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103-598: It claims to be the successor to the first regional Korean-language newspaper, which was founded on October 15, 1909, although it closed in January 1915. Another newspaper under that name reopened in 1946, but closed in 1980. The modern newspaper opened in 1989, and is thus the third to use this name. It is one of two regional newspapers for the province, with the other being the Changwon -based Kyongnam Shinmun . Some of its original predecessor's early issues are available on

206-475: A treaty normalizing relations with Japan , which included payment of reparations and the making of soft-loans from Japan, and led to increased trade and investment between South Korea and Japan. In July 1966 South Korea and the United States signed a Status of Forces Agreement establishing a more equal relationship between the two countries. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of

309-531: A Captain Kanno Hiroshi had previously partaken in the failed February 26 incident coup in Japan, and taught an analysis of the coup that Park possibly heeded. Lee evaluated this account as convincing, and theorized that, years later, Park applied the lessons to his own coup. In March 1942, Park graduated among the top five students of the academy. After graduation, he took a three-month apprenticeship in

412-628: A blood oath ( 혈서 ; 血書 ; hyŏlsŏ ) in order to demonstrate his fealty to Japan and draw publicity for his cause. Park did so. On March 31, 1939, the Manchukuo newspaper Manshū Shimbun ran an article called "Blood Oath: Desire to be an Army Officer: Young Teacher from the Peninsula". On the 29th, admissions officers of the Military Government command were deeply moved by a piece of registered mail from Park Chung Hee,

515-420: A campaign to "clean up" the streets by arresting and putting the homeless to work in "welfare centers". The American historian Carter Eckert wrote that the historiography, including his work, around Park has tended to ignore the "enormous elephant in the room" namely that the way in which Park sought kündaehwa ( modernization ) of South Korea was influenced by his distinctively militaristic way of understanding

618-464: A copy of the first-ever issue of the paper  [ ko ] was found in an old house in Sugok-myeon, and was designated South Gyeongsang Province Tangible Cultural Heritage No. 482 on August 6, 2009. Changwon Changwon ( Korean :  창원 ; Korean pronunciation: [tɕʰaŋ.wʌn] ) is the capital and largest city of South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea (with

721-555: A large part of its industrial output and the majority of South Korea's weapons manufacturing. 70% of South Korea's defense industry is based in Changwon. The city was chosen to host the military defense industry because of the city's natural basin shape and coastal access. Major defense companies like Hanwha Defense and Hyundai Rotem manufacturing the K9 Thunder and K2 Black Panther respectively are based out of Changwon. As

824-552: A marriage to a different woman: Kim Ho-nam  [ ko ] . The two married in 1935 while Park was still in love with Yi. While the marriage produced a daughter, Park Jae-ok , Kim was reportedly appalled at the family's poverty, and the couple avoided each other as much as possible. After their marriage, Park had a year left to go at school, so he left her at the Park household and returned. On March 20, 1937, Park graduated from Taegu, ranked 69 out of 70 in his class. As part of

927-579: A member of the Workers' Party of South Korea , the allegations concerning his involvement in a military cell were never substantiated. Nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. While working in the Army as an unpaid civilian assistant, he came across the 8th class of the Korea Military Academy (graduated in 1950), among whom was Kim Jong-pil , and this particular class would later serve as

1030-602: A number of them. On Sundays, Park attended a seodang (traditional school), where he received an education in the Confucian classics . Also around this time, he attended the Presbyterian Sangmo Church in Gumi. His family teased him for this, as they did not attend church, though he stopped at the end of elementary school. Decades later, he donated money to repair the church after it was damaged during

1133-482: A population of 1,025,702 as of 2023 ), and the 11th largest city of the country . A port city, Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south, and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east. The city of Miryang lies to the northeast, and Jinju to the west. The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history. In 1974, with

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1236-673: A reservoir and bird sanctuary ; House of Changwon, a hanok village and education centre; and Changwon Marine Park on Dotseom Island. Changwon is also home to the Changwon Exhibition Convention Centre (CECO). As the capital and largest city in Gyeongsannam-do, Changwon is a provincial centre for media production and home to television and radio broadcaster Changwon KBS that hosts the K-Pop World Festival each year and newspaper

1339-689: A series of economic reforms that eventually led to rapid and unprecedented economic growth and industrialization, a phenomenon that is now known as the Miracle on the Han River . This made South Korea one of the fastest growing economies of the 1960s and 1970s, albeit with costs to labor rights . This era also saw the formation of chaebols : family companies supported by the state similar to the Japanese zaibatsu . Examples of significant chaebols include Hyundai , LG , and Samsung . Although popular during

1442-509: A teacher at Western Mungyeong Public School in North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Included in the mail was a passionate letter that expressed Park's desire to be an army officer, as well as an oath written in blood that read "Service Until Death" ( 一死以テ御奉公 ) ... Becoming an officer, however, is limited to those already in the army; being 23 years old, he exceeded the age limit of 19. Therefore and regretfully, his application

1545-676: The Goryeo Period, to Uichang-hyeon. The name Changwon was first used in 1408 during the Joseon period, when King Taejong established the city as Changwon-bu. In 1415, he renamed Changwon-bu to Changwon-dohobu. Later during the King Sunjo Period (1601), it became Changwondae-do hobu. In 1895, the country was reorganized into 23 divisions by King Gojong, and Changwondae-do hobu was split into Changwon-gun and Ungcheon-gun. In 1908 Ungcheon-gun merged with nearby Jinhae-gun. During

1648-618: The Imperial Japanese Army , there was the belief that bushido would give Japanese soldiers enough "spirit" as to make them invincible in battle, as the Japanese regarded war as simply a matter of willpower with the side with the stronger will always prevailing. Reflecting his background as a man trained by Japanese officers, one of Park's favorite sayings was "we can do anything if we try" as Park argued that all problems could be overcome by sheer willpower. Eckert wrote when interviewing Park's closest friends, he always received

1751-649: The Iron Age . Typical Iron Age landmarks include Bangyedong monuments, dolmens, holy mounds, lower molar sites, and dolmens from Bronze Age settlements. In 209 AD, during the Three Kingdoms period, the area was named Gulja-gun, a province of the Silla kingdom. During the Unified Silla Period, this region was renamed to Uian-gun in 739 AD, during the reorganization of all Silla provinces, then in

1854-529: The Japanese colonial period , the city became known as Masan-bu, and Masan Port was opened. Eventually, Changwon was separated from Masan-bu. In 1970, the Masan Free Export Zone was opened to encourage foreign business to move to the area. In 1974, Changwon was selected to be an industrial and residential centre, as well as the provincial capital. The Changwon Industrial Complex was built in

1957-746: The Kennedy administration . In 1963, he was elected president in his own right as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party . He appointed Park Myung-keun , the Vice Leader of the party as the chief of the President's Office. He narrowly defeated former President Yun, the candidate of the Civil Rule Party, by just over 156,000 votes—a margin of 1.5 percent. Park would be re-elected president in 1967 , defeating Yun with somewhat less difficulty. In June 1965 Park signed

2060-545: The Korean Central Intelligence Agency in order to prevent counter-coups and suppress potential enemies, both foreign and domestic. Along with being given investigative powers, the KCIA was also given the authority to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or having anti-government sentiments. Under its first director, retired Brigadier General Kim Jong-pil , a relative of Park and one of

2163-701: The Korean Chinese historian Ryu Yŏnsan ( 류연산 ) in 2003, posits that Park may have joined the Gando Special Force as another show of fealty. The unit was meant to suppress Korean independence activism in the Jiandao region ("Gando" in Korean, "Kantō" in Japanese) of Northeast China. However, this theory is rejected by biographers Cho Gab-je and Chong-Sik Lee, who argue that the testimony that

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2266-565: The Korean Newspaper Archive for free. The Gyeongnam Ilbo was the first regional Korean-language newspaper and the first newspaper to be published in Jinju . Its company was also the first publicly-owned Korean press company. It was rare at the time, as it was the first newspaper to be founded in a regional Korean city that was not Japanese. By contrast, by 1909 there were around 34 Japanese newspapers across Korea in 1909, and

2369-496: The Korean War . People who knew Park as a child described him as competitive and persistent. His classmates later recalled that even after he lost in competitions of strength, such as arm wrestling or ssireum (Korean wrestling), he would taunt his opponents and demand rematches until he won. Park's friends remembered him as a voracious reader of history, who frequently talked excitedly about his historical heroes. When he

2472-595: The Kyongnam Shinmun . Changwon is home to numerous festivals throughout the year, including: Changwon hosts four professional sports teams: a basketball team, two association football clubs, and a baseball team. The city also hosted a Formula 3 race, the Korea Super Prix , from 1999 to 2003. Per capita, Changwon has one of the largest foreign populations in South Korea, largely due to

2575-802: The South Korean army . His coup brought an end to the interim Second Republic of Korea . After serving for two years as chairman of the military junta , he was elected president in 1963 , ushering in the Third Republic . A firm anti-communist , he continued to maintain close ties with the United States , which had maintained a large Army garrison in the country since the end of the Korean War . He supported American military involvement in Southeast Asia , and sent South Korean troops to Vietnam soon after seizing power. Park began

2678-619: The constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea . The newly established South Korean government , under the leadership of Syngman Rhee , arrested Park in November 1948 on charges that he led a Communist cell in the Korean constabulary. Park was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While Park had been

2781-537: The 1960s and 1970s has led to a city structure that is bisected by one main avenue called Changwon Daero, meaning Changwon big road. To the south are the factories, to the north are all of the residential areas. Changwon Daero also serves as emergency runway for military purposes. The Financial district is located in the southern part of Jungang-dong and Sangnam-dong, while the government district located northern part of Youngho-dong and Shinwol-dong. The Changdong Art Village has many murals and artwork on display throughout

2884-590: The 1960s, Park's popularity started to plateau by the 1970s, with closer than expected victories during the 1971 presidential election and the subsequent legislative elections . In 1972, Park declared martial law after carrying out a self-coup . He then introduced the highly authoritarian Yushin Constitution , ushering in the Fourth Republic . Now ruling as a dictator , he constantly repressed political opposition and dissent and completely controlled

2987-744: The 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. Park was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul . In 1960, Park became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army and

3090-564: The Changwon area: Masan Ferry Terminal offers service to the city of Geoje to the southeast. At Masan Dotseom Marine Park, a 10-minute ferry is available to Dotseom, a forested island in the centre of Masan Bay. Gimhae International Airport (PUS) is the closest airport, 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of Changwon in the city of Gimhae. In 2016, the airport was the 4th busiest in South Korea, with 14,900,815 passengers passing through. Park Chung Hee Park Chung Hee ( Korean :  박정희 ; November 14, 1917 – October 26, 1979)

3193-529: The II and III Artillery Corps during the war. By the time the war ended in 1953, Park had risen to become a brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement , Park was selected for six months' training at Fort Sill in the United States . After returning to Korea, Park rose rapidly in the military hierarchy. He was the head of the Army's Artillery School and commanded

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3296-823: The Korean War." On 1 July 2010, the three neighboring cities of Masan , Changwon and Jinhae unified to create Unified Changwon City , with a population of 1.04 million. Changwon is located on the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, on the Nakdong River delta looking out onto Masan Bay. The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which are Mt. Bulmo (802 m (2,631 ft)), Mt. Jeongbyeong (567 m (1,860 ft)), and Mt. Jangbok (582 m (1,909 ft)). The city also comprises several small islands in Masan Bay and along

3399-516: The Korean people. They founded a night school around November 1910, where Jang taught Classical Chinese . The paper struggled with its finances. It initially published every day (implied by the term "Ilbo " , meaning "daily"), but it struggled to do so. After its 20th issue, it began publishing every other day. Around the time of its start, it had a circulation of around 2,000. However, it struggled to increase its subscriber base and attract advertisers. Jang resigned due to increasing Japanese pressure on

3502-444: The Korean words nubida, which means "to travel" and jajeongeo , which means "bicycle." As a planned city, Changwon "utilizes a grid style infrastructure which makes transportation more efficient than other cities of comparable size". Changwon and the surrounding area are served by over 80 city bus and express bus routes. Express and Inter-city buses connect Changwon to other cities throughout Korea from six bus terminals throughout

3605-669: The Kwantung Army's 30th Infantry Regiment in Harbin as a liaison. His talents as an officer were swiftly recognized and he was one of the few Koreans allowed to attend the Imperial Japanese Army Academy near Tokyo. He was subsequently posted to a Japanese Army regiment in Manchuria and served there until Japan's surrender at the end of World War II. After graduating fifth in the class of 1944, Park

3708-607: The Masan Free Trade Zone, which was created to encourage foreign business to move to the area, the Korea Naval Base in Jinhae, which houses numerous American military professionals, and the prevalence of English academies known as hagwons throughout Korea which frequently employ teachers from a variety of English-speaking countries. Changwonderful , a website created by two foreign residents of Changwon,

3811-498: The Military Revolutionary Committee. When he found out that he was going to be retired within the next few months, he sped up the committee's plans. It led a military coup on May 16, 1961, which was nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after his defection on the day it started. On May 18, Chang Myon announced his resignation along with his cabinet. Yun accepted the coup and persuaded

3914-544: The United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various ROK army units not to interfere with the new government. Initially, a new administration was formed from among those military officers who supported Park. The reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction was nominally led by General Chang. Following Chang's arrest in July 1961, Park took overall control of the council. The coup

4017-736: The United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from North Korea seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. Throughout the 1960s, Park made speeches in which he blamed

4120-557: The academy fondly. At a state dinner in Tokyo in November 1961, Park made a point to find and thank General Nagumo Shinichirō ( 南雲慎一郎 ), the former commandant of the academy, for his time there. Nagumo revealed that Park had been sending him gifts of ginseng . At the time, Manchukuo was seen as a haven for Japanese political extremists of both the left and right, and the academy similarly had instructors who were then and later associated with significant controversy. According to one account,

4223-414: The annexation, the poet Hwang Hyŏn  [ ko ] wrote a piece of poetry critical of the annexation entitled Chŏlmyŏngsi ( 절명시 ; 絶命詩 ), and committed suicide in anguish. The Gyeongnam Ilbo published the poem, resulting in its publication being suspended for ten days. Thereafter, because of Japanese censorship, it avoided discussing politics and mostly focused on social issues and educating

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4326-666: The backbone of the May 16 coup . Right after the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup , Park returned to active service as a major in the South Korean Army . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951. As a colonel, Park was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery and commanded

4429-583: The chemical, industrial, and heavy machinery sectors of the Korean economy. In September 2010, the Changwon Industrial Complex exceeded 2,000 tenant companies. The tenants are 97.8% (1,957) small-to-medium—sized businesses, while large corporations make up 2.2%(44) including Samsung Techwin , GM Korea , LG Electronics , Hyundai Rotem , Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction , Doosan Infracore , Hyosung , Hyundai Wia and STX Corporation . The defense industry of Changwon makes up

4532-668: The city and build a common culture between residents, visitors, and ex-pats living in Changwon. The Changwoner also has a social media presence on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. Changwon, having been the first city in Korea to declare itself a cycling city, is now considered "one of the world's leading cities in terms of its public bicycle system". The Nubija bike sharing system was introduced in 2008 in an attempt to alleviate traffic and parking issues, encourage public health, and move away from car-dependent models of urban planning. The bike-share program also included infrastructural changes to

4635-533: The city, including 18 new bike lanes spanning 100.8 kilometres (62.6 miles), giving Changwon Korea's largest public bicycle rental system. As of 2012 , Nubija had 4,704 bicycles available at 241 terminals throughout the Changwon area, which can be searched for using the Nubija app. Users access the bicycles using a small chip called a MyBi pass. Nubija had over 68,823 registered users in 2012, and rented an average of 15,850 bicycles per day. The name Nubija comes from

4738-518: The city. See Changwon Buses  [ ko ] . The city is on the Gyeongjeon Line (Gwangju-Samnangjin), which stretches along the southern coast and links the Jeolla and Gyeongsang regions feeding local traffic into adjacent major lines. As of 2010 , KTX trains began running from Changwon to Seoul; travel time is approximately three hours. There are four Gyeongjeon line stations in

4841-505: The city. There is more nightlife here than restaurants, and local English speaking expats often frequent the area for drinks and laughs, often living very nearby. This is the most likely place to meet one of the foreign English teachers, engineers and armed services residence of the area. Changwon owes its rapid growth since the 1970s primarily to the Changwon industrial Complex, a 25.302 km (9.769 sq mi) hub of factories dominated by heavy industry which employs 82,000 and leads

4944-499: The coast including Dot island, Sokuri island, and several uninhabited islands. The city has four distinct seasons. The climate of Changwon is a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) with very warm summers and cold winters. The average temperature ranged between 2.8 °C (37.0 °F) in January to 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August. The average annual precipitation is 1,527 mm (60.1 in). Between 1980 and 1990 there

5047-460: The competent admiral was treated poorly by these groups during his lifetime. Lee speculated that this later influenced Park's authoritarian leadership style. In 1932, Park was admitted to Taegu Normal School  [ ko ] , a secondary school that trained elementary school teachers. Admissions were highly competitive, as it was the third such school in Korea, tuition was free, and teaching positions were historically seen as prestigious. Park

5150-653: The conditions of his schooling, he was required to teach for at least two years, and was placed in the Mungyeong Public Normal School  [ ko ] . The school was in Mungyeong , then an isolated coal mining town. He finally began receiving a comfortable salary, which he sent part of to his family. But just as he had once done, his students walked to the school daily often from far away and struggled to afford meals. He offered assistance to several of them in order to have them keep coming to

5253-435: The country (especially after 1971) and for prioritizing economic growth and social order at the expense of civil liberties and human rights . A Gallup Korea poll in October 2021 showed Park, Kim Dae-jung (an old opponent of Park whom he tried to have executed), and Roh Moo-hyun as the most highly rated presidents of South Korean history in terms of leaving a positive legacy, especially among South Korean conservatives and

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5356-592: The creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex, the three historically interdependent cities of Masan , Jinhae District , and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development, growing into an important industrial centre. On 1 July 2010, the cities of Changwon, Jinhae, and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon. As Korea's first planned city , modeled after Canberra , Australia, Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas. The city has also branded itself an "environmental capital" with

5459-404: The deputy commander of the Second Army. As such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. On April 26, 1960, Syngman Rhee , the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea , was forced out of office and into exile following the April Revolution , a student-led uprising. Yun Po-sun was elected as president later that year on July 29, although the real power

5562-407: The elderly. Park's daughter Park Geun-hye later served as the 11th president of South Korea from 2013 until she was impeached and convicted of various corruption charges in 2017. Park was born around 11 am on November 14, 1917, in Sangmo-dong  [ ko ] , Gumi , Korea, Empire of Japan to father Pak Sŏngbin  [ ko ] and mother Paek Namŭi  [ ko ] . He

5665-427: The entire school participated in enshū ( 演習 ) —military training programs. According to Lee, Park enjoyed and excelled in these aspects of the school. He took up kendo and became a trumpeter. His enthusiasm caught the eye of Lt. Col. Arikawa Keiichi ( 有川圭一 , 1891–1945) of the Kwantung Army , who ran the military training programs and became fond of Park. Park became interested in quitting teaching and joining

5768-471: The family. According to Lee, Park's family was about to go through their worst economic struggles yet. Around this time, Asia was experiencing the effects of the Great Depression and Japanese colonial policies mandated that Koreans send to Japan a significant portion of their agricultural output for what was seen as inadequate compensation. Park's schooling at Taegu was militaristic, especially as Japanese military officers were involved in running it. In fall,

5871-434: The first newspapers published in cities like Jeonju and Masan were Japanese. The Gyeongnam Ilbo Company was founded in February 1909, several months before the publication of the first issue. Its office was based out of Jinju-gun ( 진주군 ). It printed its first issue on October 15, 1909. Its first publication was praised by newspapers like The Korea Daily News and even by several in China and Japan. Its first president

5974-413: The lead in restarting the paper. He was reportedly so passionate about it that he sold his food company to fund the paper's development. The paper was heavily involved in the November 22, 1949 establishment of the annual Gaecheon Art Festival  [ ko ] , then known as the Yeongnam Art Festival. The festival still runs today. The newspaper funded the event until the 11th installment, and much of

6077-466: The military. But to his contemporaries, his chances seemed slim; entrance into the Japanese Military Academy was highly competitive for Koreans, and Park's grades were plummeting. In 1935, he was ranked last among the 73 students in his class and missed more days of school each year. Park's teachers attributed this to his dire economic situation. Lee theorizes that the absences were caused by his parents' inability to gather enough money for his expenses at

6180-432: The military. He also had much control over the media and expressions of art . In 1979, Park was assassinated by his close friend Kim Jae-gyu , director of the KCIA , following the Busan–Masan Uprising . Whether the assassination was spontaneous or premeditated remains unclear to this day. Economic growth continued in spite of the 1979 coup d'état and considerable political turmoil in the wake of his assassination . He

6283-423: The month with a date that ends in 4 or 9 the market "Sangnam-sijang" is open and bustling for business. This is the largest farmer's market within the city, with vendors selling fresh seafood, vegetables, and other groceries as well as clothing and pottery. There is also a large-scale residential complex of high-rise apartments. Jungan-dong, located just west of Sangnam, is the "old town" and extended central area of

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6386-412: The municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program, Nubija. Populated since the early Bronze Age , the area surrounding Masan Bay would have been a wide open region between the ocean and the hilly lands of the coastal plain. Today ruins can be found in the area dating from

6489-506: The non-Japanese students. He was fluent in Japanese, comparatively well-educated, and already accustomed to military drills and regimented dormitory life from his time at Taegu Normal School. He adopted and went by the Japanese name Takagi Masao ( 高木正雄 ) . Park was made to assist other students. Several of his Chinese and Korean classmates later described him as arrogant, and recalled that other students picked fights with him. In spite of this, according to Lee, Park remembered his time at

6592-457: The original planners of the coup, the KCIA would extend its power to economic and foreign affairs. President Yun remained in office, giving the military regime legitimacy. After Yun resigned on March 24, 1962, Lt. General Park, who remained chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, consolidated his power by becoming acting president; he was also promoted to full general. Park agreed to restore civilian rule following pressure from

6695-454: The paper on August 30, 1913. Publication of the paper was halted in January 1915, with issue No. 887 being its final issue. The only other daily Korean-language newspaper in Korea around this time was the Maeil Sinbo , which was de facto operated by the colonial government. The newspaper was restarted by a new staff on March 1, 1946, after the end of the colonial period. It was notably right-leaning and anti-communist. Heo Man-che ( 허만채 ) took

6798-467: The provincial capital, Changwon is home to several government offices, and the Jinhae District district contains a large naval base housing various units of the Republic of Korea Navy . Changwon's Gross Regional Domestic Product is 21.7 trillion won which is higher than that of Gwangju and Daejeon . It earned 29 billion dollars through exports in 2008, more than Busan , Gwangju , Daejeon or Daegu . Students in Changwon can attend one of

6901-432: The region's has been ranked as Gyeongsangnam-do's top emergency medical centre. As a planned city, Changwon was built to include more natural space than many other cities in Korea including dozens of parks, gardens, trails, and plazas throughout the city. The city is also located on the coast, making it home to several beaches. Some well known Changwon parks include Jinhae Dream Park, an ecological reserve; Junamjeosuji,

7004-412: The salary and benefits, is a subject of academic debate. However, the Japanese military was wary of accepting Koreans due to concerns over their loyalty, and thus only accepted a fraction of the applicants each year. If a Korean could demonstrate unshakable patriotism, they were considered to have a better chance of being accepted. In 1938, Park applied to join the Manchukuo Army Military Academy, which

7107-411: The same answer when he asked them what was the important influence on Park, namely his officer training by the Japanese in Manchukuo. All of Park's friends told Eckert that to understand him, one needed to understand his Ilbonsik sagwan kyoyuk (Japanese officer training) as they all maintained Park's values were those of an Imperial Japanese Army officer. On June 19, 1961, the military council created

7210-531: The school in time, which caused him to miss the first several weeks of each term. In addition, Park's older brother Sang Hee lost his job (and two children to disease) in 1935, making him unable to assist the rest of the family. By contrast, many of Park's classmates came from financially comfortable families. Several of them recalled that Park felt humiliated by his situation. When they pooled their money to buy snacks, Park would excuse himself and sulk alone. One classmate recalled finding Park in tears one evening. He

7313-423: The school. While Park was remembered by his students as a caring and enthusiastic teacher, Lee speculates that, in such a small town, Park was lonely and understimulated. He and his roommate reportedly drank large amounts of makgeolli —Korean rice wine—to pass the time. Shortly after Park began teaching, Japan launched the Second Sino-Japanese War , and began making significant victories in quick succession. Park

7416-539: The six main post-secondary institutions: There are 46 high schools, 63 middle schools, 105 elementary schools and 193 kindergartens in Changwon, including two special-purpose high schools: Changwon Science High School and Changwon Mechanical Technical High School . Although a growing divide between Changwon's vibrant, modern west side and its older east side, has been identified as a source of socioeconomic and health inequality among its citizens, Changwon's municipal government has responded with renewed commitment to ensuring

7519-651: The social determinants of health for all citizens. Changwon's Healthy City Initiative has undertaken several initiatives to promote better health including the implementation of a bike-sharing system , "the development of walking trails in apartment complex areas " accessible to 85% of its citizens, building a new publicly funded health centre in the east side, and the installation of defibrillators in public areas like shopping centres and apartment complexes, giving Changwon "tremendous potential as an international model " for cities wishing to encourage public health. The Samsung Changwon's Hospital's Regional Emergency Medical Centre,

7622-414: The south of the city, while Changwon began urban planning modelling itself after Canberra, Australia. The country's longest straight road was constructed in Changwon, with a length of 15.27 kilometres (9.49 mi), with the industrial park to the south and residential complexes constructed to the north. This road, Changwon Daero, is meant to serve as an airplane runway in a state of emergency as Changwon

7725-534: The streets. Originally Masan's old town, when businesses began to disperse, "ateliers, cafés, and galleries took over the vacant stores " transforming the area into a thriving art district. The Sangnam neighborhood is the central part of greater Changwon. The main part of this neighborhood, the Sangnam Commercial District ( 상남상업지구 ), is the main nightlife area, with many bars, hotels, business bars, noraebangs , and restaurants. On every day of

7828-487: The theory is based on does not align with the chronology of widely accepted events in Park's life. The schooling environment at the Manchukuo Academy was tense, in part due to its significant ethnic, linguistic, and political diversity. Its student body was composed of around 10 Korean, 223 Chinese, and 107 Japanese people. According to Chong-sik Lee, Park excelled at the academy, especially in comparison to

7931-504: The work done for preparing the festival was performed by the newspaper's staff. During the 1950–1953 Korean War , the newspaper struggled to keep running. Its headquarters and printing equipment was destroyed. The paper, which once staunchly supported first President of South Korea Syngman Rhee , began to criticize him as Rhee tightened control over the country. As a result, on July 26, 1952, armed assailants raided one of their offices and destroyed their equipment and materials. The newspaper

8034-478: The world, and the degree in which the Japanophile Park was influenced by Japanese militarism as he created what South Korean historians call a "developmental dictatorship". Eckert called South Korea under Park's leadership one of the most militarized states in the entire world, writing that Park sought to militarize South Korean society in a way that no other South Korean leader has ever attempted. In

8137-452: Was 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) away from his home. The long daily walk and his hunger took a toll on his body. Park wrote of this in his memoirs: [Class started at 8 a.m...] If I suspected I was late, I'd run the [6 km] to school... During the winter, food in my school lunch box would freeze. If I ate it anyway, my stomach would become upset, and I'd sometimes vomit. During these times, I'd sometimes go [without eating for days]... Park

8240-496: Was Kim Hong-cho ( 김홍조 ; 金弘祚 ). Its first lead writer, Chang Chi-yŏn  [ ko ] , was the former president of another Korean newspaper Hwangsŏng sinmun , and former head writer of the Vladivostok -based Korean newspaper Haejo Sinmun . The newspaper initially received financial support from local provincial authorities. The paper was founded just before the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea . Shortly after

8343-416: Was a South Korean politician and army officer who served as the third president of South Korea from 1962 until his assassination in 1979, after he seized power in the May 16 coup of 1961. He is regarded as one of the most consequential leaders in Korean history, although his legacy as a military dictator continues to cause controversy. Before his presidency, Park was the second-highest-ranking officer in

8446-413: Was accepted from among 1,070 applicants into a class of 10 Japanese and 90 Korean students; he was ranked 50th at time of admission. Despite the prestige and free tuition, his mother had hoped that he would not be accepted. The living expenses his education incurred (at a time when currency was scarce and bartering was the norm), as well as the loss of his help on the farm, created a significant burden for

8549-755: Was an annual average of around 116 sunny days a year (32% of the year), and between 1990 and 2000 an average of 135 (37%). Changwon has 5 administrative districts ( Gu ) which are divided into 54 neighborhoods ( dong ), 5 in Uichang District, 7 in Seongsan District, 12 in Masanhoewon District, 15 in Masanhappo District and 13 in Jinhae District. The development of Changwon into an industrial city during

8652-512: Was around 13, Park became an admirer of the French leader Napoleon . Around this time, he also came to idolize the famed Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin (who fought the Japanese during the Imjin War ). Park read a biography about the admiral by Yi Gwangsu which moved him deeply. According to Lee, a significant part of the biography is disparaging toward politicians and even Koreans in general, as

8755-405: Was around 43 at the time of Park's birth. Due to her advanced age and disastrous economic situation, she tried to abort the pregnancy on a number of occasions. When her son was eventually born, however, she was reportedly deeply affectionate toward him. Park had a number of health concerns in his youth. For much of his early life, he did not eat well and was often described as sickly. When he

8858-518: Was being sent home to collect money for his living expenses, despite knowing that his family would not have it. Lee speculates that Park became more pragmatic and calculating during this time, as they were traits that were needed for not only staying enrolled, but also to avoid starving. In 1934, Park began secretly dating Yi Chŏngok ( 이정옥 ), who was attending a girls school in the same city. Park's father wished to see Park married as soon as possible, and not knowing about his son's relationship, arranged

8961-442: Was closed for seven weeks. In 1961, after Park Chung Hee seized power in the May 16 coup , the military government demanded that Seol Chang-su ( 설창수 ), the president of the newspaper since 1952, resign. The paper began publishing more on local stories and culture around this time. On November 25, 1980, the newspaper was made to close after a government order was issued for there to be one newspaper per province. The Gyeongnam Ilbo

9064-497: Was commissioned as a lieutenant into the army of Manchukuo , a Japanese puppet-state , and served during the final stages of World War II as aide-de-camp to a regimental commander. Park returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy . He graduated in the second class of 1946 (one of his classmates was Kim Jae-gyu , his close friend and later assassin) and became an officer in

9167-481: Was consistently among the shortest students at each school he attended, and was often described as sickly in his school records. In sixth grade, he was 135.8 cm (4 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) tall and weighed 30 kg (66 lb). In spite of his physical challenges, he was a diligent student who got good grades. Park was made class leader for several years; his classmates later recalled that he could be overbearing in enforcing discipline, even slapping

9270-553: Was created in 2012 as a resource for those traveling and moving to the city from abroad, with a goal to "not only ease foreigner life in Changwon, but also strengthen ties between foreigners and the local community. " The website encourages reader participation in content creation and provides information on local business, attractions, culture, and infrastructure. The Changwoner , a podcast with over 50 episodes as of 2017 and hosted by three foreign residents of Changwon, represents another project by foreign residents of Changwon to promote

9373-483: Was designed to be South Korea's emergency backup capital city. Underground walkways are able to serve as bomb shelters and roads and buildings in the planned city are numbered for efficient use in evacuation. In 1985, the Korean War Monument ( 충혼탑 ) in Changwon's Uichang gu was constructed. The 47.1 metres (155 ft) monument is "dedicated to the 1,142 soldiers from Gyeongsangnam province that died in

9476-429: Was given a small plot of land. According to later interviews, he did not work the land with his wife and instead drank alcohol and wandered around. Biographer of Park Chong-Sik Lee speculates that the elder Park did not wish to be seen working to avoid showing acceptance of his lost yangban status. Park's mother was seen by her contemporaries as diligent and focused. She managed both the household and farming. She

9579-476: Was held by Prime Minister Chang Myon . Problems arose immediately because neither man could command loyalty from any majority of the Democratic Party or reach agreement on the composition of the cabinet. Prime Minister Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months. Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that

9682-499: Was inspired by the success of the Japanese. He even wrote a stageplay that his students acted out, entitled [The Korean] Volunteer Soldiers Go to War ( 『지원병출정』 ). The play reflected contemporary events, as around February 1938, the colonial government had instituted the Special Volunteer Enlistment System. Thousands of Korean youths applied, although whether most applied willingly, or even just for

9785-401: Was largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Soon after the coup, Park was promoted to Lieutenant General . The South Korean historian Hwang Moon Kyung described Park's rule as very "militaristic", noting right from the start Park aimed to mobilize South Korean society along "militaristically disciplined lines". One of Park's very first acts upon coming to power was

9888-635: Was merged into the Kyongnam Shinmun . The newspaper was restarted by a new staff in January 1989. It constructed a new office in Sangpyeong-dong. It initially used the name "Shin Gyeongnam Ilbo" ( 신경남일보 ; lit.  New Gyeongnam Ilbo), because of legal restrictions on using the original name. It eventually acquired the rights to use the name, and began printing under it on January 1, 2000 with its No. 13691 issue. In 2003,

9991-429: Was otherwise fairly happy. According to Cho, Park had many close friends, his parents got along well, and his family was affectionate toward him. Park was the second person in his family, after his older brother Park Sang Hee  [ ko ] , to attend elementary school. He enrolled on April 1, 1927, at age 9 and eventually graduated on March 25, 1932. His school, Gumi Elementary School  [ ko ] ,

10094-409: Was politely rejected. In spite of this second rejection, Park was somehow eventually accepted to the academy. The circumstances surrounding his acceptance are not known with certainty, and are a source of controversy. The leading theory is that Arikawa, then a colonel in the Kwantung Army, personally asked the commandant of the academy Major General Nagumo to let Park in. Another theory, proposed by

10197-621: Was soon afterwards succeeded by Choi Kyu-hah , who ruled for only a year before being deposed by career army officer Chun Doo-Hwan . The country eventually democratized with the June Democratic Struggle in 1987. Park remains a controversial figure in modern South Korean political discourse and among the South Korean populace in general, making a detached evaluation of his tenure difficult. While some credit him for sustaining economic growth, which reshaped and modernized South Korea, others criticize his authoritarian way of ruling

10300-609: Was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption under the Rhee presidency and the students who had instigated Rhee's ousting. Protesters regularly filled the streets making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Public security had deteriorated while the public had distrusted the police, which was long under the control of the Rhee government, and the ruling Democratic Party lost public support after long factional fighting. Against this backdrop of social instability and division, Major General Park formed

10403-524: Was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters. He was of the Goryeong Park clan  [ ko ] . Park's family was extremely poor and consistently lacked food. According to Park, his father was upper-class ( yangban ) and set to inherit the family's moderate holdings, but the clan banished him after he participated in the 1894–95 Donghak Peasant Revolution . In 1916, the elder Park moved to his wife's village of Sangmo-dong, where he

10506-473: Was to open the following year. However, he was three years over the maximum age limit of 19 for candidates; he wrote a request for the admissions office to overlook his age, but was rejected. Park sought out Kang Chaeho, an ethnic Korean captain in the Manchukuo Army and a native of Daegu, for advice. Kang offered to use his connections to try and get an exception for Park. He also advised Park to swear

10609-404: Was two years old, he crawled off a raised floor and landed in a smouldering fire pit. He was quickly rescued from the pit, but his forearms were significantly burned. For the rest of his life, he reportedly intentionally wore shirts with long sleeves to hide his scars. A significant biographer of Park, Cho Gab-je , interviewed many people who knew him and got the impression that Park's childhood

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