Beddoe's novel The Yalda Crossing also explores Wiradjuri history from an early settler perspective, bringing to life a little-known massacre that occurred in the 1830s. Andy Kissane's poem, "The Station Owner's Daughter, Narrandera" tells a story about the aftermath of that same massacre, and was

1139-553: Is derived from wiray , meaning "no" or "not", with the comitative suffix -dhuray or -dyuray meaning "having". That the Wiradjuri said wiray , as opposed to some other word for "no", was seen as a distinctive feature of their speech, and several other tribes in New South Wales, to the west of the Great Dividing Range , are similarly named after their own words for "no". A similar distinction

1206-420: Is shown below. Rhotic consonants were not distinguished in older sources. It is unclear to determine whether the retroflex consonant was a glide [ɻ] or a flap [ɽ]. Both were written as r . Although most Australian Aboriginal languages use three vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, the amount of vowels are not clearly distinguished within the other sources for the Warrnambool language, although it may be likely that it had

1273-492: The Grave of Yuranigh . They are generally to be found near rivers where the softer earth allowed easier burial. Alfred William Howitt remarked that these trees incised with taphoglyphs served both as transit points to allow mythological cultural heroes to ascend to, and descend from, the firmament as well as a means for the deceased to return to the sky. The Wiradjuri diet included yabbies and fish such as Murray cod from

1340-729: The Hopkins River . Their neighbours to the west are the Buandig people, to the north the Jardwadjali and Djab wurrung peoples, and in the east the Girai wurrung people. Early settlers remarked on the richness of the game to be found from the Eumerella Creek down to the coast. The way of life of the Aboriginal people of Western Victoria differed from other Aboriginal Victorians in several respects. Because of

1407-484: The colonisation of Victoria , which included the Eumeralla Wars , along with later government policies leading to the stolen generation , had a drastic and ongoing negative effect on the languages. Today the descendants of the speakers of these lects commonly refer to themselves as Gunditjmara, a term derived from an affix used to denote membership with a specific group of locality. AIATSIS ( AUSTLANG ) uses

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1474-764: The frontier wars between Aboriginal Australian people in South Western Victoria and settlers which is sung entirely in the Gunditjmara language. The first performance of the requiem, "Eumeralla, a war requiem for peace" on 15 June 2019 in Melbourne featured Cheetham with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra , the MSO Chorus and the Dhungala Children's Choir. A likely phonemic inventory for the Warrnambool language

1541-631: The lava flow of the Budj Bim volcano, creating ponds and wetlands in which they harvested short-finned eels ( kuyang or more commonly kooyang ). The Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape, which includes both the Tyrendarra Area and the Mt Eccles – Lake Condah Area, comprising Budj Bim National Park (formerly Mt Eccles National Park), Stones State Faunal Reserve, Muldoons Aboriginal Land, Allambie Aboriginal Land and Condah Mission )

1608-459: The "nations" concept. However, Tindale refers to Wiradjuri in his own work (p. 200): "Wiradjuri 'Wiradjuri (Wi'raduri)". Wiradjuri is a Pama–Nyungan family and classified as a member of the small Wiradhuric branch of Australian languages of Central New South Wales. The Wiradjuri language is effectively extinct, but attempts are underway to revive it, with a reconstructed grammar, based on earlier ethnographic materials and wordlists and

1675-581: The 1850s there were still corroborees around Mudgee , but there were fewer clashes. The short story Death in the Dawntime , originally published in The Mammoth Book of Historical Detectives (Mike Ashley, editor; 1995), is a murder mystery that takes place entirely among the Wiradjuri people before the arrival of Europeans in Australia. In Bryce Courtenay 's novel Jessica , the plot

1742-557: The Framlingham Forest to the Framlingham Trust. Although the title is essentially inalienable, in that it can only be transferred to another Indigenous land trust, the Framlingham Trust has rights to prevent mining on the land, unlike trusts or communities holding native title . The Lake Condah Mission lands were also returned to the Gunditjmara on 1 January 1987, when the 53-hectare (130-acre) former reserve

1809-539: The Kilcarer Gundidj on the beach at Portland at a site that later became known as Convincing Ground in an incident now known as the Convincing Ground massacre . Various versions exist. The site earned its name either because whalers hashed out their disputes there, because some transaction took place between the indigenous people and whalers, or because disputes arose, either of whale flesh or of

1876-684: The Portland region of Victoria's western district. 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) between Dunkeld and Yambuk on Victoria's south-west coast were set aside to include the eastern Marr. On 27 July 2011, together with the Eastern Maar people, the Gunditjmara People were recognised to be the native title-holders of the 4,000 hectares of Crown including Lady Julia Percy Island , known to them as Deen Maar . The Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation ( GMTOAC )

1943-779: The Victorian Labor government under John Cain attempted to grant some of the Framlingham State Forest to the trust as inalienable title. However, the legislation was blocked by the Liberal Party opposition in the Victorian Legislative Council . The federal Labor government under Bob Hawke intervened, passing the Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987 , which gave 1,130 acres (5 km ) of

2010-510: The Wiradjuri's southern boundary and the change from woodland to open grassland marks their eastern boundary. The Wiradjuri were organised into bands. Norman Tindale quotes Alfred William Howitt as mentioning several of these local groups of the tribe: The Wiradjuri, together with the Gamilaraay (who however used them in bora ceremonies ), were particularly known for their use of carved trees which functioned as taphoglyphs , marking

2077-400: The burial site of a notable medicine-man, ceremonial leader, warrior or orator of a tribe. On the death of a distinguished Wiradjuri, initiated men would strip the bark off a tree to allow them to incise symbols on the side of the trunk which faced the burial mound . The craftsmanship on remaining examples of this funeral artwork displays notable artistic power. Four still stand near Molong at

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2144-729: The colder climate, they made, wore, and used as blankets , rugs of possum and kangaroo . Possum-skin cloaks , used by Gunditjmara and other peoples of the south-east, were made sewn with string, and worn for warmth, used to carry babies on their backs, as drums in ceremony and as a burial cloak. They are still made today as part of revitalisation of culture and as an instrument for healing. They also built huts from wood and local basalt (known as bluestone ), with roofs made of turf and branches. Stone tools were used for cutting, and are held in collections across Victoria today. The women used digging sticks , also known as yam sticks, for digging yams , goannas , ants and other foods out of

2211-466: The colonialist slaughters taking place during the Eumerella War, so named when the phrase was used as a chapter heading in the memoirs of the novelist Rolf Boldrewood who squatted 50,000 acres near Port Fairy a decade after the main killings. Sometime in 1833–1834, though the incident has been dated later, to around, 1839, whalers, perhaps 'tonguers,' are thought to have clashed with

2278-508: The context of Australia's recent History wars argues the figure of 200 dead misinterprets an 1841 report by the Portland Police Magistrate James Blair to Governor Latrobe referring to up to 200 Aboriginals amassing at Convincing Ground, and claims that modern research has fabricated the massacre. His arguments have been analysed, with a negative verdict by Ian D. Clark . George Augustus Robinson ,

2345-407: The crater's brow, which can be accessed only by Gunditjmara men wearing special emu-feather footwear. Opposite, beyond the coastline, the island they call Deen Maar/Dhinmar held special value for its burial associations. Rocks on the mainland shore facing the island contain a cave, known as Tarn wirrung ("road of the spirits"), which is thought of as the mouth of a passage linking the mainland and

2412-521: The dialect continuum known as the Dhauwurd Wurrung language ("Gunditjmara language"). Gunditjmara is formed from two morphemes: Gunditj , a suffix denoting belonging to a particular group or locality, and the noun mara , meaning "man". The Dhauwurd wurrung language is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the Gunditjmara people. Different linguists have identified different groupings of lects and languages (see

2479-512: The evidence of the native was not admissible in a court, the white murderers had escaped with impunity, and were still pursuing their career of crime and blood". Resisting dispossession, the Gunditjmara concentrated in the Stony Rises from which they waged guerilla warfare against the pastoralists usurping their lands, raiding their flocks and herds. Some protection was also afforded by the native protectorate set up at Mount Rouse , which

2546-661: The foothills of the Blue Mountains east of Lithgow and Oberon , and east of Cowra , Young and Tumut and south to the upper Murray at Albury and east to about Tumbarumba . The southern border ran to Howlong . Its western reaches went along Billabong Creek to beyond Mossgiel . They extended southwest to the vicinity of Hay and Narrandera . Condobolin southwards to Booligal , Carrathool , Wagga Wagga , Cootamundra , Parkes , Trundle ; Gundagai , Boorowa , and Rylstone , Wellington , and Carcoar all lay within Wiradjuri territory. The Murray River forms

2613-464: The ground, as well as for defence, for settling disputes and for punishment purposes as part of customary law . The Gunditjmara believe that the landscape's features mark out the traces of a creator, Budj Bim (meaning "High Head"), who emerged in the form of the volcano previously called Mount Eccles . In a spate of eruption, the lava flows, constituting his blood and teeth, spilled over the landscape, fashioning its wetlands. "High Head" still refers to

2680-574: The groundwork is older than the Egyptian pyramids . A controversy exists concerning the extent to which these features are the results of natural environmental processes or cultural modifications of the landscape by Indigenous people. Peter Coutts and others argued, in a work entitled Aboriginal Engineers of the Western District, Victoria, that numerous features show the handiwork of Aboriginal landscaping for economic purposes. This thesis

2747-557: The harshness of his own people's behaviour, since the Wiradjuri were in his view, fond of white people, as they would call them. Clashes between the British settlers and the Wiradjuri however multiplied as the influx of colonist increased, and became known as the Bathurst Wars . The occupation of their lands and their cultivation began to cause famine among the Wiradjuri, who had a different notion of what constituted property. In

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2814-470: The idea of a guerilla war. The Gunditjmara people fought fiercely for their lands during what became known as the Eumerella Wars , which lasted for decades. Women would fight as well, using their digging sticks which had a dual purpose as a weapon, for defence, for settling disputes and for meting out punishments as part of customary law . Ian D. Clark has identified 28 massacre sites most of

2881-421: The island. In Gunditjmara funeral rites, bodies are enfolded in grass bundles and interred with their heads pointing to the island, with an apotropaic firebrand of native cherry wood . If grass was thereafter found outside the mouth of Tarn wirrung, it was regarded as evidence that the good spirit Puit puit chepetch had conveyed the corpse via the subterranean passage to the island, while guiding its spirit to

2948-676: The language still by 1880, with another four still fluent in the Bi:gwurrung (Peek-Whurrung) dialect. No fluent speakers have been recorded between 1975 and the 2016 Australian census . There are several ongoing efforts to revive the Gunditjmara language. These include the Gunditj Wurrung online lesson series on YouTube and the Laka Gunditj Language Program. Proponents of the revival of the language include Vicki Couzens and Corey Theatre, who uses music as

3015-519: The latter once thriving in buloke woodlands, now mainly cleared. According to Alfred William Howitt , they had four sections, which however did not affect marriage rules: However these terms refer to 4 of the 58 clans. Descent was matrilineal . The following is a list of the Gunditjmara clans ( conedeet ), taken from that in Ian D. Clark 's work. The Gunditjmara are traditionally river and lake people, with Framlingham Forest , Lake Condah and

3082-480: The local Wiradjuri people. The term was a compliment, as it meant that the local people thought that they had been an Aboriginal person once - based largely on the fact that they could speak the local language. Ngamadjidj is also the name given to a rock art site in a shelter in the Grampians National Park , sometimes translated as the "Cave of Ghosts". Only three speakers were known to speak

3149-462: The loss of their collective traditions, with the Condah mission numbers dropping drastically from 117 to 20. The land was reclaimed in 1951 by the government and allocated to returnee soldiers . In 2005 the area began to be bulldozed for groundwork for an eight-lot subdivision. The dispute was settled when the area was set aside as a reservation, in an agreement forged in February 2007. In 1987,

3216-483: The main article for details), and the whole group is also sometimes referred to as the Gunditjmara language or the Warrnambool language. Some of the major languages or dialects often grouped under these names were: The Gunditjmara tribal territories extends over an estimated 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi). The western boundaries are around Cape Bridgewater and Lake Condah . Northwards they reach Caramut and Hamilton . Their eastern boundaries lay around

3283-484: The memories of Wiradjuri families, which is now used to teach the language in schools. This reclamation work was originally propelled by elder Stan Grant and John Rudder who had previously studied Australian Aboriginal languages in Arnhem Land . The Wiradjuri are the largest Aboriginal group in New South Wales. They once occupied a vast area in central New South Wales, on the plains running north and south to

3350-500: The name and spelling "Dhauwurd Wurrung" for the main grouping, following the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages and Ian Clark , and gives also detail on alternative groupings and names suggested by various other linguists. Alternative spellings include Djargurd Wurrung, Thaguwurung, Tyaupurt wurung, Dauwert woorong, Dhauhwurru, Dhau-urt-wuru, Tourahonong, and many others, and the language group

3417-673: The official Protector of Aborigines , in travelling in this western area in 1841, reported that settlers in the districts spoke of 'dropping the Aborigines as coolly as if speaking of dropping birds.' The loss of numbers, and headsmen meant clans were forced to unite under other clans and their chieftains. Thus the wungit of the Yiyar clan Boorn Boorn assumed leadership of the Cart gunditj, the Kilgar gunditj and Eurite gunditj when their leadership

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3484-447: The realm of the clouds. If the burial coincided with the appearance of a meteor, this was read as proof that the being in transit to the heavens had been furnished with fire. If grass was found at the cave when no one had been buried, then it was thought it showed someone had been murdered, and the cave could not be approached until the grass had been dispersed. The Gunditjmara were divided into 59 clans, each with its headmen ( wungit ),

3551-405: The rivers. In dry seasons, they ate kangaroos, emus and food gathered from the land, including fruit, nuts, yam daisies ( Microseris lanceolata ), wattle seeds, and orchid tubers. The Wiradjuri travelled into Alpine areas in the summer to feast on Bogong moths . The Wiradjuri were also known for their handsome possum-skin cloaks stitched together from several possum furs. Governor Macquarie

3618-405: The surrounding river systems being of great importance to them economically and spiritually. Numerous distinct structures, extending over 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of the landscape, are employed for the purpose of catching short-finned eels , the staple of the Gunditjmara diet. These include stone races; canals ; traps; stone walls ; stone house sites and stone cairns. Some of

3685-491: The tribes used as a basis for their operations. A particular point of ire were settlements that took over sacred sites associated with Mount Napier , Lake Condah and Port Fairy. Due to the ongoing battles in the 1840s, the Gunditjmara became well known as "The fighting Gunditjmara". From the mid- late 19th century attempts were made to have them move into the Framlingham Aboriginal Station ,

3752-668: The use of native women. If the dispute was over the carcass of a beached whale, the whites may have wished to flense it while the natives may have insisted that it was theirs, as dictated by their ancient customs. Estimates of the number of people killed in the dispute is unknown, varying from only a few to 30, 60 and as high as 200. All but two of the Kilcarer gundidj clan, Pollikeunnuc and Yarereryarerer, were said to have died. Robinson surmised many had been killed from encounters with 30 members of several different Dhauwurd wurrung clans. A minority view argued by Michael Connors, emerging in

3819-688: The west of the Blue Mountains . The area was known as "the land of the three rivers", the Wambuul (Macquarie) , the Kalare later known as the Lachlan and the Murrumbidgee , or Murrumbidjeri . Norman Tindale estimated the territorial range of the Wiradjuri tribal lands at 127,000 km (49,000 sq mi). Their eastern borders ran from north to south from above Mudgee , down to

3886-1116: Was added to the National Heritage List on 20 July 2004, under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . Several designated areas comprising the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019. In the wake of the burning of some 7,000 hectares of bushland around Lake Condah and in the Budj Bim National Park, further channel structures came to light. They also created channels linking these wetlands. These channels contained weirs with large woven baskets made by women to cull mature eels. Professor Peter Kershaw , noted palynologist at Monash University , as cited by Bruce Pascoe in his best-selling work Dark Emu , found evidence of

3953-403: Was challenged as a mythical "romancing of the landscape" by Anne Clarke, one that confused natural processes with socially crafted infrastructure. However, fresh archaeological work by Heather Builth led to her contending that they had a sophisticated system of aquaculture and eel farming . They built stone dams to hold the water in these swampy volcanic areas, especially the area comprising

4020-627: Was eliminated. Rev Benjamin Hurst (missionary to the Port Phillip tribe ) noted in a Weslayen Mission meeting in 1841 that in the Portland bay area "it was usual for some to go out in parties on the Sabbath with guns, for the ostensible purpose of kangarooing, but, in reality to hunt and kill these miserable beings — the bones and the bodies of the slaughtered blacks had been found — but because

4087-551: Was granted this status in 1999. Becoming the first IPA in Victoria. The Lake Condah Mob launched their Native Title Claim in August 1996. On 30 March 2007, the Federal Court of Australia under Justice Anthony North determined on recognising the Gunditjmara People's non-exclusive native title rights and interests over 137,000 hectares (340,000 acres) of vacant Crown land, national parks, reserves, rivers, creeks and sea in

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4154-428: Was made between Romance languages in medieval France , with the langues d'oc and the langues d'oïl distinguished by their word for "yes". In his book Aboriginal Tribes of Australia (1974), Norman Tindale wrote that Wiradjuri was one of several terms coined later, after the 1890s had seen a "rash of such terms", following the publication of a work by ethnologist John Fraser . In 1892, Fraser had published

4221-521: Was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different linguists and researchers. The group of languages is also referred to as Gunditjmara language and the Warrnambool language . Efforts to revive the language(s) are ongoing. The language in its several varieties, was spoken from Glenelg to the Gellibrand and through to roughly 100 kilometres (60 mi) inland. The effects of

4288-436: Was presented with one of these cloaks by a Wiradjuri man when he visited Bathurst in 1815. Wiradjuri territory was first penetrated by British colonists in 1813. In 1822 George Suttor took up an extensive lot of land, later known as Brucedale Station, after Wiradjuri guides showed him an area with ample water sources. Suttor learnt their language, and befriended Windradyne, nicknamed "Saturday" , and attributed conflict to

4355-698: Was spoken by a group known as the Gadubanud , of the Cape Otway area. Barry Blake regards this as a dialect of the Warrnambool language, but Krishna-Pillay does not. Djargurd Wurrong (Warn tallin, Warn thalayn, Tjarcote, Dhautgart/Keerray (wurru)) was the language of the Djargurd Wurrong people. Other dialects or alternative names include: Speakers of these languages had a form of avoidance speech called gnee wee banott (turn tongue) which required special terms and grammar in conversations when

4422-817: Was such a "literary need for major groupings that [Fraser] set out to provide them for New South Wales, coining entirely artificial terms for his 'Great tribes'. These were not based on field research and lacked aboriginal support. His names such as Yunggai, Wachigari and Yakkajari can be ignored as artifacts...During the 1890s the idea spread and soon there was a rash of such terms...Some of these have entered, unfortunately, into popular literature, despite their dubious origins." He lists Wiradjuri (NSW) as one of these artificial names, along with Bangarang ( Pangerang ) (Vic.); Booandik (Vic. & SA); Barkunjee ( Barkindji ) (NSW), Kurnai (Vic.), Thurrawal ( Dharawal ) (NSW), and Malegoondeet (?) (Vic.). He also mentions R. H. Mathews , A. W. Howitt and John Mathew as promulgators of

4489-807: Was vested to the Kerrup Jmara Elders Corporation. The transfer included "full management, control and enjoyment by the Kerrup-Jmara Elders Aboriginal Corporation of the land granted to it". In 1993, the Peek Whurrong members of the Gunditjmara purchased the Deen Maar under the auspices of ATSIC for the Framlingham Aboriginal Trust, with the intention that it become an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA), it

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