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121-613: The black dog is a supernatural, spectral, or demonic hellhound originating from English folklore , and also present in folklore throughout Europe and the Americas. It is usually unnaturally large with glowing red or yellow eyes, is often connected with the Devil (as an English incarnation of the hellhound), and is sometimes an omen of death. It is sometimes associated with electrical storms (such as Black Shuck 's appearance at Bungay , Suffolk ), and also with crossroads , barrows (as

242-620: A Constitutional monarchy . Simultaneously, the Revolution was plagued with many problems. In addition to political divisions, they were dealing with the hyperinflation of the National Convention 's fiat paper currency, the assignats , revolts against authority in the countryside, slave uprisings in colonial territories such as the Haitian Revolution , and no peaceful end in sight. Someone had to be blamed for

363-456: A three-headed dog, who never sleeps, guards the gates of the underworld . In some folktales, it appears as the guard of the palace of E Bukura e Dheut in the underworld. Oude Rode Ogen ("Old Red Eyes"), or the " Beast of Flanders ", was a demon reported in Flanders , Belgium , in the 18th century who would take the form of a large black hound with fiery red eyes. In Wallonia ,

484-474: A black dog haunting travelers. The Ghost Hound of Goshem Hill is said to aggressively prowl around Old Buncombe Road in Sumter National Forest; legend claims his master had been unjustly killed for a crime. In the lore of long-haul truckers, seeing a black dog with red eyes in your peripheral vision is a sign of a fatal crash being imminent, and that you should pull off immediately. Some think

605-508: A dialect word for screech in reference to its frightful utterances. In Guernsey , Tchico ( Tchi-coh two Norman words for dog, whence cur ), is headless, and is supposed to be the phantom of a past Bailiff of Guernsey, Gaultier de la Salle , who was hanged for falsely accusing one of his vassals. The Yeth Hound (or Yell Hound) is a black dog found in Devon folklore. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ,

726-421: A distant field. One night on his way there he encountered a sinister black dog, and every night thereafter until he brought a friend along with him. When the dog appeared again he attacked it using the yoke of his milk pails as a weapon, but when he did so the dog vanished and the man fell senseless to the ground. He was carried home alive but remained speechless and paralytic for the rest of his life. In Jersey ,

847-423: A doorstep to someone who dwelt within that special house. In the parish of Tring , Hertfordshire , a chimney sweep named Thomas Colley was executed by hanging in 1751 for the drowning murder of Ruth Osborne whom he accused of being a witch . Colley's spirit now haunts the site of the gibbet in the form of a black dog, and the clanking of his chains can also be heard. In one tale a pair of men who encountered

968-545: A hound as mortal eyes have ever seen" - with fire in his eyes and breath (Hausman 1997:47). The Wisht or Wish Hounds ( wisht is a dialect word for "ghostly" or "haunted") are a related phenomenon and some folklorists regard them as identical to the Yeth Hounds. Wistman's Wood on Dartmoor in southern Devon is said to be the home of the Wisht Hounds as they make their hunting forays across the moor. The road known as

1089-496: A hound that hunts by scent), Gabble Retchets, and "sky yelpers", and like Yeth Hounds they are sometimes said to be the souls of unbaptised children. Popular conceptions of the Gabriel Hounds may have been partially based on migrating flocks of wild geese when they fly at night with loud honking. In other traditions their leader Gabriel is condemned to follow his hounds at night for the sin of having hunted on Sunday (much like

1210-411: A man was journeying along a lonely forest road at night when a large black dog appeared at his side and remained there until the man left the forest. On his return journey through the wood the dog reappeared and did the same as before. Years later two convicted prisoners told the chaplain that they would have robbed and murdered the wayfarer in the forest that night but were intimidated by the presence of

1331-493: A man who tried to kick the Padfoot and found himself dragged by it through hedge and ditch all the way to his home and left under his own window. Although usually described as black, another tale concerns a man who encountered a white Padfoot. He attempted to strike it with his stick but it passed completely through, and he ran home in fear. Soon afterward he fell sick and died. The Skriker (or Shrieker) of Lancashire and Yorkshire

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1452-462: A pack of headless yelping hounds. Charles Hardwick notes that black coach legends are "relatively modernised versions" of Wild Hunt and "Furious Host" traditions. Robert Hunt further defines whish or whisht as "a common term for that weird sorrow which is associated with mysterious causes". Though English, black dog folklore has spread to other parts of the British Isles. In Scotland

1573-620: A percentage of the Jewish people was politically aligned with the Royalists , the distrust was unwarranted. A majority of Jews were not counterrevolutionaries and did not partake in crimes against the republic such as money crimes with the assignats , although this was highly speculated. In Alsace , minorities such as the Jews and Protestants were pro-revolution, while the Catholic majority

1694-602: A popular anti-émigré song from early 1793. Many more stayed in Europe, especially in Great Britain, France's neighbour to the north. The country appealed to people because it had a channel separating them from the revolutionaries and because it was known for being tolerant. Additionally, England, more than America, allowed for the maintenance of the French way of life for the elites because "the etiquette of European elites

1815-802: A port on the French coast. However, this attempt was unsuccessful, resulting in the execution of 748 royalist officers, an event that became known as the Quiberon disaster. As the Republic evolved into the Directory , fears that émigrés with royalist leanings would return prompted harsher legislation against them, including the Law of Hostages passed in 1799. This legislation considered relatives of émigrés as hostages and ordered them to surrender within ten days or to be treated as émigrés themselves. The Jewish people were viewed with suspicion during this time. While

1936-456: A portent of death to themselves or a person close to the victim. There are tales that in 1577 it attacked the church in the market town of Bungay, killing two people and appearing on the same day at the church in the nearby village of Blythburgh , taking the lives of another three and leaving claw marks which remain today. In the parish of Overstrand is a lane known as Shuck's Lane from its frequent appearances there. According to urban legends, if

2057-557: A series of rock ridges and gorges that serve as a popular recreation area. The first non-local account came from W. H. C. Pynchon in The Connecticut Quarterly , in which it is described as a death omen. It is said that, "If you meet the Black Dog once, it shall be for joy; if twice, it shall be for sorrow; and the third time shall bring death." A New England black dog tale comes from southeastern Massachusetts in

2178-516: A serpent for a tail, and snakes protruding from multiple parts of his body. In Norse mythology, Garmr or Garm (Old Norse for "rag") is a wolf or dog associated with both the Goddess Hel and Ragnarök and described as a blood-stained guardian of Hel's gate. There were no mythological hellhounds in Spanish mythology In Catalan myth, Dip is an evil, black, hairy hound, an emissary of

2299-463: A ship and killed its crew. Among those killed were the cabin boy and his black dog, and the spirit of this black dog supposedly roams the beaches and pines searching for his owner. From sparsely populated central Delaware (specifically the towns of Frederica and Felton ) comes the myth of the Fence Rail Dog, said to be a ghost that is as tall as a fence and races cars along Route 12 but

2420-494: A sign of fire and often an ominous symbol. It is probably a demonized tribal symbol of southern China. The Mahākanha Jātaka of the Buddhist Pali Canon includes a story about a black hound named Mahākanha ( Pali ; lit. "Great black"). Led by the god Śakra in the guise of a forester, Mahākanha scares unrighteous people toward righteousness so that fewer people will be reborn in hell. His appearance portends

2541-467: A thousand tortures. In Germany , it was believed that the devil would appear as a black hellhound, especially on Walpurgisnacht. In Greek mythology, Cerberus, often referred to as the hound of Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving. He was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon and was usually described as having three heads,

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2662-588: A type of fairy hound), places of execution and ancient pathways. Black dogs are generally regarded as sinister or malevolent, and a few (such as the Barghest and Shuck) are said to be directly harmful. Some black dogs, however, such as the Gurt Dog in Somerset , are said to behave benevolently as guardian black dogs, guiding travellers at night onto the right path or protecting them from danger. The black dog

2783-542: A wild chase across the countryside, especially on Sunday mornings. The Devil's Dandy Dogs are another Cornish version of the Wild Hunt. They are often conflated with Dando's Dogs but are much more dangerous. The huntsman is the Devil himself and his dogs are not just ghosts but true hellhounds, black in color with horns and fiery breath. One night a herdsman was journeying home across the moors and would have been overtaken by

2904-629: A wrinkle in the fabric of society. These thousands of men, women, and children had survived a popular uprising and would never be able to forget their experiences in revolutionary France, the uncertainty, turmoil, and promise of liberty. As a result of the French Revolution, French migration to the Canadas was decelerated significantly during, and after the French Revolution; with only a small number of nobles, artisans and professionals, and religious emigres from France permitted to settle in

3025-703: Is Cŵn Mamau, the "Hounds of the Mothers." Black hellhounds with fiery eyes are reported throughout Latin America from Mexico to Argentina under a variety of names including the Perro Negro (Spanish for black dog), Nahual (Mexico), Huay Chivo , and Huay Pek (Mexico) – alternatively spelled Uay/Way/Waay Chivo/Pek, Cadejo (Central America), the dog Familiar (Argentina) and the Lobizon (Paraguay and Argentina). They are usually said to be either incarnations of

3146-462: Is a death omen like many others of its type, but it also wanders invisibly in the woods at night uttering loud, piercing shrieks. It may also take visible form as a large black dog with enormous paws that make a splashing sound when walking, like "old shoes walking in soft mud". For this reason the Skriker is also known as Trash, another word for trudge or slog . The name Skriker is also derived from

3267-561: Is a hyena-like creature that can breathe fire and hunts in packs. It is classified as an outsider from the Nine Hells . The hellhound was introduced to the game in its first supplement, Greyhawk (1975). The hellhound appeared in the D&;D Basic Set (1977), the D&D Expert Set (1981, 1983), and the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991). The hellhound appears in

3388-474: Is a mythical black dog from Wales that appears as an English mastiff with baleful breath and blazing red eyes. In Welsh mythology and folklore, Cŵn Annwn ( / ˌ k uː n ˈ æ n ʊ n / ; "hounds of Annwn ") were the spectral hounds of Annwn, the otherworld of Welsh myth. They were associated with a form of the Wild Hunt , presided over by Gwynn ap Nudd (rather than Arawn , king of Annwn in

3509-509: Is a recognised folkloric motif . The origins of the black dog are difficult to discern. It is uncertain whether the creature originated in the Celtic or Germanic elements of British culture . Throughout European mythology , dogs have been associated with death. Examples of this are the Cŵn Annwn (Welsh), Garmr (Norse) and Cerberus (Greek), all of whom were in some way guardians of

3630-607: Is an aural corruption of Le Chouan , a Jèrriais term for a French Royalist émigré (many of which took refuge in the Island during the French Revolution ), and the legend took off from there. Near the town of Lyme Regis in Dorset stood a farmhouse that was haunted by a black dog. This dog never caused any harm, but one night the master of the house in a drunken rage tried to attack it with an iron poker . The dog fled to

3751-637: Is described as a death omen. It is said, "If you meet the Black Dog once, it shall be for joy; if twice, it shall be for sorrow; and the third time shall bring death." Additionally, the term is common in American blues music, such as in Robert Johnson 's 1937 song, " Hellhound on My Trail ." Jinn , although not necessarily evil, but often thought of as malevolent entities, are thought to use black dogs as their mounts. The negative depiction of dogs likely derives from their close association with "eating

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3872-404: Is known to follow people with a light padding sound of its paws, then appearing again in front of them or at their side. It can utter a roar unlike the voice of any known animal, and sometimes the trailing of a chain can be heard along with the pad of its feet. It is best to leave the creature alone, for if a person tries to speak to or attacks it then it will have power over them. One story tells of

3993-477: Is named The Old Black Dog, and part of the legend states that the man who discovered the treasure used it to build an inn that originally stood on the site. The Black Dog of Newgate has been said to haunt the Newgate Prison for over 400 years, appearing before executions. According to legend, in 1596 a scholar was sent to the prison for witchcraft, but was killed and eaten by starving prisoners before he

4114-467: Is said to haunt St Donat's Castle , with some witnesses claiming it to have been accompanied by the hag , Gwrach y Rhibyn . Other British examples of spectral or supernatural dogs exist which fulfil the broader hellhound archetype, and which may have influenced black dog folklore, but which are not themselves black dogs. These include fairy hounds, such as the Welsh Cŵn Annwn , connected with

4235-583: Is said to haunt the environs of Peel Castle . People believe that anyone who sees the dog will die soon after the encounter with the dog. It is mentioned by Sir Walter Scott in The Lay of the Last Minstrel : In Wakefield , Leeds , Pudsey and some areas of Bradford the local version of the legend is known as Padfoot. A death omen like others of its type, it may become visible or invisible and exhibits certain characteristics that give it its name. It

4356-435: Is said to herald a storm. The real reason for the superstition of the Black Dog of Bouley Bay is thought to be due to smugglers. If the superstition was fed and became 'real' to the locals, then the bay at night would be deserted and the smuggling could continue in security. The pier at Bouley Bay made this an exceptionally easy task. A local pub retains the name the "Black Dog". Another theory has it that Le Tchan ("The Dog")

4477-428: Is wholly harmless. There are three variants of the myth; one is that it is the ghost of a cornered outlaw who committed suicide, another is that it is that of a slave killed by his master and looking for a place to be buried, while a third one says it is that of a dog murdered along with its owner, and looks to avenge both of them. In the rural backroads of upstate South Carolina dwells another frequent spotting site of

4598-518: The Rongeur d'Os wanders the streets of Bayeux on winter nights as a phantom dog, gnawing on bones and dragging chains along with it. Oude Rode Ogen ("Old Red Eyes") or the " Beast of Flanders " was a spirit reported in Mechelen , Belgium in the 18th century who would take the form of a large black dog with fiery red eyes. In Wallonia , the southern region of Belgium, folktales mentioned

4719-460: The Tchian d'Bouôlé (Black Dog of Bouley) tells of a phantom dog whose appearance presages storms. Le Chien de Bouley is described as a monstrous black hound with eyes the size of saucers and (in some versions of the legend) a chain which it drags behind it, the sound of which is often the first warning victims have of its presence. Although terrifying, it never does physical harm. Its appearance

4840-589: The Tchén al tchinne ("Chained Hound" in Walloon ), a hellish dog bound with a long chain, that was thought to roam in the fields at night. In Germany and the Czech lands it was said that the devil would appear in the form of a large black dog. According to Catholic legend, a black dog attempted to steal Italian mystic Benedetta Carlini when she was a child in the 17th century, but her screams frightened him away. By

4961-531: The Clos du Valle , foretells death of the viewer or someone close to him. In Westmorland and adjacent parts of Yorkshire there was a belief in Capelthwaite, who could take the form of any quadruped but usually appeared as a large black dog. He took his name from the barn in which he lived called Capelthwaite Barn, near Milnthorpe . He performed helpful services for the people on the farm such as rounding up

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5082-724: The Monstrous Compendium Volume Two (1989) and reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993). The hellhound appeared in the third edition of Monster Manual (2000), and in the 3.5 revised Monster Manual (2003) with the Nessian warhound . The hellhound appears in the fourth edition Monster Manual for this edition under the Hound entry. A hellhound resembles a mangy, skinny, somewhat demonic hyena -like creature with red eyes and draconic ears. It has

5203-461: The Okuri-inu ( 送り犬 ) (lit. "escorting dog") is a yōkai that resembles a dog. The okuri-inu closely stalks and follows people walking along mountain paths in the nighttime. If the person falls over by chance, they will be immediately eaten up, but if they pretend to be having a short rest, they will not be attacked. In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game , the hell hound

5324-621: The Church Grim is not a Barghest or Shuck, it can also take the form of a large black dog. A Barghest (or Barguest) is said to roam the Snickelways and side roads of York , preying on passersby, and has also been seen near Clifford's Tower . To see the monstrous dog is said to be a warning of impending doom. A man who lived in a village near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire would go each morning and night to milk his cows in

5445-679: The First Branch of the Mabinogi ). Christians came to dub these mythical creatures "The Hounds of Hell" or "Dogs of Hell" and theorized Satan owned them. However, the Annwn of medieval Welsh tradition is an otherworldly paradise and not a hell or abode of dead souls. In Wales , they were associated with migrating geese , supposedly because their honking in the night is reminiscent of barking dogs. They are supposed to hunt on specific nights (the eves of St. John , St. Martin , Saint Michael

5566-673: The Headley Grange studios during recording. Hellhound A hellhound is a mythological hound that embodies a guardian or a servant of hell , the devil, or the underworld. Hellhounds occur in mythologies around the world, with the best-known examples being Cerberus from Greek mythology , Garmr from Norse mythology , the black dogs of English folklore , and the fairy hounds of Celtic mythology . Physical characteristics vary, but they are commonly black, anomalously overgrown, supernaturally strong, and often have red eyes or are accompanied by flames. In Albanian mythology ,

5687-585: The Jacobins , who had a very active radical faction, the Girondists , genuinely feared this conspiratorial plot. Rousseau , a philosophe influential in the Enlightenment, spread the idea of a "collective will", a singular purpose which the people of a nation must all unequivocally support. If anyone was against the collective will, they were a part of this counterrevolutionary conspiracy, and since

5808-696: The Underworld . This association seems to be due to the scavenging habits of dogs. It is possible that the black dog is a survival of these beliefs. Black dogs have been reported from almost all the counties of England , the exceptions being Middlesex and Rutland . Some of the better-known black dogs are the Barghest of Yorkshire and Black Shuck of East Anglia . Other names are Hairy Jack, Padfoot, Skriker, Churchyard Beast, Shug Monkey , Capelthwaite, Moddey Dhoo (or Mauthe Doog), Hateful Thing, Swooning Shadow, Bogey Beast, Gytrash (or Guytrash). Although

5929-574: The dog Familiar (Argentina) and the Lobizon (Paraguay and Argentina). They are usually said to be either incarnations of the Devil or a shape-changing sorcerer. Black dog folklore likely spread with the English diaspora after the colonising of America. The legend of a small black dog has persisted in Meriden , Connecticut since the 19th century. The dog is said to haunt the Hanging Hills :

6050-570: The guillotine . During the Terror, no one was safe from scrutiny or potential execution, ultimately not even Robespierre himself. This omnipresent sense of fear inspired many of lesser means to flee France, often without much preparation and therefore no money or helpful belongings. Those who left France were a heterogeneous bunch socioeconomically and professionally, although the vast majority of migrants were men. While these people came from diverse financial backgrounds, they all more or less suffered

6171-600: The otherworld realm of Annwn and referred to in the Four Branches of the Mabinogi and elsewhere, whiche are described as dazzling white hounds. The Cù Sìth of the Scottish Highlands is dark green in color and the size of a stirk (a yearling calf). They were usually kept tied up in the brugh ( fairy mound ) as watchdogs, but sometimes they accompanied the women during their expeditions or were allowed to roam about alone, making their lairs among

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6292-572: The "Muckle Black Tyke" is a black dog that presides at the Witches' Sabbath and is supposed to be the Devil himself, whilst near the village of Murthly is a standing stone , and it is said that the person brave enough to move it will find a chest guarded by a black dog. In Wales the black dog counterpart was the Gwyllgi or "Dog of Darkness", a frightful apparition of a mastiff with baleful breath and blazing red eyes. Another ghostly black dog

6413-537: The "dog" is just the eyes beginning to subconsciously close, causing a black spot in the corner of the eye. The legend has been referenced many times in popular culture. One of the most famous ghostly black dogs in fiction appears in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's The Hound of the Baskervilles , where a large dog-like creature haunts a family estate. Sherlock Holmes is brought in to determine if

6534-514: The Abbot's Way and the valley of the Dewerstone are favoured haunts of the hounds. Their huntsman is presumably the Devil, and it is said that any dog that hears the crying of the hounds will die. One legend states that the ghost of Sir Francis Drake sometimes drove a black hearse coach on the road between Tavistock and Plymouth at night, drawn by headless horses and accompanied by demons and

6655-618: The American society, as Enlightenment ideals discouraged business as a moral or noble activity. Nonetheless, the émigrés took up pursuits in Real Estate, finance, and smaller family owned businesses. These were all to be temporary endeavors, however, as the French nobility still aimed to leave the Americas at the most opportune moment. Many of the French émigrés returned to France during the Thermidorian regime , which saw more lenient regulations and allowed their names to be erased from

6776-660: The Archangel , All Saints , Christmas , New Year , Saint Agnes , Saint David , and Good Friday ) or simply in the autumn and winter. Some say Arawn only hunts from Christmas to Twelfth Night . The Cŵn Annwn also came to be regarded as the escorts of souls on their journey to the Otherworld . The hounds are sometimes accompanied by a fearsome hag called Mallt-y-Nos , "Matilda of the Night." An alternative name in Welsh folklore

6897-452: The Assembly's preoccupation with the actions of "two old women". Upon settling in neighboring countries such as Great Britain, they were able to assimilate well and maintained a certain level of comfort in their new lifestyles. This was a significant emigration; it marked the presence of many royalists outside France where they could be safe, alive, and await their opportunity to reenter the French political climate. But events in France made

7018-435: The Black Dog of Newgate, but though he enjoyed frightening people he never did any serious harm. In the village of Northorpe in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire (not to be confused with Northorpe in the South Kesteven district) the churchyard was said to be haunted by a "Bargest". Some black dogs are said to be human beings with the power of shapeshifting . In another nearby village there lived an old man who

7139-403: The Canadas during that period. Most of these migrants moved into cities in Lower Canada , including Montreal or Quebec City , although French nobleman Joseph-Geneviève de Puisaye also led a small group of French royalists to settle lands north of York (present day Toronto ). The influx of religious migrants from France contributed towards the revitalization of the Roman Catholic Church in

7260-515: The Canadas, with the French refectory priests who moved to the Canadas being responsible for the establishment of a number of parishes throughout British North America . Tens of thousands of émigrés saw America as a compelling destination for multiple reasons. Those who craved peace and stability were drawn to the neutral stance America had taken on the many wars France was engaged in with her neighbors. The majority of emigrants were older and left France as individuals and sought out where to live in

7381-430: The Cornish Dando), and their yelping cry is regarded as a death omen similar to the birds of folklore known as the Seven Whistlers. Guardian Black Dogs refer to those relatively rare black dogs that are neither omens of death nor causes of it. Instead they guide lost travellers and protect them from danger. Stories of this type became more widespread starting around the early 1900s. In different versions of one popular tale

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7502-451: The Dandy Dogs, but when he knelt and began praying they went off in another direction in pursuit of other prey. Freybug is the name of an alleged Black Dog. Gabriel Hounds are dogs with human heads that fly high through the air, and are often heard but seldom seen. They sometimes hover over a house, and this is taken as a sign that death or misfortune will befall those who dwell within. They are also known as Gabriel Ratchets (ratchet being

7623-410: The Devil or a shape-changing sorcerer. The legend of a hellhound has persisted in Meriden , Connecticut, since the 19th century. The dog is said to haunt the Hanging Hills , a series of rock ridges and gorges that serve as a popular recreation area and can also be known as a protector of the supernatural. The first non-local account came from W. H. C. Pychon in The Connecticut Quarterly , in which it

7744-409: The Devil, who sucks people's blood. Like other figures associated with demons in Catalan myth, he is lame in one leg. Dip is pictured on the escutcheon of Pratdip. In Galicia , the Urco was a giant black hound that led the Santa Compaña, a version of the Wild Hunt . In the religious beliefs of the Guanche people of the Canary Islands , the Tibicenas were the canine offspring or attendants of

7865-434: The Foreign Plot: consisted of a massive, multilayered conspiracy by counterrevolutionary agents abetted by the allies, who allegedly—and quite possibly in reality—sought to undermine the Republic through a coordinated effort to corrupt government officials associated with the more moderate wing of the Jacobin establishment and to defame the government by mobilizing elements on the extreme left." A political faction known as

7986-750: The French had a somewhat easier transition into English society, but to say emigrating to this district was easy is to dismiss how truly austere their circumstance; "money remained a chronic concern and hunger a constant companion" (Whittaker). Most people just picked back up the trades they had in France, and aristocrats found themselves having to seek employment for the first time in years. Those who were educated often offered their services as instructors in French, dancing, and fencing. Those who had no knowledge of skills that would benefit them as laborers turned to crime. The truly elite émigrés settled in Marylebone , Richmond , and Hampstead . The politics of these areas were extremely royalist. In contrast, émigrés from

8107-403: The French nobility in their new transition to America, the émigrés now had to concern themselves with the issue of finances, as a result of the seizing of their assets during the Revolution. They now had to find a way to sustain themselves in a society that did not value them as they had been valued before. Many noblemen found themselves conflicted with the idea of entering the business realm of

8228-406: The Pope. However, their journey was stopped by and largely debated by the National Assembly who feared that their emigration implied that King Louis and his family would soon follow suit. While this fear eventually resulted in the Day of Daggers and later the King's attempt to escape Paris , the Madames were permitted to continue their journey after statesman Jacques-François de Menou joking about

8349-406: The United States based on what professional opportunities were available there. Leaving their homelands with nothing, these Frenchmen were set on finding a way to feed themselves and make a living. Although they appreciated being away from the Terror, the French felt distant from their American denizens and imposed a self-isolation from their community. Along with the social changes that plagued

8470-411: The Upper Rhine; despite periodic pogroms in the area, it was still better than the Lower Rhine where the Terror was rampant; very few Jewish Frenchmen remained in Alsace. The Jewish émigrés had to face the challenges of assimilating to a new culture which harbored a strong anti-Jewish and anti-French sentiment. Furthermore, the annual summertime invasions of the French army from 1793–1799 meant

8591-420: The Yeth Hound is a headless dog, said to be the spirit of an unbaptised child, that rambles through the woods at night making wailing noises. It is also mentioned in the Denham Tracts , a 19th-century collection of folklore by Michael Denham . It may have been one inspiration for the ghost dog in The Hound of the Baskervilles by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, described as "an enormous coal-black hound, but not such

8712-476: The ability to breathe fire. However, the Fourth Edition depicts them as nearly skeletal canines wreathed in flame. The hellhound enjoys causing pain and suffering, and it hunts accordingly. A favorite pack tactic is to surround prey silently and then cause two hellhounds to close in and make the victim back into another hellhound's fiery breath. They will attack with their claws and teeth if they have to. If

8833-403: The aisle as if looking for someone. The dog then vanished as suddenly as it had appeared. On mainland Normandy , the Rongeur d'Os wanders the streets of Bayeux on winter nights as a phantom dog, gnawing on bones and dragging chains along with it. In Lower Brittany , there are stories of a ghost ship crewed by the souls of criminals with hellhounds set to guard them and inflict on them

8954-635: The animal and it walked off, never to be seen again. In the South Jersey Pine Barrens , there is a local legend told by Pine Barren residents describing a ghostly black dog that is said to roam the beaches and pine forests in the area roughly from Absecon Island to Barnegat Bay. Unlike most British or Germanic “black dog” legends, the black dog of the Pine Barrens is generally considered a harmless or even benevolent spirit. According to folklore, pirates on Absecon Island attacked

9075-497: The area known, by some, as the Bridgewater Triangle . In the mid-1970s, the town of Abington was, reportedly, terrorized by a large, black dog that caused a panic. A local fireman saw it attacking horses. Local police unsuccessfully searched for it, at first they didn't see the black dog. But eventually, a police officer sighted the dog walking along train tracks and shot at it. Apparently, the bullets had no effect on

9196-499: The attic where it leaped out through the ceiling, and when the master struck the spot where the dog vanished he discovered a hidden cache of gold and silver. The dog was never again seen indoors, but to this day it continues to haunt at midnight a lane which leads to the house called Haye Lane (or Dog Lane). Dogs who are allowed to stray in this area late at night have often mysteriously disappeared. A bed and breakfast in Lyme Regis

9317-658: The authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies . The authors described them as the "first serious representative of a class of monsters your players will be fighting against for their whole careers: evil outsiders" and that they are interesting because they "introduce players to monsters with an area-effect attack (their fiery breath)." French Emigration (1789%E2%80%931815) When the Estates General convened in May 1789 and aired out their political grievances, many members of each estate found themselves in agreement with

9438-510: The black dog. The Gurt Dog ("Great Dog") of Somerset is an example of a benevolent dog. It is said that mothers would allow their children to play unsupervised on the Quantock Hills because they believed the Gurt Dog would protect them. It would also accompany lone travelers in the area, acting as a protector and guide. The Gytrash (or Guytrash) is a black dog and death omen of Northern England that haunts solitary ways and also takes

9559-581: The confiscation of their estates as well as legislation in August 1792 that stipulated that these refractory priests leave France willingly or be deported to French Guiana . The demise of Robespierre in 1794 provided a brief respite for Royalists at home and abroad. For example, those who had participated in the Vendée uprising were able to communicate with their supporters in Great Britain. These rebels, in collaboration with their British allies, attempted to take

9680-760: The county from Brigg to Spalding . Rudkin, who claimed to have seen Hairy Jack herself, formed the impression that black dogs in Lincolnshire were mainly of a gentle nature, and looked upon as a spiritual protector. Hairy Jack was also said to haunt lonely plantations, byways, and waste places where it attacked anyone passing by. In the Isle of Man is the legend of the Moddey Dhoo , ' black dog' in Manx , also styled phonetically Mauthe Doog or Mawtha Doo . It

9801-463: The dead,' or relishing bones and digging out graves. Likewise, the jinn is often said to roam around graveyards and eat corpses. The Huodou (Chinese: 祸斗) is a legendary creature originating within the minorities of southern China. It is described as having the appearance of a large black dog that can emit flames from its mouth. Fire would break out wherever the Huodou went, so the ancients saw it as

9922-534: The death penalty if they were to return. Furthermore, their property and possessions were confiscated by the state, so there would be nowhere and nothing to return to. Wherever the migrants ended up, it was imperative that they were able to assimilate to the local culture. Upon arrival in their host nations, the émigrés were watched with a cautious eye. Many locals were naturally wary of these foreigners who did not share their customs and who had been exposed to radical, violent, revolutionary principles. Although there

10043-407: The dog is in fact real or supernatural. This story makes use of folktales where black dogs symbolize death. Another famous ghostly black dog may be found in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series : the "Grim", a "giant, spectral dog that haunts churchyards" is "the worst omen of death" according to Harry Potter's divination teacher, Professor Trelawney . Another reference to the legend can be found in

10164-476: The dog saw a burst of flame before it appeared in front of them, big as a Newfoundland with the usual burning eyes and long sharp teeth. After a few minutes it disappeared, either vanishing like a shadow or sinking into the earth. In Norfolk , Suffolk , Lincolnshire and the northern parts of Essex , a black dog known as Black Shuck (also Old Shuck or Shock) is regarded as malevolent, with stories ranging from terrifying people (or killing them outright) to being

10285-547: The emigrants, leaving them on the shores of another nation with nothing. Yet still, thousands chose this path of discomfort and destitution because it at least provided the promise of peace. This exodus largely took place during 1791-1794. Groups of émigrés that fled during this period included non-juring priests (i.e. priests that refused to take the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ). They fled following

10406-588: The failures of the revolution, and it certainly could not be the fault of the revolutionaries for they were on the side of liberty and justice. As Thomas E. Kaiser argues in his article "From the Austrian Committee to the Foreign Plot: Marie-Antoinette, Austrophobia, and the Terror", centuries of Austrophobia was reincarnated into a firm belief in an Austrian-led conspiracy aiming to thwart the revolution. Kaiser states that

10527-520: The financial burden of administering their funeral rites. The number of refugees fleeing into Britain reached its climax in autumn of 1792. In September alone, a total of nearly 4,000 refugees landed in Britain. The number of displaced persons who found themselves in Great Britain was high, although the exact number is debated, it is believed to be in the thousands. The uncontrolled influx of foreigners created significant anxiety in government circles and

10648-491: The first and second estates supported the Third Estate's desire for equality, several members of the clergy and nobility were averse to it. Under the old regime, they were accustomed with a certain quality of living and with the right to pass this life to their children. The Revolution was looking to remove all privilege in an effort to make everyone politically equal, so the first émigrés , or emigrants, were proponents of

10769-457: The first edition of Monster Manual . The Monster Manual was reviewed by Don Turnbull in the British magazine White Dwarf #8 (August/September 1978). As part of his review, Turnbull comments on several monsters appearing in the book, noting that the breath weapon of the "much-feared" hellhound has been altered from its previous appearance. The hellhound appeared in the second edition of

10890-479: The form of a horse, mule and cow. It was popularised in folklore by its mention in the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë . There are many tales of ghostly black dogs in Lincolnshire collected by Ethel Rudkin for her 1938 publication Folklore . Such a creature, known locally as Hairy Jack, is said to haunt the fields and village lanes around Hemswell , and there have been reported sightings throughout

11011-525: The idea that the bulk of France, the Third Estate, was carrying the tax burden without equitable political representation. They even took an oath, the Tennis Court Oath , swearing to pursue their political goals and committing to drafting a constitution which codified equality. Soon, the ideologies of fair and equal treatment by the government and liberation from the old regime diffused throughout France. While Abbé Sièyes and several other men of

11132-492: The immediate evacuation of any immigrant population. Consequently, the exact number of French in any specific area varied at any given time, but historical estimates place the number in the several thousand. The Armée des Émigrés ( Army of the Emigrants ) were counter-revolutionary armies raised outside France by and out of royalist Émigrés, with the aim of overthrowing the French Revolution, reconquering France and restoring

11253-576: The lower classes of society often settled in St. Pancras and St. George's Fields. Both of these areas facilitated the ability of the émigrés to maintain their Catholic faith. In St. Pancras , émigrés were allowed to use the Anglican church, and for occasions of particular significance, they were allowed to worship without any interference from the Anglican clergy. In St. George's Fields , the Chapel of Notre-Dame

11374-519: The malevolent volcano deity Guayota . The myth is common across Great Britain in the form of the "black dogs" of English folklore. The earliest written record of the "hellhound" is in the 11th- and 12th-century Peterborough version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , which speaks of a " wild hunt " through the forest between Peterborough and Stamford . The gwyllgi (compound noun of either gwyllt "wild" or gwyll "twilight" + ci "dog")

11495-473: The momentum of the Revolution had to be protected at all costs, any and all threats had to be eliminated. This attitude toward dissension only grew more violent and bloodthirsty throughout 1793-1794 when Robespierre enacted the Reign of Terror . In order to preserve the "republic of virtue", Robespierre had to " cleanse" the country of anyone who spoke out or acted against the virtues of the revolution by way of

11616-639: The monarchy . These were aided by royalist armies within France itself, such as the Catholic and Royal Army and the Chouans , and by allied countries such as Great Britain , Prussia, Austria and the Dutch Republic. They fought, for example, at the sieges of Lyon and Toulon . For most émigrés, returning to France was out of the question. While they did manage to escape the guillotine, they would face

11737-456: The moral degeneration of the human world when monks and nuns do not behave as they should, and humanity has gone astray from ethical livelihood. In Hinduism, Yama , the lord of death, has two dogs who guard the underworld. Their names are Sharvara and Shyama . The Nepali festival of Kukur Tihar , which brings dogs into temples to honor and consecrate them, is associated with this myth of Lord Yama and his two dogs. In Japanese folklore ,

11858-519: The need to be cautious following the radical ideas and events that had characterized the Revolution thus far. I am a bold true British tar call'd Jolly Jack of Dover, I've lately been employ'd much in bringing Frenchmen over. Split my top-sails if e'er I had such cargoes before, Sir, And sink me to the bottom if I carry any more, Sir. Chorus  : O! no the devil a bit with Jolly Jack of Dover, None of you murd'ring Frenchmen to England shall come over. ... — From "Jolly Jack of Dover,"

11979-594: The old order and chose to leave France although emigration abroad was not prohibited. The summer of 1789 saw the first voluntary émigrés. Many of these émigrés were members of the nobility who migrated out of fear sparked by the Storming of the Bastille in July 1789. Notable émigrés include Madames Adélaïde and Victoire , aunts of King Louis XVI , who on 19 February 1791 started their journey to Rome to live nearer to

12100-462: The prey manages to escape, the hellhounds will pursue it relentlessly. Hellhounds are also quick and agile. Another type of hellhound is the Nessian warhound. Nessian warhounds are coal-black mastiffs the size of draft horses and are often fitted with shirts of infernal chainmail. Hellhounds cannot speak but understand Infernal. The hellhound was ranked ninth among the ten best low-level monsters by

12221-409: The prospect of return to their former way of life uncertain. In November 1791, France passed a law demanding that all noble émigrés return by January 1, 1792. If they chose to disobey, their lands were confiscated and sold, and any later attempt to reenter the country would result in execution. However, the majority of the émigrés left France not in 1789 at the crux of the revolution, but in 1792 after

12342-638: The rainbow. Variations of the Hellhound are known throughout world mythology and folklore, some of which may have influenced or been influenced by the English black dog. The earliest known report of a black dog was in France in AD 856, when one was said to materialize in a church even though the doors were shut. The church grew dark as it padded up and down the aisle, as if looking for someone. The dog then vanished as suddenly as it had appeared. On mainland Normandy

12463-423: The registry of émigrés. Those in America had prepared themselves for the return to French culture by researching the social and political climate, as well as their prospects for earning back their wealth upon arrival. Although some émigrés were willing to leave as soon as they were legally able to, many awaited the changing of the political climate to align to their own ideals before venturing back to France. Many felt

12584-425: The rocks. They moved silently, had large paws the size of adult human hands, and had a loud baying sound that could be heard far out at sea. It is said that anyone who heard them bark three times was overcome with terror and died of fear. The dogs belonging to the ferrishyn or Manx fairies can be found in a wide variety of colors. They are sometimes described as white and wearing red caps or may be found in all colors of

12705-514: The same book, Harry Potter & the Prisoner of Azkaban , Padfoot being the nickname of Sirius Black , an animagus who can turn into a large black dog and who is mistaken for the Grim by Harry. English rock band Led Zeppelin 's song " Black Dog " is loosely inspired by the trope of the black dog, incidentally, as well as a reference to a nameless black Labrador Retriever that wandered around

12826-467: The same poverty while traveling. In his thesis "'La Généreuse Nation!' Britain and the French Emigration 1792-1802", Callum Whittaker recounts that while leaving France one aristocrat "disguised herself as a sailor, and hid for a day in the hold of a ship underneath a pile of ropes". Also, captains and sailors saw this as an opportunity to earn a little on the side, and so they levied taxes on

12947-417: The sheep, but toward outsiders he was very spiteful and mischievous until one day he was banished by a vicar . As both a helper and a trickster the Capelthwaite behaved more like a domestic hobgoblin than a typical black dog. The Church Grim guards a local Christian church and its attached churchyard from those who would profane them including thieves, vandals, witches, and warlocks. For this purpose, it

13068-421: The southern region of Belgium, folktales mentioned the Tchén al tchinne ("Chained Hound" in Walloon ), a hellhound with a long chain that was thought to roam in the fields at night. Numerous sightings of hellhounds persist throughout the Czech lands . In France , in AD 856, a black hound was said to materialize in a church even though the doors were shut. The church grew dark as it padded up and down

13189-541: The spot where it was just seen is examined then one may find scorch marks and the smell of brimstone . There are also less common tales of a similar dog said to accompany people on their way home in the role of protector rather than an omen of misfortune. Among other possible meanings, the name Shuck is derived from a provincial word meaning shaggy . In Guernsey is Bodu or tchen Bodu ( tchen being dog in Dgèrnésiais ). His appearance, usually in

13310-460: The time her mother arrived, the dog had disappeared, and Benedetta and her parents interpreted this incident as the work of a devil disguised as an animal. Black dogs with fiery eyes are reported throughout Latin America from Mexico to Argentina under a variety of names including the Perro Negro (Spanish for black dog), Nahual (Mexico), Huay Chivo and Huay Pek (Mexico) – alternatively spelled Uay/Way/Waay Chivo/Pek, Cadejo (Central America),

13431-483: The warfare had broken out. Unlike the privileged classes who had voluntarily fled earlier, those displaced by war were driven out by fear for their lives and were of lower status and lesser or no means. As the notions of political freedom and equality spread, people began developing different opinions on who should reap the benefits of active citizenship. The political unity of the revolutionaries had begun to fizzle out by 1791, although they had succeeded in establishing

13552-537: The wider community. After much debate, the Parliament of Great Britain passed the Aliens Act of 1793 which served to regulate and reduce immigration. Those entering the country were required to give their names, ranks, occupations, and addresses to the local Justice of Peace. Those who did not comply, were deported or imprisoned. Community concern at the influx of French refugees slowly abated as time passed and

13673-506: Was as universal in the eighteenth century as it would ever become". Emigrants primarily settled in London and Soho , the latter had grown into a thriving French cultural district, complete with French hotels and cuisine, although it had long been a haven for French exiles, housing many thousands of Frenchmen from the last mass migration which occurred in reaction to the Edict of Nantes . Here

13794-471: Was given a trial. The dog was said to appear soon after, and although the terrified men killed their guards and escaped, the beast is said to have hunted them down and killed them wherever they fled. Grim (or Fairy Grim) is the name of a shapeshifting fairy that sometimes took the form of a black dog in the 17th-century pamphlet The Mad Pranks and Merry Jests of Robin Goodfellow . He was also referred to as

13915-471: Was initial hesitation, citizens quickly learned that these migrants were refugees, searching for tranquility and focusing on how to feed themselves and their family members, not agents sent by France to disrupt the political order. While this generation of individuals did not have the luxury of being very politically active, their presence in neighboring European countries and the United States caused

14036-552: Was not. Despite these facts, as Zosa Szajkowski states in the text Jews and the French Revolutions of 1789, 1830, and 1848 it was still a widely held belief that "the Jews wanted to bring about a counter-revolution with all its destruction and death". Thus, the Jews were continuously unfairly suspected of fraud, although rarely ever convicted for it. Also, their correspondence in Hebrew with those living outside France

14157-542: Was opened in 1796. These poorer émigrés were an eclectic group. They included widows, men wounded in war, the elderly, the ecclesiastics, and some provincial nobility along with domestic servants. It has been noted that "there was little that these émigrés had in common besides their misfortunes and their stoic perseverance in the absence of any alternative" Malnutrition and poor living conditions led to an onslaught of maladies, and death did not quite put an end to their suffering for even posthumously their families were beset with

14278-458: Was opened, the first man buried there had to guard it against the Devil. To save a human soul from such a duty, a black dog was buried in the north part of the churchyard as a substitute. The area around St Germans is haunted by a pack of hunting dogs known as Dando's Dogs. Dando was an unrepentantly sinful priest and an avid huntsman who was carried off to Hell by the Devil for his wickedness. Since then, Dando and his hounds are sometimes heard in

14399-429: Was reputed to be a wizard. It was claimed that he would transform into a black dog and attack his neighbours' cattle. It is uncertain if there was any connection between the barghest and the wizard. The Black Dog of Preston is said to be a guardian of the city gates, appearing when danger threatens the town. It is a headless boggart, who could howl nevertheless, and whose howl meant death, as also did its lying down upon

14520-587: Was restricted. August Mauger, the leader of the terror in Nancy, refused to give Jews passports. Those emigrating had to do so illegally, without proper documentation and thus without guarantee of success. The threat of execution was very real for many more people than simply the Jewish population of France. Lacoste, the safety commissioner of Alsace, believed that one-fourth of the Parisian population should be guillotined. Jewish and non-Jewish alike emigrated to

14641-415: Was the custom to bury a dog alive under the cornerstone of a church as a foundation sacrifice . Sometimes, the grim will toll the bells at midnight before a death occurs. At funerals, the presiding clergyman may see the dog looking out from the churchtower and determine from its "aspect" whether the soul of the departed was bound for Heaven or Hell . Another tradition states that when a new churchyard

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