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32-727: The D750 includes technologies from the D810 in a smaller and lighter body, but with better low light performance, for both focus and image quality at high ISO. Nikon sees the D750 with "advanced video features" for videographers as well as a primary or secondary camera for fast handling and speed. The camera can shoot at 6.5 frames per second at full resolution. It has a newly developed 24.3-effective- megapixel image sensor (24.93 megapixel raw) with claimed lower image noise . The Expeed 4 processor from D4S/D810 and built-in Wi-Fi enable functions from

64-405: A Gold Award as well as a 90% numerical rating. The Nikon D750 shares similar specifications when it comes to size, ergonomics and resolution. However, there are bigger differences when it comes to performance. Some D750 bodies have been found to produce unwanted flare anomalies in certain shooting situations, namely when an intense light source is situated just above the frame of view. The problem

96-663: A bit more purple in sunsets . Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support   ⋅   Without AF-P and without E-type lens support   ⋅   Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) Frame rate Frame rate , most commonly expressed in frames per second or FPS ,

128-831: A display artifact appearing on legacy black-and-white displays, showing up on highly-color-saturated surfaces. It was found that by lowering the frame rate by 0.1%, the undesirable effect was minimized. As of 2021 , video transmission standards in North America, Japan, and South Korea are still based on 60  / 1.001 ≈ 59.94 images per second. Two sizes of images are typically used: 1920×1080 ("1080i/p") and 1280×720 ("720p"). Confusingly, interlaced formats are customarily stated at 1/2 their image rate, 29.97/25 FPS, and double their image height, but these statements are purely custom; in each format, 60 images per second are produced. A resolution of 1080i produces 59.94 or 50 1920×540 images, each squashed to half-height in

160-508: A gallery showing the mostly small effects to the color reproduction in "normal" photos. A review concludes that especially the D810A long exposure noise is superior compared to the D800E and other Nikon fullframes, and shows effects of the increased H-alpha sensitivity. Color balance of "normal" photos seems mostly correct, except comparatively hotter objects with strong infrared radiation and

192-423: A perceived duration of between 100 ms and 400 ms. Multiple stimuli that are very short are sometimes perceived as a single stimulus, such as a 10 ms green flash of light immediately followed by a 10 ms red flash of light perceived as a single yellow flash of light. Early silent films had stated frame rates anywhere from 16 to 24 frames per second (fps), but since the cameras were hand-cranked,

224-471: A quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production cost. Animation for most " Saturday morning cartoons " was produced as cheaply as possible and was most often shot on "threes" or even "fours", i.e. three or four frames per drawing. This translates to only 8 or 6 drawings per second respectively. Anime

256-527: A special Astro Noise Reduction software was announced February 10, 2015. The D810A's IR filter is optimized for H-alpha  (Hα) red tones, resulting in four times greater sensitivity to the 656 nm wavelength than the D810. In comparison, Canon's astrophotography DSLRs 20Da and 60Da Hα sensitivity was 2.5 times and 3 times (respectively) more than the standard 20D / 60D . The D810A additionally has 1.39  stops advantage due to

288-528: A website to determine whether their camera could be affected, on the basis of serial numbers. Repairs would be made by Nikon free of charge. If bright spots still appear in images after servicing, Nikon recommends enabling Long exposure NR. Products already serviced have a black dot inside the tripod socket. An astrophotography variant with a special infrared filter capable of deep red / near infrared and with special software tweaks like long-exposure modes up to 15 minutes, virtual horizon indicator and

320-644: Is a 36.3- megapixel professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera produced by Nikon . The camera was officially announced in June 2014, and became available in July 2014. Compared to the former D800 / D800E it offers an image sensor with a base sensitivity of ISO 64 and extended range of ISO 32 to 51,200, an Expeed processor with noise reduction with claimed 1 stop noise improvement, doubled buffer size , increased frame rate and extended battery life , improved autofocus  – now similar to

352-506: Is also usually drawn on threes or twos. Due to the mains frequency of electric grids, analog television broadcast was developed with frame rates of 50 Hz (most of the world) or 60 Hz (Canada, US, Mexico, Philippines, Japan, South Korea). The frequency of the electricity grid was extremely stable and therefore it was logical to use for synchronization. The introduction of color television technology made it necessary to lower that 60 FPS frequency by 0.1% to avoid " dot crawl ",

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384-770: Is caused by a reflection of light within the internal components, and manifests in an irregular, discolored patch of light along the top of images. Nikon resolved to repair affected cameras at no cost. Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support   ⋅   Without AF-P and without E-type lens support   ⋅   Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) Nikon D810 The Nikon D810

416-400: Is flashed on screen three times. In drawn animation , moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frame per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform

448-474: Is known as the flicker fusion threshold . However, when the modulated light is non-uniform and contains an image, the flicker fusion threshold can be much higher, in the hundreds of hertz. With regard to image recognition , people have been found to recognize a specific image in an unbroken series of different images, each of which lasts as little as 13 milliseconds. Persistence of vision sometimes accounts for very short single-millisecond visual stimulus having

480-494: Is repeated, playing twice, while every even frame is tripled. This creates uneven motion, appearing stroboscopic. Other conversions have similar uneven frame doubling. Newer video standards support 120, 240, or 300 frames per second, so frames can be evenly sampled for standard frame rates such as 24, 48 and 60 FPS film or 25, 30, 50 or 60 FPS video. Of course these higher frame rates may also be displayed at their native rates. In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to

512-474: Is the rate at which a system, particularly a GPU , is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed frames. In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames could be captured, but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate. The temporal sensitivity and resolution of human vision varies depending on

544-415: Is typically the frequency (rate) at which consecutive images ( frames ) are captured or displayed. This definition applies to film and video cameras , computer animation , and motion capture systems. In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with frame frequency and refresh rate , which are expressed in hertz . Additionally, in the context of computer graphics performance, FPS

576-983: The D4S , improved video with 1080p 60 fps and many software improvements. The D810 was succeeded by the Nikon D850 in August 2017 and was listed as discontinued in December 2019. At the time of its release, the Nikon D810 became the Dxomark image sensor leader ahead of the Nikon D800E and received many reviews. On August 19, 2014, Nikon acknowledged a problem reported by some users, of bright spots appearing in long-exposure photographs, as well as "in some images captured at an Image area setting of 1.2× (30×20)." Existing owners of D810 cameras were asked to visit

608-563: The "optimal" frame rate for smoothly animated game play. Video games designed for PAL markets, before the sixth generation of video game consoles , had lower frame rates by design due to the 50 Hz output. This noticably made fast-paced games, such as racing or fighting games, run slower. Frame rate up-conversion (FRC) is the process of increasing the temporal resolution of a video sequence by synthesizing one or more intermediate frames between two consecutive frames. A low frame rate causes aliasing , yields abrupt motion artifacts, and degrades

640-475: The D810. Its autofocus is the same as in the D4S and D810, but can autofocus with less light than the D810, down to -3 EV . The D750 has a tilting LCD screen (the first full-frame DSLR with an adjustable screen, although several Nikon DX bodies have tilting or fully articulated screens), and is cited as "the lightest among Nikon's traditional pro series". The body is a light-weight weather-sealed monocoque construction with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer at

672-421: The frame rate for silent film increased to 20–26 FPS. When sound film was introduced in 1926, variations in film speed were no longer tolerated, as the human ear is more sensitive than the eye to changes in frequency. Many theaters had shown silent films at 22 to 26 FPS, which is why the industry chose 24 FPS for sound film as a compromise. From 1927 to 1930, as various studios updated equipment,

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704-472: The front and magnesium alloy for the back and top. The D750 has been succeeded by the Nikon D780 . DxOMark reviewed the D750 sensor image quality and assigned it an overall score of 93. Since its release, the camera has been praised for its impressive low-light capabilities and effective autofocus. Digital Photography Review completed their review of the D750 in December 2014 and assigned it

736-629: The larger image sensor format – resulting in better than 2 stops sensitivity advantage giving over four times faster exposure times compared to the Canon ;20Da/60Da. Although the D810A can be used for normal photography, due to the deep red / near infrared sensitivity the in-camera white balance may fail in case of fluorescent light or difficult cases with very strong infrared light – requiring an external infrared filter. Nikon published an D810A astrophotography guide that recommends live view focusing with 23× enlarged selected areas and

768-423: The maximum possible rate frames that can be captured (e.g. if the exposure time were set to near-zero), but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate. In computer video games , frame rate plays an important part in the experience as, unlike film, games are rendered in real-time . 60 frames per second has for a long time been considered

800-439: The photographic process and stretched back to fill the screen on playback in a television set. The 720p format produces 59.94/50 or 29.97/25 1280×720p images, not squeezed, so that no expansion or squeezing of the image is necessary. This confusion was industry-wide in the early days of digital video software, with much software being written incorrectly, the developers believing that only 29.97 images were expected each second, which

832-414: The rate of 24 FPS became standard for 35 mm sound film. At 24 FPS, the film travels through the projector at a rate of 456 millimetres (18.0 in) per second. This allowed simple two-blade shutters to give a projected series of images at 48 per second, satisfying Edison's recommendation. Many modern 35 mm film projectors use three-blade shutters to give 72 images per second—each frame

864-406: The rate often changed during the scene to fit the mood. Projectionists could also change the frame rate in the theater by adjusting a rheostat controlling the voltage powering the film-carrying mechanism in the projector . Film companies often intended that theaters show their silent films at higher frame rates than they were filmed at. These frame rates were enough for the sense of motion, but it

896-495: The target intermediate frame to the input frames. They also propose flow reversal (projection) for more accurate image warping . Moreover, there are algorithms that give different weights of overlapped flow vectors depending on the object depth of the scene via a flow projection layer. Pixel hallucination-based methods use deformable convolution to the center frame generator by replacing optical flows with offset vectors. There are algorithms that also interpolate middle frames with

928-425: The type and characteristics of visual stimulus, and it differs between individuals. The human visual system can process 10 to 12 images per second and perceive them individually, while higher rates are perceived as motion. Modulated light (such as a computer display ) is perceived as stable by the majority of participants in studies when the rate is higher than 50 Hz. This perception of modulated light as steady

960-476: The video quality. Consequently, the temporal resolution is an important factor affecting video quality. Algorithms for FRC are widely used in applications, including visual quality enhancement, video compression and slow-motion video generation. Most FRC methods can be categorized into optical flow or kernel-based and pixel hallucination-based methods. Flow-based methods linearly combine predicted optical flows between two input frames to approximate flows from

992-482: Was incorrect. While it was true that each picture element was polled and sent only 29.97 times per second, the pixel location immediately below that one was polled 1/60 of a second later, part of a completely separate image for the next 1/60-second frame. At its native 24 FPS rate, film could not be displayed on 60 Hz video without the necessary pulldown process, often leading to "judder": To convert 24 frames per second into 60 frames per second, every odd frame

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1024-411: Was perceived as jerky motion. To minimize the perceived flicker, projectors employed dual- and triple-blade shutters , so each frame was displayed two or three times, increasing the flicker rate to 48 or 72 hertz and reducing eye strain. Thomas Edison said that 46 frames per second was the minimum needed for the eye to perceive motion: "Anything less will strain the eye." In the mid to late 1920s,

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