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18-457: This Smolensk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Southern Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Smolensk Oblast Smolensk Oblast ( Russian : Смоленская область , romanized :  Smolenskaya oblast' ), informally also called Smolenshchina ( Смоленщина ),

36-607: A 2012 survey 19.5% of the population of Smolensk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 3% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or belong to other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches , 2% are Old Believers , 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement, 0.4% are members of the Catholic Church . In addition, 45% of

54-1011: A city not related to the administrative division of the country as a whole, or, in the case of Sofia municipality a subdivision of that municipality . The word raion is derived from French rayon , which is itself derived from Frankish * hrātu 'honeycomb'. It is used in many languages spanning Central Europe to Central Asia and Siberia . For instance, Azerbaijani : rayon ; Belarusian : раён , romanized :  rajon ; Bulgarian : район , romanized :  rajon ; Georgian : რაიონი , romanized : raioni ; German : Rayon ; Ingrian : raijona ; Latvian : rajons ; Lithuanian : rajonas ; Polish : rejon ; Romanian : raion ; Russian : район , romanized :  raion ; Turkish : reyon ; Ukrainian : район , romanized :  rajon ; Uyghur : رايون , romanized :  rayon ; and Yakut : оройуон , romanized:  oroyuon . Fourteen countries have or had entities that were named "raion" or

72-541: A part of the Soviet administrative reform and continued through 1929, by which time the majority of the country's territory was divided into raions instead of the old volosts and uyezds . The concept of raionirovanie was met with resistance in some republics, especially in Ukraine , where local leaders objected to the concept of raions as being too centralized in nature and ignoring the local customs. This point of view

90-429: Is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ). Its administrative centre is the city of Smolensk . As of the 2021 Census , its population was 888,421. The oblast was founded on 27 September 1937. It borders Pskov Oblast in the north, Tver Oblast in the northeast, Moscow Oblast in the east, Kaluga Oblast in south, Bryansk Oblast in the southwest, and Mogilev and Vitebsk Oblasts of Belarus , in

108-526: Is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states . The term is used for both a type of subnational entity and a division of a city . The word is from the French rayon (meaning 'honeycomb, department'), and is commonly translated as ' district ' in English. A raion is a standardized administrative entity across most of the former Soviet Union and is usually a subdivision two steps below

126-422: Is divided into seven districts. In Belarus , raions ( Belarusian : раён, rajon ) are administrative units subordinated to oblasts . See also: Category:Districts of Belarus . In Bulgaria , raions are subdivisions of three biggest cities: Sofia , Plovdiv and Varna . Sofia is subdivided to 24 raions ( Sofia districts ), Plovdiv - 6, Varna - 5 raions. In Ukraine , there are a total of 136 raions which are

144-634: The Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Smolensk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Smolensk is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

162-558: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of

180-577: The local version of it. In the Soviet Union , raions were administrative divisions created in the 1920s to reduce the number of territorial divisions inherited from the Russian Empire and to simplify their bureaucracies. The process of conversion to the system of raions was called raionirovanie ("regionalization"). It was started in 1923 in the Urals , North Caucasus , and Siberia as

198-570: The national level, such as a subdivision of an oblast . However, in smaller USSR republics, it could be the primary level of administrative division. After the fall of the Soviet Union , some of the republics kept the raion (e.g. Azerbaijan , Belarus , Ukraine , Russia , Moldova , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan ) while others dropped it (e.g. Georgia , Uzbekistan , Estonia , Latvia , Armenia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan ). In Bulgaria , it refers to an internal administrative subdivision of

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216-703: The north-east, as well as cooling power plants, Smolensk reservoir in the north near the village of Lake and Desnogorsk Reservoir in the south area of the city near the Desnogorsk. The climate of Smolensk Oblast is humid continental, similar to the climate of Moscow Oblast , but slightly warmer in winter due to being located further west. Summers are short, warm and rainy, while winters are long, cold and snowy. Average temperatures range from −9 °C (16 °F) in January to 17 °C (63 °F) in July (although in

234-779: The observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . From July 1941-September 1943 part of region fell to Germany. Smolensk Oblast is divided into 25 districts ( raions ) and two cities , which are further divided into 15 towns , 12 urban-type settlements , and 302 rural okrugs . Population : 888,421 ( 2021 Census ) ; 985,537 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,049,574 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,158,299 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.08 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.00 years (male — 63.28, female — 72.83) Ethnic composition (2010): According to

252-463: The population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ", 13% is atheist , and 9.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Smolensk Oblast has a diverse economy, and exports large amounts of ammonium nitrate , fertilizers, wheat, and wood. The top exports in 2021 were fertilizers (19.2%, $ 284M), wood products (13.2%, $ 194M), wheat (9.8%, $ 144M), and machinery (7.6%, $ 112M). Raion A raion (also spelt rayon )

270-607: The south it ranges from −8 °C (18 °F) in January to 18 °C (64 °F) in July). Annual precipitation varies from 630 to 730 mm (25 to 29 in) per year. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Smolensk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and

288-669: The term is used in Uyghur in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Romania they have been later replaced. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, raions as administrative units continue to be used in Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova , Russia , and Ukraine . They are also used in breakaway regions: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria. In Georgia they exist as districts in Tbilisi. Abkhazia

306-749: The west and northwest, as part of the Belarus–Russia border . The main river of the region is the Dnieper River and its tributaries, Desna , Vop, Vyazma . By the rivers of the Volga basin and its tributary Vazuza Gzhat and tributary of the Oka river , Ugra . To the north-west flows a short section of the Western Dvina River and its tributary river Kasplya . Among the major reservoirs supplying water are Moscow Vazuzssky Yauza and reservoirs in

324-573: Was backed by the Soviet Russian People's Commissariat of Nationalities . Nevertheless, eventually all of the territory of the Soviet Union was regionalized. Soviet raions had self-governance in the form of an elected district council ( raysovet ) and were headed by the local head of administration, who was either elected or appointed. Following the model of the Soviet Union, raions were introduced in Bulgaria and Romania. In China

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