Misplaced Pages

#128871

23-504: During his stay at the university Gurland translated the fables of Lokman into Russian and published a dissertation on the influence of Arabian philosophy on Moses Maimonides , a subject proposed by the faculty. For his treatment of this, Gurland received a gold medal. In 1864, on obtaining his first degree ("candidatus") from the university, Gurland devoted three years to the study of the Firkovich collection of Karaite manuscripts in

46-427: A fatwa (legal opinion) in 2008, saying that resuscitation of premature newborns was only required for infants of at least 6 lunar months (25 weeks and 2 days) gestation. In the cases of infants born before this period, the fatwa allowed two "specialist physicians" to study the conditions and decide whether to provide resuscitation or to leave the child to die. According to a group of Saudi pediatric practitioners, in

69-456: A curriculum including Jewish history and Hebrew literature . In 1888 Gurland was elected government rabbi of Odessa. He died there on March 14, 1890. Gurland was the author of the following works: His brother, Jacob Gurland, rabbi of Poltava , is the author of Kebod ha-Bayit, on the rabbinical school of Wilna, 1858. Luqman Luqman or Lokman , Lukman ( Arabic : لقمان , romanized :  Luqmān ; also known as Luqman

92-468: Is 88th. An academic commentary of the Quran, The Study Quran , based on a range of traditional commentators, dates the chapter's revelation to two years before the hijra, around the same time as the revelation of Chapter 72 Al-Jinn . The name al-Ahqaf , translated as "the sand dunes" or "the winding sand tracks", is taken from verse 21 of the chapter, which mentions "the brother of ʿĀd " (a nickname for

115-659: Is grateful is, in fact, grateful for his own benefit, and whoever is ungrateful, then God is free of all needs, worthy of all praise." ( Surah Luqman Quran 31:12 ) According to a hadith in the Muwatta of Imam Malik , Luqman was asked, "What has brought you to what we see?", referring to his high rank. Luqman said, "Truthful speech, fulfilling the trust, and leaving what does not concern me." This narration has also been mentioned with different wording in another source from ibn Jarir who heard it from ibn Hamid who heard it from al-Hakam who heard it from Umar ibn Qays. According to

138-457: Is said to have warned his people "by the sand dunes" ( bī al-Ahqaf ). The chapter begins with a Muqattaʿat , the two-letter formula Hā - Mīm , the last of the seven chapters to do so. In the Islamic tradition, the meanings of such formulae at the beginnings of chapters are considered to be "known only to God". The following verses (2–9) warn against those who reject the Quran and reiterate

161-613: Is the seventh and last chapter starting with the Muqattaʿat letters Hāʼ Mīm . Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation ( asbāb al-nuzūl ), it is one of the late Meccan chapters , except for verse 10 and possibly a few others which Muslims believe were revealed in Medina . The chapter covers various topics: It warns against those who reject the Quran, and reassures those who believe; it instructs Muslims to be virtuous towards their parents; it tells of

184-474: The Prophet Hud and the punishment that befell his people, and it advises Muhammad to be patient in delivering his message of Islam. A passage in verse 15, which talks about a child's gestation and weaning, became the basis by which some Islamic jurists determined that the minimum threshold of fetal viability in Islamic law would be about 25 weeks. The name of the chapter comes from verse 21, where Hud

207-678: The Russian Imperial Library . The result of this study was the publication, in Russian, of a work on the life of Mordecai Comtino and his contemporaries. For this, Gurland was awarded the degree of "magister". Gurland was then charged with the cataloging of the Hebrew books of the Imperial Library. In 1869 he went to Yekaterinoslav , where he was appointed examining magistrate in one of the precincts. In 1873 Gurland

230-404: The 14th-century Arabic scholar Ibn Kathir , Luqman is believed to have been from Nubia , Sudan or Ethiopia . A mythical figure of Arabia named Luqman existed long before the Quran, resulting in considerable debate of both theological and historical nature as to the relationship of the two characters. Some, such as 17th-century French scholar Pierre Daniel Huet , maintain that the two are

253-466: The Last Day and works righteousness" will be rewarded by God, and on them "no fear shall come ... nor shall they grieve". Verses 15 to 17 instruct Muslims to be virtuous ( ihsan ) towards their parents and do not disobey them. A passage in verse 15 notes that a mother works hard for a period of "thirty months", bearing and nursing her child; the explicit mention of "thirty months" has implications for

SECTION 10

#1732787211129

276-574: The Quranic assertion that the verses of the Quran are revealed from God and were not composed by humans. The verses maintain that the Quran itself is a "clear proof" of God's signs, and challenge the disbelievers to produce another scripture, or "some vestige of knowledge", to justify their rejection. Verse ten describes a "witness from the Children of Israel" who accepted the revelation. Most Quranic commentators believe that this verse—unlike most of

299-608: The Wise or Luqman al-Hakim ) was a man after whom Luqman , the 31st surah (chapter) of the Qur'an , was named. There are many stories about Luqman in Persian , Arabic and Turkish literature . According to the 12th ayah (verse) of surah Luqman in the Qur'an, Luqman was bestowed with hikmah by God, al-Hakim . "We gave wisdom to Luqmān, and said, “Be grateful to God”, and whoever

322-485: The ancient Arabian prophet Hud ), who "warned his people by the sand dunes". According to the 15th-16th century Quranic commentary Tafsir al-Jalalayn , "Valley of Ahqaf" was the name of the valley, located today in Yemen, where Hud and his people lived. Verse 15 of the chapter talks about the period of gestation and breastfeeding, saying that "His mother bears him with hardship and she brings him forth with hardship, and

345-452: The bearing of him, and the weaning of him is thirty months ...". Another verse in the Quran, Chapter 2 , Verse 233 speaks of mothers nursing their children for two full years. Some Islamic jurists interpret the six-month time difference between the durations found in these two verses as being the threshold of fetal viability in Islamic law. Based on this reasoning, Saudi Arabia's Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta issued

368-638: The believers will not have to fear punishment or many other trials on the Day of Judgement . The believers are described as "those who say 'Our Lord is God'", without specific references to Islam, possibly meaning that this includes the adherents of all Abrahamic religions . This is related to verse 69 of Al-Ma'ida which says that "those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians —whosoever believes in God and

391-498: The calculation of the fetal viability threshold in Islamic law (see #Fetal viability below). Verses 21 to 25 contain the story of the Islamic prophet Hud , who was sent to the people of ʿĀd "by the sand dunes" (Arabic: fi al-Ahqaf , hence the name of the chapter). The people rejected his message and were then punished by a storm that destroyed them. The next verses warn the polytheists of Quraysh —who opposed Muhammad's message of Islam—that they could also be destroyed just as

414-687: The chapter—was revealed in Medina and the witness refers to Abdullah ibn Salam , a prominent Jew of Medina who converted to Islam, and whom Muhammad was reported to have described as one of the "People of Paradise". A minority—who believe that this verse was revealed in Mecca–say that the witness is Moses who accepted the Torah. Verses 13 and 14 talks about the believers who "stand firm", to whom "no fear shall come ... nor shall they grieve". The exegete Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) says that this means that

437-583: The figure of Luqman in Arabic is based on Alcmaeon of Croton . By the Middle Ages, many of the ancient fables traditionally associated with Aesop in Europe became associated in Arabic culture with Luqman. Al-Ahqaf Al-Ahqaf ( Arabic : الأحقاف , al-aḥqāf ; meaning: "the sand dunes" or "the winding sand tracts") is the 46th chapter ( surah ) of the Qur'an with 35 verses ( ayat ). This

460-445: The people of ʿĀd had been destroyed. The last verse (35) is addressed to Muhammad and instructs him to be patient in the face of rejections of his message, just as the previous prophets of Islam were patient. According to the Islamic tradition, Al-Ahqaf is one of the late Meccan chapters, chapters which were largely revealed before prophet Muhammad's hijrah (migration) to Medina in 622 CE . Most Quranic commentators say that

483-507: The same person, but others argue that they simply share the same name. In Arabic proverb collections, the two characters are fused, drawing from both the Quran and pre-Islamic stories, endowing Luqman with superhuman strength and lifespan. According to Arab mythology , the pre-Islamic Luqman was a member of the ʿĀd who lived in al-Ahqaf in South Arabia while Luqman in the Quran is from Nubia . Some scholars have suggested that

SECTION 20

#1732787211129

506-602: The tenth verse was revealed during the Medinian period—the period after Muhammad's Hijrah . There are minority opinions that say verse 15 and verse 35 were also revealed during the Medinan period. Another minority opinion argues that the entire chapter was revealed in the Meccan period. The traditional Egyptian chronology places the chapter as 66th in order of revelation; in the chronology of orientalist Theodor Nöldeke it

529-412: Was appointed inspector of the normal colleges for teachers at Jitomir , a position which he held for seven years. The government conferred upon him two orders and the title of "college councilor". In 1880, as a consequence of illness, Gurland went to Germany , where he sojourned for three years. On his return, he settled at Odessa , and founded there a classic and scientific college of eight classes, with

#128871