35-796: D13 may refer to: ARA Sarandí (D-13) , an Almirante Brown -class destroyer of the Argentine Navy Dublin 13 , a postal district in Ireland Fokker D.XIII , a Dutch fighter aircraft General Flores (ship) , an Almirante Clemente -class destroyer of the Venezuelan Navy LNER Class D13 , an English 4-4-0 steam tender locomotive Pennsylvania Railroad class D13 , an American 4-4-0 steam locomotive; see Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive classification D13 series of Honda D engines D13,
70-419: A defense contractor which was involved in the development of packet switching , used for ARPANET , and which developed the first computer modem in 1963. Military operations and training have included different scenarios a soldier might encounter with morals and different ethics. In one military operation soldiers are frequently asked to engage in combat, humanitarian, and stabilization roles. These increase
105-434: A sand table , map, cloth model, or computer simulation exercise. These allow commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning. This is also called warfare simulation, or in some instances a virtual battlefield , and in the past has been described as "wargames". Such examples of modern military wargames include DARWARS , a serious game developed since 2003 by DARPA with BBN Technologies ,
140-621: A bald eagle from the 2012 clutch of the Decorah Bald Eagles [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D13&oldid=1088029565 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
175-495: A contingency, or general warfare. The use of military exercises and war games can be found to date back to as early as the early 19th century, wherein it was the officers of the Prussian Army who created the contemporary, tactical form of wargames that have since been more widely used and developed by other military conglomerations throughout the world. Non-tactical forms of wargames have existed for much longer, however, in
210-509: A field exercise or fleet exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "red" (simulating the enemy forces ) and "blue", to avoid naming a particular adversary. This naming convention originates with the inventors of the table-top war-game (the " Kriegsspiel "), the Prussian Georg von Reisswitz ; their army wore Prussian blue , so friendly forces were depicted by the color blue. Several different armed forces of
245-545: A home base. While both war games and military exercises aim to simulate real conditions and scenarios for the purpose of preparing and analyzing those scenarios, the distinction between a war game and a military exercise is determined, primarily, by the involvement of actual military forces within the simulation, or lack thereof. Military exercises focus on the simulation of real, full-scale military operations in controlled hostile conditions in attempts to reproduce war time decisions and activities for training purposes or to analyze
280-456: A moral hazard because of the narrow scope of the alliance, while joint military exercises outside of an alliance (which are extremely rare) usually lead to conflict escalation. Exercises in the 20th and 21st centuries have often been identified by a unique code name , such as Cobra Gold , in the same manner as military contingency operations and combat operations like Operation Phantom Fury . Military exercises are sometimes used as cover for
315-674: A ship of the Argentine Navy inter-operated with a United States Navy battlegroup. Sarandí was involved in an incident on 29 November 2004, during the annual FRATERNO naval exercise, with ships of the Brazilian Navy . While conducting gunnery practice shots against target drones, a technical failure of her automatic weapons system made her fire on the Brazilian frigate Rademaker , injuring four Brazilian crewmen and an Argentine naval observer, as well as moderate damage to
350-510: A stand-alone event for headquarters staff only with heavy emphasis on simulated events. Historical names for the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare in the military services of the British Commonwealth include "schemes", while those of the military services United States are known as Field Training Exercises (FTX), or, in the case of naval forces, Fleet Exercises (FLEETEX). In
385-669: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ARA Sarand%C3%AD (D-13) ARA Sarandí is the fourth and last ship of the MEKO 360H2 series of destroyers built for the Argentine Navy . The ship is also the fourth ship in the Argentine Navy to bear that name. Sarandí is the name of a victory of the Argentine army during the Cisplatine War . The ship, along with
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#1732776171214420-539: Is typically the relationships between visual aspects of the simulation that aid in the assessment of the problems that are simulated within war games, like geographic locations and positionings that would be difficult to discern or analyze at full-scale and for complex environments. Military exercises involving multiple branches of the same military are known as joint exercises , while military exercises involving two or more countries are known as combined , coalition , bilateral , or multilateral exercises , depending on
455-462: Is used in the simulation of war games to provide a quantifiable method of deduction. However, it is rare that a war game is depended upon for quantitative results, and the use of war games is more often found in situations where qualitative factors of the simulated scenario are needed to be determined. The actual use of war games and the results that they can provide are limited by possibilities. War games cannot be used to achieve predictive results, as
490-637: The Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the wargame Kriegsspiel , which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. These first wargames were played with dice which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including morale , meteorology ,
525-558: The fog of war , etc.). 21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction. According to Manuel de Landa , after World War II the Command, Control and Communications (C ) was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation , the first think tank . Around the mid to late 20th century, computer simulated war games were created to replace traditional war gaming methods with
560-464: The Brazilian ship. As of 2021 she was based at Puerto Belgrano as the flagship of the Navy's 2nd Destroyer Division, along with her three sister ships. In September of that year, she participated in a naval exercise also involving the corvettes Espora , Robinson , Gómez Roca and Spiro . In 2022, she again participated in an exercise off the coast of Mar del Plata with Espora , Robinson ,
595-528: The Chilean frigate Almirante Lynch on the way. Military exercise A military exercise , training exercise , maneuver ( manoeuvre ), or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations . Military exercises are conducted to explore the effects of warfare or test tactics and strategies without actual combat . They also ensure the combat readiness of garrisoned or deployable forces prior to deployment from
630-623: The Naval Construction National Plan of 1974, an initiative by the Argentine Navy to replace old World War II -vintage warships which were nearing the end of their operational lives. A contract was signed with the Blohm + Voss Shipyards in Hamburg , West Germany for the construction of four MEKO 360H2 destroyers. Sarandí ' s keel was laid down on 9 March 1982 and she was launched on 31 August 1982. The ship
665-647: The South Atlantic along with the offshore patrol vessel Almirante Storni and corvette Espora , as well as the Brazilian Navy 's frigate Liberal and submarine Tikuna . The exercise's anti-submarine warfare element focused on reconnaissance, sonar tracking, search and attack by surface units, whereas the maritime element focused on joint air defense coordination, tactical formations and joint helicopter maneuvers. After Fraterno' s conclusion, Sarandí and Liberal headed towards Valparaíso for UNITAS LXV. The two ships met and performed exercises with
700-566: The U.S. and " IVAN " representing the Soviet Union. Early game theory included only zero-sum games , which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The prisoner's dilemma , which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game: This model gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine. The zero-sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later, while
735-468: The actions taken (Defense Ethics Program, Department of National Defense, 2012). These simulations involve crude living conditions, sleep deprivations, time limit, and either lack or ambiguous amount of information. A subset of simulated exercises is the Table Top Exercise (TTX), typically limited to senior personnel stepping through the decision-making processes they would employ in a crisis,
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#1732776171214770-471: The ambiguity of a role one may encounter and challenge of ethics. This will also lead the military personnel to have to make a difficult call in challenging circumstances. Even in difficult situations and conditions, military personnel still has to follow rules and regulations such as: 1) when the right thing to do is not immediately clear; 2) when two or more important principles or values support different actions, and 3) when some harm will result, regardless of
805-530: The build up to an actual invasion, as in the cases of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , or it can provoke opponents at peace to perceive it as such, as in the case of Able Archer 83 . A Command Post Exercise (CPX) typically focuses on the battle readiness of staffs such as a particular Unified Combatant Command or one of its components at any level. It may run in parallel with an FTX or its equivalent, or as
840-410: The corvette Rosales and the transport ship Canal Beagle . In 2023, the destroyer, accompanied by the patrol vessel Bartolomé Cordero and supported by an S2T-Turbo Tracker aircraft , conducted joint exercises with the frigates Independência and União and the submarine Tikuna of the Brazilian Navy . In May 2024 Sarandí , in conjunction with her sister ship La Argentina and
875-460: The corvettes Espora and Rosales , as well as the offshore patrol vessels Bartolomé Cordero , Piedrabuena and Almirante Storni , was tasked to participate in joint exercises with the US Navy's George Washington carrier task group. The exercises were the first to take place between the two navies in several years. In August 2024, she took part in joint exercise Fraterno XXXVII in
910-489: The forms of tabletop games such as chess and Go . The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to reenact old battles for learning purposes. During the age of Kabinettskriege (Cabinet wars), Frederick the Great , King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot -like warriors. No individual initiative
945-586: The goal of optimizing and speeding up the process and making it possible to analyze more complex scenarios with greater ease. In 1958, the Naval War college installed a computer war game system where their traditional war gaming activities were held. The system was called the Navy Electronic Warfare System, and cost over $ 10 million to install. The change from traditional war gaming methods to electronic computer simulated ones meant that
980-400: The nature of the relationship between the countries and the number of them involved. These exercises allow for better coordination between militaries and observation of enemy tactics, and serve as a visible show of strength and cooperation for the participating countries. According to a 2021 study, joint military exercises within well-defined alliances usually deter adversaries without producing
1015-404: The nature of war and the scenarios that war games aim to simulate are not deterministic. Therefore, war games are primarily used to consider multiple possible outcomes of any given decision, or number of decisions, made in the simulated scenario. These possible outcomes are analyzed and compared, and cause-and-effect relationships are typically sought for the unknown factors within the simulation. It
1050-419: The outcome of possible war time decisions. War games, however, can be much smaller than full-scale military operations, do not typically include the use of functional military equipment, and decisions and actions are carried out by artificial players to simulate possible decisions and actions within an artificial scenario which usually represents a model of a real-world scenario. Additionally, mathematical modeling
1085-493: The rest of the Argentine navy is poorly maintained and has inadequate staff training due to a lack of funding and import restrictions. In 2003, the ship fired on a friendly Brazilian warship during a joint training exercise . In 2012, the Almirante Brown class were short of spare parts and suffering engine problems, plus all their ordnance was past its expiry date. Sarandí and her sister ships were authorized under
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1120-530: The same nation training together are described as having a joint exercise. Those involving forces of multiple nations are described as having a combined exercise or coalition exercise. These are called a bilateral exercise if based on security agreements between two nations, or a multilateral exercise if the agreement is between multiple nations. Other types of exercise include the Tactical Exercise Without Troops (TEWT), also known as
1155-533: The value and accuracy of a war game simulation was less dependent on skill and individual experiences, and more dependent on quantitative data and complicated analysis methods. Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his game theory was used in wargames to model nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War . Thus, the U.S. nuclear strategy was defined using wargames, " SAM " representing
1190-403: Was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower." This was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command . Prussia 's victory over
1225-523: Was delivered to the Argentine Navy on 23 April 1984 for her sea trials , following which she departed for Argentina, arriving at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base on 21 June 1984. In 2003, Sarandi joined the USS ; Enterprise carrier strike group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of the military exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean . This marked the first time that
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