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35-419: It is a broad, flat, membranous band, situated slightly posterior on the medial side of the knee joint. It is attached proximally to the medial epicondyle of the femur, immediately below the adductor tubercle ; below to the medial condyle of the tibia and medial surface of its body. It resists forces that would push the knee medially, which would otherwise produce valgus deformity . It provides up to 78% of

70-427: A MCL injury. Grade 1 is a minor sprain, grade 2 in a major sprain or a minor tear, and grade 3 is a major tear. Based on the grade of the injury treatment options will vary. Depending on the grade of the injury, the lowest grade (grade 1) can take between 2 and 10 weeks for the injury to fully heal. Recovery times for grades 2 and 3 can take several weeks to several months. Treatment of a partial tear or stretch injury

105-413: A bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average, as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry , with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a fragility fracture . Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause , when it is called "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in

140-420: A difference in overall muscle mass and development between sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the long bones is commonly characterized by morphometric or gross morphological analyses. The human pelvis exhibits greater sexual dimorphism than other bones, specifically in the size and shape of the pelvic cavity , ilia , greater sciatic notches, and the sub-pubic angle. The Phenice method is commonly used to determine

175-400: A given population. The human female pelvis is also different from that of males in order to facilitate childbirth . Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones . The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (32–34 bones; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human as the lower 2 parts, sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length), a part of

210-452: A healthy diet. Calcium supplements may also be advised, as may vitamin D . When medication is used, it may include bisphosphonates , strontium ranelate , and osteoporosis may be one factor considered when commencing hormone replacement therapy . The Sushruta Samhita , composed between the 6th century  BCE and 5th century CE speaks of 360 bones. Books on Salya-Shastra (surgical science) know of only 300. The text then lists

245-547: Is caused by a valgus stress to a slightly bent knee, often when landing, bending or on high impact. It may be difficult to apply pressure on the injured leg for at least a few days. It can be caused by a direct blow to the lateral side of the knee. The most common knee structure damaged in skiing is the medial collateral ligament, although the carve turn has diminished the incidence somewhat. MCL strains and tears are also fairly common in American football . The center and

280-427: Is credited to be the pioneer of the field. His works are lost but are often cited by notable persons in the field such as Galen and Rufus of Ephesus . Galen himself did little dissection though and relied on the work of others like Marinus of Alexandria, as well as his own observations of gladiator cadavers and animals. According to Katherine Park , in medieval Europe dissection continued to be practiced, contrary to

315-424: Is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle or pelvis, and the lower limbs. Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction. The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation. The skeleton provides the framework which supports

350-451: Is involved in iron metabolism . However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite , the latter making up 70% of a bone. Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8% of calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, 18.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of hydrogen by mass. Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar made up primarily of oxygen and carbon. Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin , which contributes to

385-421: Is the site of haematopoiesis , the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow . In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum. The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism , and bone marrow can store iron in ferritin and

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420-478: Is usually conservative. Most injuries that are partial and isolated can be treated without surgery. This includes measures to control inflammation as well as bracing. Kannus has shown good clinical results with conservative care of grade II sprains, but poor results in grade III sprains. As a result, more severe grade III and IV injuries to the MCL that lead to ongoing instability may require arthroscopic surgery . However,

455-485: The guards are the most common victims of this type of injury due to the grip trend on their cleats, although sometimes it can be caused by a helmet striking the knee. The number of football players who get this injury has increased in recent years. Companies are currently trying to develop better cleats that will prevent the injury. MCL is also crucially affected in breaststroke and many professional swimmers suffer from chronic MCL pains. There are three distinct levels in

490-427: The meridians , although given that Hua Tuo regularly performed surgery, there may be some distance between medical theory and actual understanding. Leonardo da Vinci made studies of the skeleton, albeit unpublished in his time. Many artists, Antonio del Pollaiuolo being the first, performed dissections for better understanding of the body, although they concentrated mostly on the muscles. Vesalius , regarded as

525-431: The morphology of the skull, dentition , long bones , and pelvis are exhibited across human populations. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. It is not known whether or to what extent those differences are genetic or environmental. A variety of gross morphological traits of the human skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism, such as

560-477: The rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum ), and the skull (22 bones and 7 associated bones). The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints . The bones of the spine are supported by many ligaments. The erector spinae muscles are also supporting and are useful for balance. The appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

595-448: The semimembranosus muscle, with which it is connected by a few fibers; it is intimately adherent to the medial meniscus . Embryologically and phylogenically, the ligament represents the distal portion of the tendon of adductor magnus muscle. In lower animals, adductor magnus inserts into the tibia. Because of this, the ligament occasionally contains muscle fibres. This is an atavistic variation. An MCL injury can be very painful and

630-563: The shoulder girdle , the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The human skeleton performs six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells , storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation. The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, dentition , long bones , and pelvis exist. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within

665-407: The body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages , and intercostal muscles , the lungs would collapse. The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at

700-482: The count of bones in the two schools is partly because Charaka Samhita includes 32 tooth sockets in its count, and their difference of opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (which both sometimes do, unlike modern anatomy). The study of bones in ancient Greece started under Ptolemaic kings due to their link to Egypt. Herophilos , through his work by studying dissected human corpses in Alexandria,

735-410: The following: This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Human skeleton The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body . It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of

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770-473: The founder of modern anatomy, authored the book De humani corporis fabrica , which contained many illustrations of the skeleton and other body parts, correcting some theories dating from Galen, such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of two. Various other figures like Alessandro Achillini also contributed to the further understanding of the skeleton. As early as 1797, the death goddess or folk saint known as Santa Muerte has been represented as

805-511: The larger and smaller joints of the human skeleton. The cartilage in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away. This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between bones where cartilage should be. Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced bone mineral density , increasing the likelihood of fractures . Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization in women as

840-412: The medial surface of the body of the tibia about 2.5 centimeters below the level of the condyle. Crossing on top of the lower part of the MCL is the pes anserinus , the joined tendons of the sartorius , gracilis , and semitendinosus muscles; a bursa is interposed between the two. The MCL's deep surface covers the inferior medial genicular vessels and nerve and the anterior portion of the tendon of

875-423: The median nuchal line , mastoid processes , supraorbital margin , supraorbital ridge , and the chin . Human inter-sex dental dimorphism centers on the canine teeth , but it is not nearly as pronounced as in the other great apes . Long bones are generally larger in males than in females within a given population. Muscle attachment sites on long bones are often more robust in males than in females, reflecting

910-452: The medical literature considers surgery for most MCL injuries to be controversial. Isolated MCL sprains are common. Epicondyle An epicondyle ( / ɛ p ɪ ˈ k ɒ n d aɪ l / ) is a rounded eminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle ( epi- , "upon" + condyle , from a root meaning "knuckle" or "rounded articular area"). There are various epicondyles in the human skeleton , each named by its anatomic site. They include

945-653: The most common is osteoporosis . Also common is scoliosis , a side-to-side curve in the back or spine, often creating a pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine. This condition is most apparent during adolescence, and is most common with females. Arthritis is a disorder of the joints. It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. The symptoms of arthritis will vary differently between types of arthritis. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis , can affect both

980-552: The neck. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles , which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system. It is believed that the reduction of human bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human movement. Shifting from hunting to agriculture has caused human bone density to reduce significantly. The skeleton helps to protect many vital internal organs from being damaged. The skeleton

1015-400: The popular understanding that such practices were taboo and thus completely banned. The practice of holy autopsy , such as in the case of Clare of Montefalco further supports the claim. Alexandria continued as a center of anatomy under Islamic rule, with Ibn Zuhr a notable figure. Chinese understandings are divergent, as the closest corresponding concept in the medicinal system seems to be

1050-479: The presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a result of smoking and medications , specifically glucocorticoids . Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs. For this reason, DEXA scans are often done in people with one or more risk factors, who have developed osteoporosis and be at risk of fracture. Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have

1085-497: The regulation of blood sugar ( glucose ) and fat deposition . Osteocalcin increases both insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat. Anatomical differences between human males and females are highly pronounced in some soft tissue areas, but tend to be limited in the skeleton. The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in

Medial collateral ligament - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-406: The restraining force that resists valgus (inward pressing) loads on the knee. The fibers of the posterior part of the ligament are short and incline backward as they descend; they are inserted into the tibia above the groove for the semimembranosus muscle. The anterior part of the ligament is a flattened band, about 10 centimeters long, which inclines forward as it descends. It is inserted into

1155-438: The sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96% to 100% accuracy in some populations. Women's pelvises are wider in the pelvic inlet and are wider throughout the pelvis to allow for child birth. The sacrum in the women's pelvis is curved inwards to allow the child to have a " funnel " to assist in the child's pathway from the uterus to the birth canal . There are many classified skeletal disorders. One of

1190-407: The total body weight (ca. 10–11 kg for an average person) and reaches maximum mass between the ages of 25 and 30. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column , the rib cage , the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by

1225-544: The total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards. The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified. The discussion shows that the Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition. The differences in

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