The Allis-Chalmers D series is a line of tractors made by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company from 1957 to 1969.
50-553: (Redirected from D-15 ) D15 may refer to: Allis-Chalmers D15 , an American tractor DA-15 , an electrical connector Dewoitine D.15 , a French fighter aircraft Dublin 15 , a postal district in Ireland Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga (D15) , a G- and H-class destroyer of the Royal Hellenic Navy HMS ; Vindex (D15) ,
100-568: A Nairana -class escort carrier of the Royal Navy LNER Class D15 , a British steam locomotive class LSWR D15 class , a British steam locomotive class Pennsylvania Railroad class D15 , an American steam locomotive Slav Defense , a chess opening [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
150-495: A few other minor improvements. The D15 had a 16-US-gallon (61 L) fuel capacity for gas and diesel, and a 15.75-US-gallon (59.6 L) capacity for LP gas . Dual and single front wheels and an adjustable front row-crop axle were offered. 17,434 units were built during their production from 1960 to 1969, with a price of $ 3,000 in 1967. The D15 Series II was introduced in 1963 with new 165-cubic-inch (2,700 cc) engines in diesel, gasoline and LPG, with about 15 more power for
200-571: A hydraulic system to assist the driver of the vehicle . Sensors detect the position and torque exerted inside the steering column, and a computer module applies assistive torque via the motor, which connects either to the steering gear or steering column. This allows varied amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Engineers can therefore tailor steering-gear response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension systems, optimizing ride, handling, and steering for each vehicle. This new technological feature also gave engineers
250-536: A rack assist without a clutch was put into practical use in the Honda NSX (initially installed in automatics only). Since then, there has been a transition of trend from brush-attached motors to brushless motors in the rack type for ordinary vehicles and this method has become the mainstream. Other electric power steering systems (including 4WS) later appeared on the Honda NSX after 1990, the Honda Prelude and
300-475: A replacement for the WD45 as a four-plow tractor. The D17's styling closely followed the smaller D14. It was made in gas, diesel, and LPG versions, its 226-cubic-inch (3,700 cc) engine turned 2,000 rpm, and was tested at 52.6 horsepower (39.2 kW) belt and 46 horsepower (34 kW) drawbar. Adjustable wide front, narrow dual and single front wheel options were offered, as well as a high-clearance model with
350-475: A separate electric motor was used to assist the driver in turning the front wheels. Robert E. Twyford , a resident of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , included a mechanical power steering mechanism as part of his patent (U.S. Patent 646,477) issued on April 3, 1900 for the first four-wheel drive system. Francis W. Davis , an engineer of the truck division of Pierce-Arrow , began exploring how steering could be made easier, and in 1926 invented and demonstrated
400-490: A single front wheel. Wheatland models with full rear fenders and orchard models with orchard shielding were developed as well. An even taller high-clearance version was offered for sugar cane work. Later years were designated Series II through Series IV, with minimal changes. 62,867 D-17s were produced during their 10-year run. The diesel D17 had a six-cylinder engine with 262 cubic inches (4,290 cc) and weighed about 4,660 pounds (2,110 kg). The Allis-Chalmers 170 replaced
450-443: A six-cylinder engine. Its horsepower was: 71.54 hp (53.35 kW) gas; 66.19 hp (49.36 kW) propane, and 66.92 hp (49.90 kW) diesel. Its displacement was 262 cubic inches (4,290 cc). The diesel model was the first in the industry to come standard with a turbocharger , boosting both horsepower and fuel economy. 10,591 units were built, and they weighed 6,650 to 6,840 pounds (3,020 to 3,100 kg). The D19
500-489: A vehicle is stopped or moving slowly. Power steering can also be engineered to provide some artificial feedback of forces acting on the steered wheels. Hydraulic power steering systems for cars augment steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder that is part of a servo system . These systems have a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the linkage that steers the wheels. This means that power-steering system failure (to augment effort) still permits
550-400: Is a system for reducing a driver's effort to turn a steering wheel of a motor vehicle , by using a power source to assist steering . Hydraulic or electric actuators add controlled energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver can provide less effort to turn the steered wheels when driving at typical speeds, and considerably reduce the physical effort necessary to turn the wheels when
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#1732787078637600-564: Is proportional to road speed, so that at low speeds the steering is very light, and at high speeds it is very difficult to move more than a small amount off centre. It was invented by Citroën of France. This system was first introduced in the Citroën SM in 1970, and was known as 'VariPower' in the UK and 'SpeedFeel' in the U.S. Electro-hydraulic power steering systems, sometimes abbreviated EHPS, and also sometimes called "hybrid" systems, use
650-470: Is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction. Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. By incorporating electronic stability control electric power steering systems can instantly vary torque assist levels to aid
700-405: Is the medium by which pressure is transmitted. Common working liquids are based on mineral oil . Some modern systems also include an electronic control valve to reduce the hydraulic supply pressure as the vehicle's speed increases; this is variable-assist power steering. DIRAVI innovated the now common benefit of speed sensitive steering . In this power steering system, the force steering
750-588: The Allis-Chalmers 190XT , which could be turned up to produce more power than the D21. The D21 was replaced in 1970 by the Model 210 and Two-Twenty, also with a 7 litres (427 cu in) engine, which was rated at 122.4 and 135.95 horsepower (91.27 and 101.38 kW) respectively. The D21 was a favorite for tractor pullers and still makes good showings at the pulls today. Power steering Power steering
800-704: The Canadian Intellectual Property Office in 1958. Starting in the mid-1950s American manufacturers offered the technology as optional or standard equipment while it is widely offered internationally on modern vehicles, owing to the trends toward front-wheel drive , greater vehicle mass, reduced assembly line production costs, and wider tires , which all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles, as are common in some countries, would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weight may not need power assisted steering at all. A study in 1999 on
850-525: The Golf Mk3 Ecomatic , with an electric pump. This meant that the power steering would still operate while the engine was stopped by the computer to save fuel. Electro-hydraulic systems can be found in some cars by Ford , Volkswagen , Audi , Peugeot , Citroën , SEAT , Škoda , Suzuki , Opel , MINI , Toyota , Honda , and Mazda . Electric power steering ( EPS ) or motor-driven power steering ( MDPS ) uses an electric motor instead of
900-516: The Model CA in 1959. 4,070 D12's were made in their 10-year run from 1959 to 1968. The D12 had a 138.7 cubic inches (2,273 cc), four-cylinder, 31 horsepower (23 kW) gasoline engine that was tested in Nebraska at 29.43 drawbar horsepower (21.95 kW). The D19 was introduced in 1961 to suit the needs of larger farmers. It was the first D-series tractor besides the diesel D17 to have
950-493: The electronic stability control system to alter steering gear ratios and steering assist levels. In 2003, BMW introduced " active steering " system on the 5 Series . This system should not be confused with variable assist power steering, which varies steering assist torque, not steering ratios, nor with systems where the gear ratio is only varied as a function of steering angle. These last are more accurately called non-linear types (e.g. Direct-Steer offered by Mercedes-Benz );
1000-532: The "Power Director". This clutch was in low range when pulled back, neutral in the middle, and high range when pushed forward. It could also be ordered as a forward-reverser, called the "Shuttle Clutch". This hand clutch also exists on the D21, but it was not meant for shifting on the go. The D14 was the first D-series model, introduced in 1957 as an all-new tractor. The engine was a new 149-cubic-inch (2,440 cc) Allis-Chalmers Power-Crater four-cylinder engine, available in gasoline and LP gas fuels. The engine
1050-568: The British and American armies. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available passenger car power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name "Hydraguide". The Chrysler system was based on some of Davis' expired patents. General Motors introduced the 1952 Cadillac with a power steering system using the work Davis had done for the company almost twenty years earlier. Charles F. Hammond from Detroit filed several patents for improvements of power steering with
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#17327870786371100-456: The D series, as well as the first Allis-Chalmers tractor to exceed 100 horsepower and the largest row crop tractor available in the industry; rated at 103 horsepower (77 kW) with a 7.0 litres (430 cu in) engine. The D21 was styled significantly different than the other D series with full fenders, a large platform, and a rear-mounted fuel tank which held 52 US gallons (200 L), allowing an average of 10 hours of field work. The D21
1150-606: The D17 in 1968. The D10 replaced the Model B and were not made with narrow front-ends. Their wide front ends were adjustable. Both models (D10 and D12) were tested at 28.5 belt and 25.8 drawbar horsepower and had 138.7 cubic inches (2,273 cc) engines; the only difference between the two was that the D12 had longer front-axle sleeves and a wider front axle adjustment for wider rows. 5,304 D10s were made from 1959 to 1967. The D12 replaced
1200-623: The RZ 450e featuring a steer-by-wire system which eliminates the mechanical linkage between the steering wheel and the wheels, marking a significant advancement in power steering technology. In 2000, the Honda S2000 Type V featured the first electric power variable gear ratio steering (VGS) system. In 2002, Toyota introduced the "Variable Gear Ratio Steering" (VGRS) system on the Lexus LX 470 and Landcruiser Cygnus, and also incorporated
1250-942: The Subaru SVX in 1991, the Nissan 300ZX (Z32; after the Version 3 onwards), Silvia, Skyline, and the Laurel in 1993, the MG F, the FIAT Punto Mk2 in 1999, the Honda S2000 in 1999, Toyota Prius in 2000, the BMW Z4 in 2002, and the Mazda RX-8 in 2003. The system has been used by various automobile manufacturers, and most commonly applied for smaller cars to reduce fuel consumption and manufacturing costs . In 2023, Lexus introduced
1300-426: The ability to add new driver assistance features. This includes features such as lane assist, wind drift correction, etc. On Fiat group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named "CITY" that switches between two different assist curves, while most other EPS systems have variable assist. These give more assistance as the vehicle slows down, and less at faster speeds. A mechanical linkage between
1350-461: The all-new D series to replace earlier tractor lines. These tractors featured three-point hitches , power steering and diesel engine options. Low-compression fuel options for kerosene and distillate were dropped. Most of the D-series tractors, except for the D21, had hand-operated, shift-on-the-go oil clutches , commonly referred to as a hand clutch. Allis-Chalmers marketed this arrangement as
1400-413: The bottom end usually resists being rotated, the bar will twist by an amount proportional to the applied torque. The difference in position between the opposite ends of the torsion bar controls a valve. The valve allows fluid to flow to the cylinder which provides steering assistance; the greater the "twist" of the torsion bar, the greater the force. Since the hydraulic pumps are positive-displacement type,
1450-498: The driver in corrective maneuvers. In 1986, NSK put the world’s first electric power steering system for battery forklifts into practical use. In 1988, Koyo Seiko (currently JTEKT) and NSK co-developed a column system exclusively for minicars sold only in the domestic market of Japan. The first-ever electric power steering system for mass-produced passenger cars appeared on the Suzuki Cervo in 1988. However, this simple method
1500-450: The driver, steering assist loss may or may not lead to a crash. The difficulty of steering with inoperative power steering is compounded by the choice of steering ratios in assisted steering gears vs. fully manual. The NHTSA has assisted car manufacturers with recalling EPS systems prone to failure. Electric systems have an advantage in fuel efficiency because there is no belt-driven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance
1550-543: The engine stalled. In 1988, the Subaru XT6 was fitted with a unique Cybrid adaptive electro-hydraulic steering system that changed the level of assistance based on the vehicle's speed. In 1990, Toyota introduced its second-generation MR2 with electro-hydraulic power steering. This avoided running hydraulic lines from the engine (which was behind the driver in the MR2) up to the steering rack. In 1994 Volkswagen produced
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1600-438: The first practical power steering system. Davis moved to General Motors and refined the hydraulic-assisted power steering system, but the automaker calculated it would be too expensive to produce. Davis then signed up with Bendix , a parts manufacturer for automakers. Military needs during World War II for easier steering on heavy vehicles boosted the need for power assistance on armored cars and tank-recovery vehicles for
1650-427: The flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds. Because this would be undesirable, a restricting orifice and flow-control valve direct some of the pump's output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds. A pressure relief valve prevents a dangerous build-up of pressure when
1700-640: The gasoline and LPG models. Diesel was unchanged. Headlights were moved from the grille to the fenders. The introduction of the Renault-built Model 160 ended the D15 Series II in 1969. In October 1957, the D-17 was introduced, followed by the D10 and the D12 in 1959, in which year Allis-Chalmers made as many as 50 model configurations of the D10, 12, 14, and 17. The Model D17 was developed as
1750-476: The hydraulic cylinder's piston reaches the end of its stroke. The steering booster is arranged so that should the booster fail, the steering will continue to work (although the wheel will feel heavier). Loss of power steering can significantly affect the handling of a vehicle. Each vehicle owner's manual gives instructions for inspection of fluid levels and regular maintenance of the power steering system. The working liquid, also called " hydraulic fluid " or "oil",
1800-474: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D15&oldid=1132528645 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Allis-Chalmers D15 An industry trend toward higher horsepower tractors caused Allis-Chalmers to develop
1850-422: The middle; this hinge allows the front and rear axles to become non-parallel to steer the vehicle. Opposing hydraulic cylinders move the halves of the frame relative to each other to steer. The first power steering system on a vehicle was apparently installed in 1876 by a man with the surname of Fitts, but little else is known about him. The next power steering system was put on a Columbia 5-ton truck in 1903 where
1900-422: The more fluid the valves allow through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied to steer the wheels. One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel has a torque sensor – a torsion bar at the lower end of the steering column. As the steering wheel rotates, so does the steering column, as well as the upper end of the torsion bar. Since the torsion bar is relatively thin and flexible, and
1950-406: The perceptual fidelity of steering force feedback, found that ordinary real-world truck and car drivers naturally expect an increase in feedback torque as speed increases, and for this reason early forms of power steering, which lacked such effect, were met with disapproval. Hydraulic power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to multiply force applied to the steering wheel inputs to
2000-429: The same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, but the hydraulic pressure comes from a pump driven by an electric motor instead of a drive belt at the engine. In 1965, Ford experimented with a fleet of "wrist-twist instant steering" equipped Mercury Park Lanes that replaced the conventional large steering wheel with two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, a fast 15:1 gear ratio, and an electric hydraulic pump in case
2050-411: The steering linkage; they require electrical power. Systems of this kind, with no mechanical connection, are sometimes called " drive by wire " or "steer by wire", by analogy with aviation's " fly-by-wire ". In this context, "wire" refers to electrical cables that carry power and data, not thin wire rope mechanical control cables. Some construction vehicles have a two-part frame with a rugged hinge in
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2100-494: The steering wheel and the steering gear is retained in EPS. In the event of component failure or power failure that causes a failure to provide assistance, the mechanical linkage serves as a back-up. If EPS fails, the driver encounters a situation where heavy effort is required to steer. This heavy effort is similar to that of an inoperative hydraulic steering assist system . Depending on the driving situation, driving skill and strength of
2150-420: The vehicle to be steered using manual effort alone. Electric power steering systems use electric motors to provide the assistance instead of hydraulic systems. As with hydraulic types, power to the actuator (motor, in this case) is controlled by the rest of the power steering system. Other power steering systems (such as those in the largest off-road construction vehicles) have no direct mechanical connection to
2200-412: The vehicle's steered (usually front) road wheels. The hydraulic pressure typically comes from a gerotor or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicle's engine. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies a force to the steering gear, which in turn steers the roadwheels. The steering wheel operates valves to control flow to the cylinder. The more torque the driver applies to the steering wheel and column,
2250-421: The wheels comes from the car's high pressure hydraulic system and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. Turning the steering wheel moves the wheels simultaneously to a corresponding angle via a hydraulic cylinder. In order to give some artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the steering wheel back to centre position. The amount of pressure applied
2300-493: Was coupled to a four-speed transmission with a transfer case, giving a total of eight forward gears and two reverse. High-clearance and rice cultivation models were produced, and orchard shield kits were available. An adjustable wide front axle branded "Roll-Shift" was introduced with this model, which also offered a narrow front wheel pair and single wheel options. The D14 had a 14-US-gallon (53 L) gas fuel capacity, and 22.3-US-gallon (84 L) propane fuel capacity. The D14
2350-573: Was made from 1957 to 1960, when it was replaced by the D-15. 17,474 units were made. The D15 succeeded the D14 in the Allis-Chalmers lineup from 1960 to 1968. The early D15 was essentially the same as the D14 with the same engine but a higher compression ratio and increased RPMs. The option of power steering was also made available. At serial number 9001 a larger engine was introduced, as well as
2400-411: Was manufactured until 1964. D19s were known for running smoothly and fairly quietly. The D19 was popular among larger farmers in the 1960s, who had a higher acreage to manpower ratio than ever before. The D19 was able to pull a five bottom plow. It also came in a high-crop version with over three feet (37 inches [940 mm]) of ground clearance. The D21 was introduced in 1963, and was the largest of
2450-402: Was not turbocharged until 1965, which pushed its horsepower up to about 128 hp (95 kW) as it remained the largest row crop tractor available. This gave the D21 over 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) of pull, making it the largest tractor Allis-Chalmers had ever made, as well as the most expensive at around 10,000 dollars. Before this move to turbo, the D21 series I found itself outmoded by
2500-415: Was not widely adopted by other automakers in the initial years due to the unnatural steering feel of the motor caused by the inertia at the time of rapid steering for danger avoidance in slower speed driving, as well as at the time of faster speed driving in which the electromagnetic clutch makes the steering force smaller, returning to the manual steering mode. In the year 1990, a direct full control system of
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