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121-485: Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero (25 December 1946 – 11 August 1990) was a Colombian drug trafficker . As Pablo Escobar 's cousin and right-hand man , Gaviria controlled the Medellín cartel 's finances and trade routes. He and Escobar had collaborated in their criminal careers since the early 1970s. Though he was the owner of a fortune comparable to Escobar's and even had a military apparatus at his service, Gaviria

242-419: A $ 3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers. There are several arguments on whether or not free trade has a correlation to an increased activity in the illicit drug trade. Currently,

363-647: A Carmelite nun, Saint Thérèse practiced voluntary corporal mortification. Some members of strict monastic orders, and some members of the Catholic lay organization Opus Dei , practice mild self-flagellation using the discipline. Pope John Paul II took the discipline regularly. Self-flagellation remains common in Colombia , the Philippines , Mexico , Spain and one convent in Peru . As suffering and cutting

484-407: A cart's tail" along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime, "until his [or her] back be bloody". In the late seventeenth century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping. Over

605-500: A cattail whip usually made of knotted cords, which is flung over the shoulders repeatedly during private prayer. In the 13th century, a group of Roman Catholics, known as the Flagellants , took self-mortification to an extreme, and would travel to towns and publicly beat and whip each other while preaching repentance. As these demonstrations by nature were quite morbid and disorderly, they were, during periods of time, suppressed by

726-409: A convict was either flogged or hanged but never both. Flagellation took place either with a single whip or, more notoriously, with the cat o' nine tails . Typically, the offender's upper half was bared and he was suspended by the wrists beneath a tripod of wooden beams (known as 'the triangle'). In many cases, the offender's feet barely touched ground, which helped to stretch the skin taut and increase

847-573: A counter-offensive by Escobar that initially destabilized the new president's administration. Drug trafficker The government of the Qing dynasty issued edicts against opium smoking in 1730, 1796 and 1800. The West prohibited addictive drugs throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning in the 18th century, British merchants from the East India Company began to illegally sell opium to Chinese merchants, and by

968-455: A dead man, shortly thereafter he was dead"). The Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a nearby populated area "and there tied to the end of a cart naked and beaten with whips throughout such market town till the body shall be bloody". In England, offenders (mostly those convicted of theft) were usually sentenced to be flogged "at

1089-408: A distinction was drawn (and still is, in one or two colonial territories ) between flogging (with a cat o' nine tails) and whipping (formerly with a whip, but since the early 19th century with a birch). In Britain these were both abolished in 1948. Officially abolished in most countries, flogging or whipping, including foot whipping in some countries, is still a common punishment in some parts of

1210-693: A few such as captain Isaac Chauncey awarded one hundred or more lashes. In 1815 the United States Navy placed a limit of twelve lashes, a captain of a naval vessel, could award. More severe infractions were to be tried by court martial. As critics of flogging aboard the ships and vessels of the United States Navy became more vocal, the Department of the Navy began in 1846 to require annual reports of discipline including flogging, and limited

1331-495: A government document. Whipping has been used as a form of discipline on slaves. It was sometimes carried out during the period of slavery in the United States , by slave owners and their slaves. The power was also given to slave "patrolers," whites authorized to whip any slave who violated the slave codes . In the 18th and 19th centuries, European armies administered floggings to common soldiers who committed breaches of

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1452-769: A path to the United States and Europe for illegal drugs originating in Colombia , through Central America, Mexico and Caribbean countries such as Haiti , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico . According to the United Nations, cocaine trafficking through Venezuela increased from 2002 to 2008. In 2005, the government of Hugo Chávez severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying. Following

1573-463: A person, though they can be administered to other areas of the body. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado , the soles of a person's bare feet are used as a target for beating (see foot whipping ). In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to include any sort of corporal punishment , including birching and caning . However, in British legal terminology,

1694-449: A power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This political corruption obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs. By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of

1815-637: A primary trading route, due to its large-scale and costly war against drug trafficking. The Border Police Chief of Iran said that his country "is a strong barrier against the trafficking of illegal drugs to Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan." The drugs produced by the Golden Triangle of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand, on the other hand, pass through the southern routes to feed the Australian, US, and Asian markets. Venezuela has been

1936-676: A profit in the cocaine smuggling market in order to leverage it for their activities. Drugs are increasingly traded online on the dark web on darknet markets . Internet-based drug trafficking is the global distribution of narcotics, making extensive use of technology. Similarly, the use of the Internet for the illegal trafficking of two controlled categories of drugs can also be identified as Internet-related drug trafficking. The platform Silk Road provided goods and services to 100,000 buyers before being shut down in October 2013. This prompted

2057-521: A prominent set culture of Mexican society that created the means for drug capital. One of the sites of origin for drug trafficking within Mexico, was the state of Michoacán . In the past, Michoacán was mainly an agricultural society. This provided an initial growth of trade. Industrialization of rural areas of Mexico facilitated a greater distribution of drugs, expanding the drug market into different provinces. Once towns became industrialized, cartels such as

2178-650: A reported 5,036 times on sixty naval vessels. At the urging of New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale , the United States Congress banned flogging on all U.S. ships in September 1850, as part of a then-controversial amendment to a naval appropriations bill. Hale was inspired by Herman Melville 's "vivid description of flogging, a brutal staple of 19th century naval discipline" in Melville's "novelized memoir" White Jacket . During Melville's time on

2299-516: A response, Mexico saw an increase in violence caused by drug trafficking. The corruption cartels created resulted in distrust of government by the Mexican public. This distrust became more prominent after the collapse of the PRI party. In response, the presidents of Mexico , in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, implemented several different programs relating to law enforcement and regulation. In 1993, President Salinas created

2420-720: A ship's boat which was then rowed among the ships, with the ships' companies called to attention to observe the punishment. In June 1879 a motion to abolish flogging in the Royal Navy was debated in the House of Commons. John O'Connor Power , the member for Mayo, asked the First Lord of the Admiralty to bring the navy cat o' nine tails to the Commons Library so that the members might see what they were voting about. It

2541-508: A six-year period. This was spent as follows: $ 5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation , who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $ 500,000 in monthly income. Another $ 5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $ 4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $ 8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $ 9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $ 7 per hour wage for officers and

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2662-412: A sword or zanjeer zani or zanjeer matam , involving the use of a zanjeer (a chain with blades) are also performed. These are religious customs that show solidarity with Husayn and his family. People mourn the fact that they were not present at the battle to fight and save Husayn and his family. In some western cities, Shi'a communities have organized blood donation drives with organizations like

2783-647: Is a lack of local stability, as mayors cannot be re-elected. This requires electing a new mayor each term. Drug gangs have manipulated this, using vacuums in local leadership to their own advantage. In 1929, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the Mexican Revolution . Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies. The party created ties with various groups as

2904-585: Is built using illegal funds, and when the house is sold, legal money is earned. When drugs are sent over land, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations, such as Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb . Drugs in Asia traditionally traveled the southern routes – the main caravan axes of Southeast Asia and Southern China – and include

3025-505: Is especially true in all developing countries, such as Honduras , but is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide. In the late 1990s in the United States the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related. In Colombia, drug violence can be caused by factors such as the economy, poor governments, and no authority within law enforcement. After a crackdown by US and Mexican authorities in

3146-592: Is often laundered in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal . According to the Africa Economic Institute, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is almost twice the value of the country's GDP . Police officers are often bribed. A police officer's normal monthly wage of $ 93 is less than 2% of the value of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cocaine (€7000 or $ 8750). The money can also be laundered using real estate. A house

3267-659: Is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame. Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by Sudhir Venkatesh suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation in Chicago , he found that one gang (essentially a franchise ) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling crack cocaine , they took in approximately $ 32,000 per month over

3388-408: Is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips , rods , switches , the cat o' nine tails , the sjambok , the knout , etc. Typically, flogging has been imposed on an unwilling subject as a punishment; however, it can also be submitted to willingly and even done by oneself in sadomasochistic or religious contexts. The strokes are typically aimed at the unclothed back of

3509-527: Is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug (and its classification in the country into which it is being trafficked), the quantity trafficked, where the drugs are sold and how they are distributed. If the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries. Sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, flogging and even

3630-471: The 4th Armoured Division expanded captagon production and trafficking from Syria into a "business model controlled by the regime". In 2022, 90% of all captagon pills manufactured in Syria exported by drug cartels affiliated with Assad regime arrived at its customer destinations across the world. Although hundreds of millions of pills were intercepted and seized by police forces, these accounted only for 10% of

3751-727: The Anglican Communion to practice self-flagellation using the discipline. St. Thérèse of Lisieux , a late 19th-century French Discalced Carmelite nun considered in Catholicism to be a Doctor of the Church , is an influential example of a saint who questioned prevailing attitudes toward physical penance. Her view was that loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life was pleasing to God, and fostered loving relationships with other people, more than taking upon oneself extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance. As

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3872-700: The Assad regime and Hezbollah . A joint investigation conducted by Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project and BBC News Arabic published a documentary in June 2023, revealing further details about the activities of regime officials, Ba'athist military commanders and Assad family members in their involvement in Syria's drug cartel. The investigation found that Lebanese criminal and drug kingpin Hassan Daqou collaborated with Syria's Fourth Armoured Division on trafficiking billions of dollars of drugs, under

3993-630: The Fourth Armoured Division , directly supervises the production, smuggling and profiteering of the drug business. Already suffering from severe financial problems as a result of corruption and civil war, profits from Captagon are said to be the "lifeline" of the Assad regime, through which it earns more than 90% of its total revenue. The smugglers receive direct training from Syrian military to successfully conduct trafficking operations. Republican Guard , commanded by Maher al-Assad

4114-680: The International Opium Convention in 1912. Between 1920 and c.  1933 the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution banned alcohol in the United States . Prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce and resulted in the rise of organized crime, including the modern American Mafia , which identified enormous business opportunities in the manufacturing, smuggling and sale of illicit liquor. The beginning of

4235-535: The Merida Initiative , to help combat drug trafficking in Mexico. This program increased US security assistance to $ 1.4 billion over several years, which helped supply Mexican forces with "high-end equipment from helicopters to surveillance technology". Despite US aid, Mexican "narcogangs" continue to outnumber and outgun the Mexican Army , allowing for continued activities of drug cartels across

4356-715: The Narcosobrinos incident , Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro 's two nephews were found guilty of trying to ship drugs into the United States so they could "obtain a large amount of cash to help their family stay in power". According to a research conducted by the Israel-based Abba Eban Institute as part of an initiative called Janus Initiative, the main routes that Hezbollah uses for smuggling drugs are from Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil into West Africa and then transported through northern Africa into Europe. This route serves Hezbollah in making

4477-666: The National Defence Forces and Hezbollah also consume illegal drugs in large quantities. In July 2023, German police busted a major captagon network run by two Syrian-born men in southern German state of Bavaria . Assad regime sponsors the largest Captagon production network in Syria; which is the source of about 80% of total captagon supply in the world. In an investigative report published by The Insider news-outlet in 2024, journalist Yuriy Matsarsky stated: "...Captagon produced in underground labs—and in actual Syrian pharmaceutical facilities—is distributed to

4598-537: The Red Cross on Ashura as a positive replacement for self-flagellation rituals like Tatbir and Qame Zani . Flagellation is also used as a sexual practice in the context of BDSM . The intensity of the beating is usually far less than used for punishment. There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, during the 14th century. Flagellation practiced within an erotic setting has been recorded from at least

4719-601: The Sinaloa Cartel started to form and expand. The proliferation of drug cartel culture largely stemmed from the ranchero culture seen in Michoacán. Ranchero culture values the individual as opposed to the society as a whole. This culture fostered the drug culture of valuing the family that is formed within the cartel. This ideal allowed for greater organization within the cartels. Flogging Flagellation (Latin flagellum , 'whip'), flogging or whipping

4840-576: The Spartan cult of Artemis Orthia . The Flagellation , in a Christian context , refers to an episode in the Passion of Christ prior to Jesus' crucifixion . The practice of mortification of the flesh for religious purposes has been utilised by members of various Christian denominations since the time of the Great Schism in 1054. Nowadays the instrument of penance is called a discipline ,

4961-512: The Torah (Deuteronomy 25:1–3) and Rabbinic law lashes may be given for offenses that do not merit capital punishment, and may not exceed 40. However, in the absence of a Sanhedrin , corporal punishment is not practiced in Jewish law. Halakha specifies the lashes must be given in sets of three, so the total number cannot exceed 39. Also, the person whipped is first judged whether they can withstand

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5082-579: The US–Mexico border . Although narcotics are illegal in the US, they have become integrated into the nation's culture and are seen as a recreational activity by sections of the population. Illicit drugs are considered to be a commodity with strong demand, as they are typically sold at a high value. This high price is caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand. Despite

5203-482: The cat o' nine tails was used for severe formal punishment, while a "rope's end" or "starter" was used to administer informal, on-the-spot discipline. During the period 1790–1820, flogging in the British Navy on average consisted of 19.5 lashes per man. Some captains such as Thomas Masterman Hardy imposed even more severe penalties. Hardy while commanding HMS  Victory , 1803–1805, raised punishments from

5324-425: The crucifixion of Jesus Christ . Due to the context of the flagellation of Jesus, the method and extent may have been limited by local practice, though it was done under Roman law. Whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye. In addition to causing severe pain,

5445-740: The death penalty (in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and elsewhere). In December 2005, Van Tuong Nguyen , a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004. In 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cannabis into the country. Execution is mostly used as a deterrent, and many have called upon much more effective measures to be taken by countries to tackle drug trafficking; for example, targeting specific criminal organisations that are often also active in

5566-620: The 1590s evidenced by a John Davies epigram, and references to "flogging schools" in Thomas Shadwell 's The Virtuoso (1676) and Tim Tell-Troth's Knavery of Astrology (1680). Visual evidence such as mezzotints and print media in the 1600s is also identified revealing scenes of flagellation, such as in the late seventeenth-century English mezzotint "The Cully Flaug'd" from the British Museum collection. John Cleland 's novel Fanny Hill , published in 1749, incorporates

5687-532: The 1970s. As of 2022, the Syrian government finances the biggest multi-billion dollar drug trade in the world, mostly focused on an illegal drug known as Captagon , making it the world's largest narco-state . Its revenues from Captagon smuggling alone is estimated to worth 57 billion dollars annually in 2022, which is approximately thrice the total trade of all Mexican cartels. General Maher al-Assad , younger brother of Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad and commander of

5808-520: The 1980s and 90s, drug-related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence varied tremendously among cities in America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America. An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves. Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami

5929-546: The 21st century saw drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for marijuana and cocaine . As a result, international organized crime syndicates such as the Sinaloa Cartel and 'Ndrangheta have increased cooperation among each other in order to facilitate trans-Atlantic drug-trafficking. Use of another illicit drug, hashish , has also increased in Europe. Drug trafficking

6050-507: The Andean countries, including Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The underground market in the early half of the 20th century mainly had ties to Europe. After World War II, the Andean countries saw an expansion of trade, specifically with cocaine. The Ba'athist government of Syria ruled by the Al-Assad family is known for its extensive involvement in drug trade since

6171-614: The Army in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Shortly after the establishment of Northern Ireland the Special Powers Act of 1922 (known as the "Flogging Act") was enacted by the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The Act enabled the government to 'take all such steps and issue all such orders as may be necessary for preserving the peace and maintaining order'. The long serving Home Affairs Minister Dawson Bates (1921–1943)

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6292-458: The British penal colonies in early colonial Australia . Given that convicts in Australia were already "imprisoned", punishments for offenses committed there could not usually result in imprisonment and thus usually consisted of corporal punishment such as hard labour or flagellation. Unlike Roman times, British law explicitly forbade the combination of corporal and capital punishment ; thus,

6413-599: The British 73rd Foot flogged a man in occupied France in 1814, disgusted French citizens protested against it. During the French Revolutionary Wars the French Army stopped floggings altogether, inflicting death penalty or other severe corporal punishments instead. Once common in the British Army and British Royal Navy as a means of discipline, flagellation also featured prominently in

6534-596: The Chinese authorities would open further ports to foreign trade, including opium. In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium in Britain, the British government restricted the sale of opium by implementing the 1868 Pharmacy Act . In the United States, control of opium remained under the control of individual US states until the introduction of the Harrison Act in 1914, after 12 international powers signed

6655-588: The French Revolution, though not as official punishment. On 31 May 1793, the Jacobin women seized a revolutionary leader, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt , stripped her naked, and flogged her on the bare bottom in the public garden of the Tuileries . After this humiliation, she refused to wear any clothes, in memory of the outrage she had suffered. She went mad and ended her days in an asylum after

6776-619: The National Institute for the Combat of Drugs in Mexico. From 1995 to 1998, President Zedillo established policies regarding increased punishment of organized crime, allowing "[wire taps], protected witnesses, covert agents and seizures of goods", and increasing the quality of law enforcement at the federal level. From 2001 to 2005, President Vicente Fox created the Federal Agency of Investigation . These policies resulted in

6897-453: The Protestant Reformer , regularly practiced self-flagellation as a means of mortification of the flesh before leaving the Roman Catholic Church. Likewise, the Congregationalist writer Sarah Osborn (1714–1796) also practiced self-flagellation in order "to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God". It became "quite common" for members of the Tractarian movement (see Oxford Movement , 1830s onwards) within

7018-411: The USS United States from 1843 to 1844, the ship log records 163 floggings, including some on his first and second days (18 and 19 August 1843) aboard the frigate at Honolulu, Oahu. Melville also included an intense depiction of flogging, and the circumstances surrounding it, in his more famous work, Moby-Dick . Military flogging was abolished in the United States Army on 5 August 1861. Flagellation

7139-416: The United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico. In Colombia, however, there was a fall of the major drug cartels in the mid-1990s. Visible shifts occurred in the drug market in the United States. Between 1996 and 2000, US cocaine consumption dropped by 11%. In 2008, the US government initiated another program, known as

7260-407: The United States to intervene in activities related to illegal drug transport in Latin America. Continuing into the 1980s, the United States instated stricter policy pertaining to drug transit through sea. As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the Mexico–US border , which increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico. By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in

7381-428: The United States, had, as of 2011, the highest murder rate in the world. According to the International Crisis Group , the most violent regions in Central America, particularly along the Guatemala–Honduras border, are highly correlated with an abundance of drug trafficking activity. In several countries, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to violent crimes such as murder and gun violence. This

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7502-464: The United States, around 195 cities have been infiltrated by drug trafficking that originated in Mexico. An estimated $ 10bn of the Mexican drug cartel's profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering America's economic dependence on drugs. With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public. In

7623-518: The United States, drug cartels in Mexico see a $ 25–30 bn yearly profit, a great deal of which circulates through international banks such as HSBC . Drug cartels are fundamental in local economics. A percentage of the profits seen from the trade are invested in the local community. Such profits contribute to the education and healthcare of the community. While these cartels bring violence and hazards into communities, they create jobs and provide income for its many members. Major cartels saw growth due to

7744-411: The ability of a prison's visiting justices (in England and Wales, but not in Scotland, except at Peterhead) to order the birch or cat for prisoners committing serious assaults on prison staff. This power was not abolished until 1967, having been last used in 1962. School whipping was outlawed in publicly funded schools in 1986, and in privately funded schools in 1998 to 2003. Whipping occurred during

7865-407: The arrests of major drug-trafficking bosses: Over the past few decades drug cartels have become integrated into Mexico's economy. Approximately 500 cities are directly engaged in drug trafficking and nearly 450,000 people are employed by drug cartels. Additionally, the livelihood of 3.2 million people is dependent on the drug cartels. Between local and international sales, such as to Europe and

7986-404: The authorities. They continued to reemerge at different times up until the 16th century. Flagellation was also practised during the Black Plague as a means to purify oneself of sin and thus prevent contracting the disease. Pope Clement VI is known to have permitted it for this purpose in 1348, but changed course, as he condemned the Flagellants as a cult the following year. Martin Luther ,

8107-419: The banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the $ 352 billion (£216bn) of drug profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result: "In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In

8228-542: The bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, though they were normally not supposed to kill the victim. Nonetheless, Livy , Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as "half death" by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem , " pro mortuo sublatus brevi postea mortuus " ("taken away for

8349-489: The body with knives or chains ( matam ) have been prohibited by Shi'a marjas like Ali Khamenei , Supreme Leader of Iran , some Shi'a observe mourning with blood donation which is called "Qame Zani" and flailing. Yet some Shi'ite men and boys continue to slash themselves with chains ( zanjeer ) or swords ( talwar ) and allow their blood to run freely. Certain rituals like the traditional flagellation ritual called Talwar zani ( talwar ka matam or sometimes tatbir ) using

8470-424: The cat o' nine tails, and to try more rational means—more often than not with success. The 3rd battalion's Royal Anglian Regiment nickname of "The Steelbacks" is taken from one of its former regiments, the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot who earned the nickname for their stoicism when being flogged with the cat o' nine tails ("Not a whimper under the lash"), a routine method of administering punishment in

8591-406: The cat" in 1942: "The pain was dreadful; you couldn't imagine it. The tail-ends cut my flesh to the bone, but I was determined not to scream and I didn't." The King's German Legion (KGL), which were German units in British pay, did not flog. In one case, a British soldier on detached duty with the KGL was sentenced to be flogged, but the German commander refused to carry out the punishment. When

8712-418: The central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation. As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities. Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom. As

8833-425: The command of General Ghassan Bilal, the right-hand man of Maher al-Assad . The report also unearthed Hezbollah 's close participation in the drug production and smuggling networks. The Fourth Armoured Division, being an elite military unit permitted to move freely across Assad regime's checkpoints, oversees the smuggling operations from Syria, including the trafficking of cash, weapons, illegal drugs, etc. Days after

8954-540: The conclusion of the whipping, the prisoner's lacerated back was normally rinsed with brine , which served as a crude and painful disinfectant. Flogging still continued for years after independence. The last person flogged in Australia was William John O'Meally in 1958 in Melbourne 's Pentridge Prison . During the Ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia , young men ran through the streets with thongs cut from

9075-423: The constant effort by politicians to win the war on drugs , the US is still the world's largest importer of illegal drugs. Throughout the 20th century, narcotics other than cocaine also crossed the Mexican border, meeting the US demand for alcohol during the 1920s Prohibition , opiates in the 1940s, marijuana in the 1960s, and heroin in the 1970s. Most of the US imports of drugs come from Mexican drug cartels. In

9196-466: The continuous development of new markets. A large amount of drugs are smuggled into Europe from Asia. The main sources of these drugs are Afghanistan , along with countries that constituted the so-called Golden Crescent . From these producers, drugs are smuggled into the West and Central Asia to its destinations in Europe and the United States. Iran is now a common route for smugglers, having been previously

9317-463: The course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased. The public whipping of women was abolished in 1817 (after having been in decline since the 1770s) and that of men ended in the early 1830s, though not formally abolished until 1862. Private whipping of men in prison continued and was not abolished until 1948. The 1948 abolition did not affect

9438-556: The creation of new platforms such as Silk Road 2.0, which were also shut down. Statistics about profits from the drug trade are largely unknown due to its illicit nature. An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year. In December 2009 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa claimed illegal drug money saved

9559-433: The damage inflicted by the whip. It also centered the offender's weight in his shoulders, further ensuring a painful experience. With the prisoner thus stripped and bound, either one or two floggers administered the prescribed number of strokes, or "lashes," to the victim's back. During the flogging, a doctor or other medical worker was consulted at regular intervals as to the condition of the prisoner. In many cases, however,

9680-467: The demand for illicit drugs in certain areas of the United States. Large-scale drug trafficking is one of the capital crimes , and may result in a death sentence prescribed at the federal level when it involves murder. A large generation, the baby boomers , came of age in the 1960s. Their social tendency to confront the law on specific issues, including illegal drugs, overwhelmed the understaffed judicial system. The federal government attempted to enforce

9801-453: The departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers. Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008 to sixth in the world in 2012. On 18 November 2016, following what was known as

9922-493: The drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the government officials. During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new National Action Party (PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically. As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power. Instead of negotiating with

10043-471: The drug industry while weakening the efforts of law enforcement to monitor the flow of drug money into the legitimate economy. Cooperation among cartels expands their scope to distant markets and strengthens their abilities to evade detection by local law enforcement. Additionally, criminal organizations work together to coordinate money-laundering activities by having separate organizations handle specific stages of laundering process. One organization structures

10164-466: The drug was not previously popular." The effects of the illegal drug trade in the United States can be seen in a range of political, economic and social aspects. Increasing drug related violence can be tied to the racial tension that arose during the late 20th century along with the political upheaval prevalent throughout the 1960s and 70s. The second half of the 20th century was a period when increased wealth, and increased discretionary spending, increased

10285-597: The early 19th century, an illegal drug trade in China emerged. As a result, by 1838 the number of Chinese opium-addicts had grown to between four and twelve million. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium; this led to the First Opium War (1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and Qing-dynasty China. The British defeated the Chinese, and in the resulting treaty that ended

10406-457: The fighters of Bashar Assad's army . Interestingly, however, the quantities the country produces far exceed its own military’s demand. ... By some estimates, this business gives Syria more money than its entire legal export, and the regime constantly works to increase its profits, primarily by expanding its market reach. To this end, criminal gangs associated with Damascus or Hezbollah have built distribution networks for Captagon in countries where

10527-466: The first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the September 11 attacks , border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related. A report by the UK government's Drug Strategy Unit that was leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs heroin and cocaine, drug use

10648-475: The former opium-producing countries of Thailand , Iran , and Pakistan . After the 1990s, particularly after the end of the Cold War (1991), borders were opened and trading and customs agreements were signed so that the routes expanded to include China, Central Asia, and Russia. There are, therefore, diversified drug trafficking routes available today, particularly in the heroin trade and these thrive due to

10769-531: The hide of goats which had just been sacrificed, whipping people with the thongs as they ran. According to Plutarch , women would put themselves in their way to receive blows on the hands, believing that this would help them to conceive or grant them an easy delivery. The eunuch priests of the goddess Cybele , the galli , flogged themselves until they bled during the annual festival called Dies Sanguinis . The initiation ceremonies of Greco-Roman mystery religions also sometimes involved ritual flagellation, as did

10890-400: The large amount of baby boomers, commercial marijuana use was on the rise. This increased the supply and demand for marijuana during this time period. Corruption in Mexico has contributed to the domination of Mexican cartels in the illicit drug trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico's political environment allowed the growth of drug-related activity. The loose regulation over

11011-627: The law, but with meager effect. Marijuana was a popular drug seen through the Latin American trade route in the 1960s. Cocaine became a major drug product in the later decades. Much of the cocaine is smuggled from Colombia and Mexico via Jamaica. This led to several administrations combating the popularity of these drugs. Due to the influence of this development on the US economy, the Reagan administration began "certifying" countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking. This allowed

11132-550: The maximum number of lashes to 12. These annual reports were required from the captain of each naval vessel. See thumbnail for the 1847 disciplinary report of the USS ; John Adams . The individual reports were then compiled so the Secretary of the Navy could report to the United States Congress how pervasive flogging had become and to what extent it was utilized. In total for the years 1846–1847, flogging had been administered

11253-567: The military code. During the American Revolutionary War , the American Congress raised the legal limit on lashes from 39 to 100 for soldiers who were convicted by courts-martial. Prior to 1815 United States Navy captains were given wide discretion in matters of discipline. Surviving ships logs reveal the majority awarded between twelve and twenty-four lashes, depending on the severity of the offense. However,

11374-741: The most common forms of torture . Flagellation is used by both the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Arab Army , but is not practiced by the Syrian Democratic Forces . ISIS most commonly used flagellation in which people would be tied to a ceiling and whipped. It was extremely common in Raqqa Stadium , a makeshift prison where prisoners were tortured. It was also common for those who did not follow ISIS strict laws to be publicly flogged. According to

11495-435: The physician merely observed the offender to determine whether he was conscious. If the prisoner passed out, the physician would order a halt until the prisoner was revived, and then the whipping would continue. Female convicts were also subject to flogging as punishment, both on the convict ships and in the penal colonies. Although they were generally given fewer lashes than males (usually limited to 40 in each flogging), there

11616-434: The prior twelve lashes and twenty-four for more serious offenses to a new standard of thirty-six lashes with sixty lashes reserved for more serious infractions, such as theft or second offenses. In severe cases a person could be "flogged around the fleet": a significant number of lashes (up to 600) was divided among the ships on a station and the person was taken to all ships to be flogged on each, or—when in harbour—bound in

11737-471: The process of how financial transactions will be laundered, while another criminal group provides the "dirty" money to be cleaned. By fostering expansion of trade and global transportation networks, free trade encourages cooperation and formation of alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The drug trade in Latin America emerged in the early 1930s. It saw significant growth in

11858-564: The public whipping. In the Russian Empire , knouts were used to flog criminals and political offenders. Sentences of a hundred lashes would usually result in death. Whipping was used as a punishment for Russian serfs . Ashraf Fayadh (born 1980), a Saudi Arabian poet, was imprisoned for eight years and lashed 800 times, rather than receiving a death penalty, for apostasy in 2016. In April 2020, Saudi Arabia said it would replace flogging with prison sentences or fines, according to

11979-501: The publication of the joint BBC-OCCRP documentary; Assad government banned all activities of BBC media outlets and entry of affiliated media personnel in Syria. The extensive involvement of Syrian Armed Forces in sponsorship of drug production and trade has led to pervasive drug addiction problems amongst pro-Assad soldiers. In many instances, military officials encourage the soldiers to consume Captagon and other illegal drugs, leading to overdose or drug abuse. Pro-Assad fighters in

12100-499: The punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased. Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. In the Roman Empire , flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion , and in this context is sometimes referred to as scourging . Most famously according to the gospel accounts, this occurred prior to

12221-432: The second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor ... Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade and other illegal activities...there were signs that some banks were rescued that way". Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office

12342-719: The seizure of approximately nine million devices and drugs, including large quantities of fake COVID-19 tests and face masks. The countries of drug production and transit are some of the most affected by the trade, though countries receiving the illegally   imported substances are also adversely affected. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic and social problems. Honduras , through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to

12463-589: The sheer volume of legal cross-border trade and provides cover for drug smuggling—by providing ample opportunity to conceal illicit cargo in legal trade. While international free trade continues to expand the volume of legal trade, the ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished. Towards the late 1990s, the top ten seaports in the world processed 33.6 million containers. Free trade has fostered integration of financial markets and has provided drug traffickers with more opportunities to launder money and invest in other activities. This strengthens

12584-471: The smuggling of other goods (i.e. wildlife) and even people. In many cases, links between politicians and the criminal organisations have been proven to exist. In June 2021, Interpol revealed an operation in 92 countries that shut down 113,000 websites and online marketplaces selling counterfeit or illicit medicines and medical products a month earlier, led to the arrests of 227 people worldwide, recovered pharmaceutical products worth $ 23 million, and led to

12705-432: The structure and operation of the illicit drug industry is described mainly in terms of an international division of labor. Free trade can open new markets to domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs. Additionally, extensive free trade among states increases cross-border drug enforcement and coordination between law enforcement agencies in different countries. However, free trade also increases

12826-499: The total captagon exports of the drug cartels linked to the Assad regime. In 2020, Italian police seized 84 million captagon pills originating from Syrian ports while intercepting a single shipment. In June 2023, US State Department 's Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs published a detailed report to the US Congress , elucidating a strategy to eliminate the narcotics production, drug trafficking and drug cartel networks affiliated with

12947-538: The transportation of illegal drugs and the failure to prosecute known drug traffickers and gangs increased the growth of the drug industry. Toleration of drug trafficking has undermined the authority of the Mexican government and has decreased the power of law enforcement officers in regulation over such activities. These policies of tolerance fostered the growing power of drug cartels in the Mexican economy and have made drug traders wealthier. Many states in Mexico lack policies that establish stability in governance. There also

13068-574: The victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood. The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia , dating from 195 and 123 BC. The poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum (horrible whip) in his Satires . Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, or chained to an upright pillar so as to be stretched out. Two lictors (some reports indicate scourgings with four or six lictors) alternated blows from

13189-547: The war, the Treaty of Nanking , the Qing government was forced to allow British merchants to sell Indian-grown opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking it had become common for the Chinese in the 19th century, so British merchants increased trade with the Chinese. The Second Opium War broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the French . The Treaty of Tianjin , which concluded that conflict, stipulated that

13310-478: The world, particularly in countries using Islamic law and in some territories which were former British colonies. Caning is routinely ordered by the courts as a penalty for some categories of crime in Singapore , Brunei , Malaysia , Indonesia , Tanzania, Zimbabwe and elsewhere. In Syria , where torture of political dissidents , POWs and civilians is extremely common, flagellation has become one of

13431-578: Was empowered to make any regulation felt necessary to preserve law and order. Breaking those regulations could bring a sentenced of up to a year in prison with hard labour, and in the case of some crimes, whipping. This act was in place until 1973, when it was replaced with the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 . An imprisoned member of the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) , Frank Morris remembered his 15 "strokes of

13552-458: Was no other difference between the manner in which males and females were flogged. Floggings of both male and female convicts were public, administered before the whole colony's company, assembled especially for the purpose. In addition to the infliction of pain, one of the principal purposes of the flogging was to humiliate the offender in front of his mates and to demonstrate, in a forceful way, that he had been required to submit to authority. At

13673-431: Was not as well known, as he kept a low profile. After Gustavo's death, Escobar decided to turn himself in but to stay at La Catedral , a jail of his own making, guarded by his own guards. Since Gustavo died four days after President César Gaviria took office, at the time, the media and the country in general thought the president had begun his term with an offensive against the narcoterrorists. Gustavo's death triggered

13794-406: Was one of the highest in the nation—four times the national homicide average. This crime rate was correlated with regions with low employment and was not entirely dependent on ethnicity. The baby boomer generation also felt the effects of the drug trade in their increased drug use from the 1960s to 80s. Along with substance use, criminal involvement, suicide and murder were also on the rise. Due to

13915-479: Was one of the main Ba'athist military divisions that was engaged in perpetrating brutal crackdowns and mass violence against protestors across the country. In 2018, Bashar al-Assad assigned Maher as the commander of the 4th Armoured Division, a military unit that supervised Assad regime's criminal enterprises like smuggling, drug trafficking, narcotics production and plunder of goods and resources. Under Maher's supervision,

14036-692: Was passed." In the Napoleonic Wars , the maximum number of lashes that could be inflicted on soldiers in the British Army reached 1,200. This many lashes could permanently disable or kill a man. Charles Oman , historian of the Peninsular War , noted that the maximum sentence was inflicted "nine or ten times by general court-martial during the whole six years of the war" and that 1,000 lashes were administered about 50 times. Other sentences were for 900, 700, 500 and 300 lashes. One soldier

14157-821: Was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% of shoplifting, 70–80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. It concluded "[t]he cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK" Heroin is increasingly trafficked from Afghanistan to Europe and America through eastern and southern African countries. This path is known as the "southern route" or "smack track". Repercussions of this trade include burgeoning heroin use and political corruption among intermediary African nations. Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia increasingly has been shipped via West Africa (especially in Nigeria , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Cameroon , Mali , Benin , Togo , and Ghana ). The money

14278-420: Was sentenced to 700 lashes for stealing a beehive. Another man was let off after only 175 of 400 lashes, but spent three weeks in the hospital. Later in the war, the more draconian punishments were abandoned and the offenders shipped to New South Wales instead, where more whippings often awaited them. (See Australian penal colonies section.) Oman later wrote: If anything was calculated to brutalize an army it

14399-609: Was so common in England as punishment that caning (and spanking and whipping) are called "the English vice". Flogging was a common disciplinary measure in the Royal Navy that became associated with a seaman's manly disregard for pain. Generally, officers were not flogged. However, in 1745, a cashiered British officer's sword could be broken over his head, among other indignities inflicted on him. Aboard ships, knittles or

14520-531: Was the Great "Cat" Contention, "Mr Speaker, since the Government has let the cat out of the bag, there is nothing to be done but to take the bull by the horns." Poet Laureate Ted Hughes celebrates the occasion in his poem, "Wilfred Owen's Photographs": "A witty profound Irishman calls/For a 'cat' into the House, and sits to watch/The gentry fingering its stained tails./Whereupon ...Quietly, unopposed,/The motion

14641-472: Was the wicked cruelty of the British military punishment code, which Wellington to the end of his life supported. There is plenty of authority for the fact that the man who had once received his 500 lashes for a fault which was small, or which involved no moral guilt, was often turned thereby from a good soldier into a bad soldier, by losing his self-respect and having his sense of justice seared out. Good officers knew this well enough, and did their best to avoid

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