Misplaced Pages

#222777

43-626: Gyöngyös is a town in Heves County , Hungary , beside of the Gyöngyös creek, under the Mátra mountain ranges. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 27,957 (see Demographics). The town is located 8.4 km from the M3 motorway and 80.8 km from Budapest . Gyöngyös is terminus of the (Nr. 85) Vámosgyörk–Gyöngyös railway line and the main road 3 lead across the town. Gyöngyös have a train station and

86-518: A partnership relationship with: 47°50′N 20°15′E  /  47.833°N 20.250°E  / 47.833; 20.250 Great French Wine Blight The Great French Wine Blight was a severe blight of the mid-19th century that destroyed many of the vineyards in France and laid waste to the wine industry. It was caused by an aphid that originated in North America and

129-521: A 20-story residential tower were built, and the town's population doubled. The narrow-gauge railway also started passenger transport in the direction of Gyöngyössolymos . The Mátra Museum was opened in the former castle of the Orczy family  [ fr ] , with a natural science and hunting exhibition. An other exhibition was opened in the former house of the Almásy family  [ fr ] from

172-591: A factor: as they were faster than sailing ships, the Phylloxera were better able to survive the shorter ocean voyage. The first known documented instance of an attack by the Phylloxera in France was in the village of Pujaut in the department of Gard of the former province of Languedoc , in 1863. The wine makers there did not notice the aphids, just as the French colonists in America had not, but they noted

215-556: A feeding tube through which it takes in vine sap and nutrients. As the toxin from the venom corrodes the root structure of a vine, the sap pressure falls and, as a result, the Phylloxera quickly withdraws its feeding tube and searches for another source of food. Thus, anyone digging up a diseased and dying vine will not find Phylloxera clinging to the roots of the plant. For a few centuries, Europeans had experimented with American vines and plants in their soil. Many varieties were imported from America without regulation, disregarding

258-408: A stop on the standard gauge railway line and two narrow gauge railways also start from here to the mountains for tourist purposes. The settlement got its name from the stream that crosses the town, which may refer to the mistletoe that often occurs on the waterfront, or to the pearly water. According to one theory, one of Árpád 's daughters was Gyöngyös, who was buried here. From the 11th to

301-527: Is twinned with: This Heves county location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Heves County Heves county is a geographically diverse area; its northern part is mountainous (the Mátra and Bükk are the two highest mountain ranges in Hungary), while at south it includes a part of the Great Hungarian Plain . From south it is bordered by Lake Tisza ,

344-471: The Orczy family  [ fr ] was rebuilt in classicist style by Lőrinc Orczy in 1824, and the new building of the state gymnasium was built opposite it in 1899, and a music school operates in the old one. Financial institutions became important in addition to handicrafts and grape production in the 19th century. The economic role of the Jews was strengthened, and they built several synagogues . At

387-462: The Phylloxera to survive the trip. Eventually, following Jules-Émile Planchon 's discovery of the Phylloxera as the cause of the blight, and Charles Valentine Riley 's confirmation of Planchon's theory, Leo Laliman and Gaston Bazille  [ fr ] , two French wine growers, proposed that the European vines be grafted to the resistant American rootstock that were not susceptible to

430-414: The Phylloxera . While many of the French wine growers disliked this idea, many found themselves with no other option. The method proved to be an effective remedy. The "Reconstitution" (as it was termed) of the many vineyards that had been lost was a slow process, but eventually the wine industry in France was able to return to relative normality. The aphid that was the central source of the damage in France

473-576: The population density was 83/km . Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 19,000), Germans (1,000) Slovaks (500) and Romanians (500). Total population (2011 census): 308,882 Ethnic groups (2011 census): Identified themselves: 279,714 persons: Approx. 43,000 persons in Heves County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census. Religious adherence in

SECTION 10

#1732772528223

516-514: The 14th century, the area belonged to the Aba family . It is mentioned for the first time in documents in 1261 as Gyngus . King Charles I donated the town and its countryside to Thomas Szécsényi in 1327, and raised it to the rank of market town in 1334. The city is located at the junction of trade routes , on the border of the lowlands and the uplands, so trade and industry also played an important role in addition to viticulture . The first church in

559-725: The 18th century: the St. Bartholomew Church , the Franciscan Church and Monastery were rebuilt, the St. Urban Church, the Orthodox St. Nicholas Church and, the St. John of Nepomuk Chapel with its triangular layout on the banks of the Gyöngyös creek were built in 1736. The building of the Jesuit gymnasium was built next to the church of St. Bartholomew in 1751-52, which was taken over by the Franciscans in 1773. The castle of

602-886: The 2022 census, 88.3% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 2.9% were Gypsies , 0.7% were Ukrainians , and 10.9% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 34.7% Roman Catholic , 3.4% Calvinist , 14.2% non-denominational, and 43.9% did not wish to answer. The Gypsies and the Ruthenians have a local nationality government. 844 people live in Mátrafüred , 80 live in Mátraháza and 14 live in Kékestető other inner areas, furthermore 56 people live in 6 other outskirts. Mátrafüred (3232), Mátraháza (3233) and Kékestető (3221) have an postal code. Population by years: Mayors since 1990 : Gyöngyös

645-564: The Bey of Hatvan. Due to the increase in the number of Balkan merchants settling in the 17th century, the proportion of Orthodox people increased. Duke Francis Rákóczi negotiated about peace with Pál Széchényi  [ hu ] , Archbishop of Kalocsa in Gyöngyös in 1704, summarizing his demands in 25 points. The general of the insurgents, János Bottyán , was buried in the Franciscan church in 1709. The Baroque style became dominant in

688-538: The French economy is estimated to have been slightly over 10 billion Francs . Research into the cause of the disease began in 1868, when grape growers in Roquemaure , near Pujaut , asked the agricultural society in Montpellier for help. The society appointed a committee including botanist Jules Émile Planchon, local grower Felix Sahut, and the society's president, Gaston Bazille. Sahut soon noticed that

731-399: The French government refused to award it, with the rationale that he had not cured the blight, but rather stopped it from occurring. However, there may have been other reasons for the government denying Laliman the prize: he was mistrusted by several notable parties, and he was thought by many to have originally introduced the pest. There is still no remedy, as such, for the Phylloxera , or

774-499: The Légion d'honneur.[2] The grafting method was tested, and proved a success. The process was colloquially termed "reconstitution" by French wine growers. The cure for the disease caused a great division in the wine industry: some, who became known as the "chemists", rejected the grafting solution and persisted with the use of pesticides and chemicals. Those who became grafters were known as "Americanists", or "wood merchants". Following

817-400: The aphids found their way there. There have been several theories proposed for why the phylloxera was ignored as the possible cause of the disease that resulted in the failure of so many vineyards, most of which involve the feeding behaviour of the insect, and the way it attacks the roots. The proboscis of the grape phylloxera has both a venom canal from which it injects its deadly venom and

860-509: The county according to 2011 census: The Heves County Council, elected at the 2024 local government elections, is made up of 15 counselors, with the following party composition: The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election : Heves County has 1 urban county , 10 towns , 3 large villages and 107 villages. (ordered by population, as of 2011 census ) Heves County has

903-400: The demonstrated success of grafting in the 1870s and 1880s the immense task of "reconstituting" the majority of France's vineyards began. The French government had offered over 320,000 Francs as a reward to whoever could discover a cure for the blight. Having reportedly been the first to suggest the possibility of using the resistant American rootstock, Leo Laliman tried to claim the money, but

SECTION 20

#1732772528223

946-586: The development of Mátrafüred , so in 1926 the town built a narrow-gauge railway line to Mátrafüred for tourist purposes, which was classified as a resort in 1935. On the Pipis hill created a grass airport ( ICAO : LHGY) for gliding in 1931, what is the highest airport (350 m) in Hungary. A new synagogue built up in 1930, but in the summer of 1944, the town's Jewish population of 2,000 was deported and most of them murdered. After 1945, several housing estates and

989-455: The disease it brings with it, and it still poses a substantial threat to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock. There is only one European grape vine known to be resistant to the Phylloxera , the Assyrtiko vine, which grows on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini ; however there is speculation that the actual source of this resistance may arise from the volcanic ash in which

1032-447: The hope they would eat the insects. None of these methods was successful. After Charles Valentine Riley, Missouri's state entomologist, confirmed Planchon's theory, Leo Laliman and Gaston Bazille  [ fr ] , two French wine growers, both suggested the possibility that if vinifera vines could be combined, by means of grafting , with the aphid-resistant American vines, then the problem might be solved. Thomas Volney Munson

1075-503: The insects damaged, albeit less than in the case of French vines. Riley repeated Planchon and Lichtenstein's experiment using American grape vines and American grape lice, with similar results. Thus the identity of the French and American grape lice was proven. Nevertheless, for another three years, a powerful majority in France argued that Phylloxera was not the cause of vine disease; instead, vines that were already sickly became infested with Phylloxera . Thus, in their opinion, Phylloxera

1118-594: The largest artificial lake in Hungary. The average temperature is between 8 and 10 °C (higher on the southern parts of the county). The county was a primary target for the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Hungarian Wars where the Siege of Eger took place. Religion in Heves County (2022 census – of those who declared their religion (60.7%)) In 2015, it had a population of 301,296 and

1161-421: The late 1850s to the mid-1870s. The French economy was badly hit by the blight: many businesses were lost, and wages in the wine industry were cut to less than half. There was also a noticeable trend of migration to places such as Algiers and America. The production of cheap raisins and sugar wines caused the domestic industry several problems that threatened to persist even after the blight itself. The damage to

1204-410: The mysterious blight that was damaging their vines. The only description of the disease that was given by these wine growers was that it "reminded them distressingly of 'consumption'"(tuberculosis). The blight quickly spread throughout France, but it was several years before the cause of the disease was determined. Over 40% of French grape vines and vineyards were devastated over a 15-year period from

1247-670: The outbreak in France. He sent Signoret specimens of American grape lice, which Signoret concluded – in 1870, while he was besieged in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War – were indeed identical to French grape lice. Meanwhile, Planchon and Lichtenstein had found vines with afflicted leaves; lice that were transferred from those leaves to the roots of healthy vines attached themselves to the vines' roots as other French grape lice did. Also in 1870, Riley discovered that American grape lice wintered on American grape vines' roots, which

1290-575: The pest. Indeed, several of the rootstalk varietals T.V. Munson had developed in Texas (Mrs Munson, Muench, and Neva Munson) were grafts with the hardy Neosho hybrids Jaeger had developed in Missouri. Jaeger exported 17 boxcars of his resistant rootstock to France. In 1893, for his contribution to the grape and wine industries of France, Jaeger was awarded the French Legion of Honor - Chevalier of

1333-436: The possibility of pest transfer and related problems. Jules-Emile Planchon , a French biologist who identified the Phylloxera in the 1860s, maintained that the transfer of American vines and plants into Europe greatly increased between roughly 1858 and 1862, and accidentally introduced Phylloxera to Europe around 1860. Others say that the aphid did not enter France until around 1863. The advent of steamships may have been

Gyöngyös - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-409: The possibility of the introduction of pestilence. While the Phylloxera was thought to have arrived around 1858, it was first recorded in France in 1863, in the former province of Languedoc . It is argued by some that the introduction of such pests as phylloxera was only a problem after the invention of steamships , which allowed a faster journey across the ocean, and consequently allowed pests such as

1419-551: The problem: some American grape varieties struggled in France's chalky soils and succumbed to Phylloxera . By trial and error, American vines were found that could tolerate chalky soils. Meanwhile, entomologists worked to unravel the strange life cycle of Phylloxera , a project that was completed in 1874. Many growers resorted to their own methods in attempt to resolve the issue. Chemicals and pesticides were used to no avail. In desperation, some growers positioned toads under each vine, and others allowed their poultry to roam free in

1462-591: The roots of dying vines were infested with "lice" which were sucking sap from the plants. The committee named the new insect Rhizaphis vastatrix . Planchon consulted French entomologists Victor Antoine Signoret and Jules Lichtenstein (Planchon's brother-in-law). Signoret suggested renaming the insect Phylloxera vastatrix , due to its similarity to Phylloxera quercus , which afflicted oak leaves. In 1869, English entomologist John Obadiah Westwood suggested that an insect that had afflicted grape leaves in England circa 1863

1505-434: The same time, the phylloxera epidemic dealt a significant blow to grape production. Gyöngyös was destroyed by fire on May 21, 1917. 580 houses burned down, 40% of the population became homeless. Two days later, King Charles IV and Queen Zita visited the city. Due to changes in the country's border after 1920, the Mátra 's tourist importance increased. The mayor of the town at the time, Árpád Puky, primarily supported

1548-622: The town is the Romanesque St. Bartholomew's Church, which was rebuilt in the Gothic style in the 15th century. The Franciscans arrived in Gyöngyös in the 14th century, and their church was also built in the Gothic style. After the Ottoman conquest in the 16th century, the town became khas town  [ hu ] . The Jesuits established a gymnasium in 1634 with the permission of

1591-467: The treasury of the St. Bartholomew church, which also includes 43 pieces of goldsmith 's work from the 15th and 16th centuries. The Gyöngyösi KK handball team founded in 1975. The local campus of Agricultural University was built after 1980. The industrial park established in 2000 provides the largest number of jobs nowadays. It is home to many food factory, including dairy and sausage factories. According

1634-720: The venom injected by the Phylloxera causes a disease that is quickly fatal to the European varieties of vine. The aphids initially went unnoticed by the colonists, despite their great numbers, and the pressure to successfully start a vineyard in America at the time. It became common knowledge among the settlers that their European vines, of the vinifera variety, simply would not grow in American soil, and they resorted to growing native American plants, and established plantations of these native vines. Exceptions did exist; vinifera plantations were well-established in California before

1677-641: Was carried across the Atlantic in the late 1850s. The actual genus of the aphid is still debated, although it is largely considered to have been a species of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae , commonly known as grape phylloxera . While France is considered to have been worst affected, the blight also did a great deal of damage to vineyards in other European countries. How the Phylloxera aphid was introduced to Europe remains debated: American vines had been taken to Europe many times before, for reasons including experimentation and trials in grafting, without consideration of

1720-471: Was consulted and provided native Texan rootstocks for grafting. Because of Munson's role, the French government in 1888 sent a delegation to Denison, Texas , to confer on him the French Legion of Honor Chevalier du Mérite Agricole. Another viticulturist, Hermann Jaeger of Neosho, Missouri , was pivotal in the rescue of the French vineyards, as well. Jaeger working with the Missouri state entomologist George Hussman, had already raised vines with resistance to

1763-497: Was first noted following the growing of the European vine Vitis vinifera by French colonists in Florida, in the 16th century. These plantations were a failure, and later experiments with related species of vine also failed, although the reason for these failures appears to have been a mystery to the French colonists. It is known today that it was a species of North American grape phylloxera that caused these early vineyards to fail;

Gyöngyös - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-583: Was merely a consequence of the "true" disease, which remained to be found. Regardless, Riley had discovered American grape varieties that were especially resistant to Phylloxera , and by 1871, French farmers began to import them and to graft French vines onto the American rootstock. (Leo Laliman had suggested importing American vines as early as 1869, but French farmers were reluctant to abandon their traditional varieties. Gaston Bazille then proposed grafting traditional French vines onto American rootstock. ) However, importation of American vines did not entirely solve

1849-537: Was the same insect afflicting grape vines' roots in France. Also in 1869, Lichtenstein suggested that the French insect was an American "vine louse" that had been identified in 1855 by the American entomologist Asa Fitch, which he had named Pemphigus vitifoliae . However, there was a problem with these suggestions: French grape lice were known to infest only a vine's roots, whereas American grape lice were known to infest only its leaves. The British-born American entomologist Charles Valentine Riley had been following news of

#222777