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45-630: Watson was born in the Higher Broughton district of Salford , Lancashire , the only son of David Watson, a chemist and pioneering metallurgist , and his wife, Mary Louise Seares. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School 1899 to 1904 then studied Sciences at the University of Manchester . He specialised in geology and began to study plant fossils in coal deposits. In 1907, his final year, he published an important paper on coal balls with Marie Stopes (who had an early career as

90-491: A 1929 article, "Adaptation," in the journal Nature: The second version of the quotation, given above, is formed by combining the introduction and conclusion of a passage in Watson's paper, one from the first line and one from the last line. The first passage reads: [1] "Evolution itself is accepted by zoologists not because it has been observed to occur or is supported by logically coherent arguments, but because it does fit all

135-595: A few yards away near Ivy Cottage, which is thought to be the house from which Crabtree made his observations. In 1772 the Manor of Broughton became the property of Mary, sister of Edward Cheetham of Nuthurst and Smedley who was married to Samuel Clowes. The manor then descended through the Clowes family to the Captain Henry Arthur Clowes. By 1801 the population of the township of Broughton with Kersal

180-713: A lecturer in Vertebrate Palaeontology, at University College London by Professor James Peter Hill . His academic work was eventually interrupted in 1916 by World War I when he took a commission in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve . He was later transferred to the nascent Royal Air Force where he worked on balloon and airship fabric design. In 1917 Watson married Katharine Margarite Parker, and had two daughters: Katharine Mary and Janet Vida . After World War I, Watson returned to academic study and in 1921 he succeeded Hill as

225-401: A most insecure basis;the validity of the assumptions on which they rest has seldom been seriously examined, and they do not interest most of the younger zoologists..." The concluding passage reads: [2] "The extraordinary lack of evidence to show that the incidence of death under natural conditions is controlled by small differences of the kind which separate species from one another or, what is

270-592: A paleobotanist); after graduating with first class honours he was appointed as a Beyer fellow at Manchester and went on to complete his MSc in 1909. After his MSc, Watson continued to develop his wide interest in fossils and studied intensively at the British Museum of Natural History in London , and on extended visits to South Africa , Australia , and the United States . In 1912 he was appointed as

315-482: A phenomenon rests on an extremely slender basis. The extreme difficulty of obtaining the necessary data for any quantitative estimation of the efficiency of natural selection makes it seem probable that this theory will be re-established, if it be so, by the collapse of alternative explanations which are more easily attacked by observation and experiment. If so, it will present a parallel to the Theory of Evolution itself,

360-600: A site between Northumberland Street and Broom Lane but the venture was not a commercial success and closed 1842. Businessmen from all over Europe and the Mediterranean Sea established branches in Manchester close to the source of supply. In Higher Broughton by mid century there were many prosperous merchants from the Ottoman Empire who had settled around Northumberland Street and by 1861 they had built

405-403: A theory universally accepted, not because it can be proved by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, Special Creation [the doctrine that the universe and all life in it originated by divine decree], is clearly incredible." Higher Broughton Broughton is a suburb and district of Salford , Greater Manchester , England. Located on the east bank of

450-606: A total involvement of some 320 players each week. Broughton Park R.F.C. is the City of Manchester's highest placed representative in the Rugby Union Leagues. Broughton Rangers , founded in 1877 as a rugby union club, became a rugby league club as a founder member of the Northern Union in 1895. In 1946, they moved and renamed themselves Belle Vue Rangers . This folded in 1955. They are now being reformed with

495-435: Is a public park, with a large football pitch, located by Great Clowes Street and Great Cheetham Street West, on the borders of Higher and Lower Broughton. The park, named in commemoration of the consort (husband) of Queen Victoria , today features a multi-use games area, bowling green , all-weather sports pitch, children's play area and informal five-a-side pitch as well as paths, shrubs and many established trees. Albert Park

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540-482: Is around one mile (1.6 km) from Manchester city centre . This fact and the availability of affordable housing make it an attractive option for many younger first time buyers. In 2005, it was announced that an area of housing near Camp Street in Lower Broughton would be demolished to make way for brand new houses. This is part of a wider regeneration project which will later extend to all council houses in

585-765: Is named in his honour. It is UCL's second largest library and is in Malet Place adjacent to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology . the Theory of Evolution itself, a theory universally accepted, not because it can be proved by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, special creation, is clearly incredible. This quotation of Watson is often used in Creationist writings in an attempt to show that Watson, and thus by extension promoters of evolution in general, dismiss creationism due to antitheistic bias. A slightly different version of

630-616: The Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Manchester church on Bury New Road. Much of Lower Broughton was undeveloped at this time as it was prone to flooding and one of the few houses, built close to Broughton Bridge was called "Noah's Ark" as it was built on an artificial mound to raise it above the level of the floods. The Church of the Ascension was built in 1869. Broughton was a township and chapelry in

675-710: The River Irwell , it is 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Manchester and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Prestwich . Historically in Lancashire , the former manor house, Broughton Hall, belonged to the Chethams and the Stanleys, both distinguished local families, and later passed, by marriage, to the Clowes family. Part of Broughton was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Salford in 1844, and

720-692: The Romanes Lecture at the University of Oxford ; he spoke on "Paleontology and the Evolution of Man". He was appointed to the British government's Agricultural Research Council in 1931, which involved spending time in the United States where he lectured at Yale University in 1937. At the outbreak of World War II he returned to Britain to supervise the evacuation of the UCL Zoology department to Bangor, Wales , and then became Secretary of

765-563: The 1639 transit of Venus across the Sun and Crabtree and Horrocks were the first astronomers to observe and record this event on 24 November of that year. The two correspondents both recorded the event in their own homes and may never actually have met, but Crabtree's calculations were crucial in allowing Horrocks to estimate the size of Venus and the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The recording of

810-712: The Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy and the curator of what is now the Grant Museum of Zoology at UCL. He devoted his energy to the development of the Zoology department there and consolidated his position as a respected academician. In 1922 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , where he gave the Croonian Lecture in 1924. Four years later, he was invited to give

855-594: The Kersal area became a giant fairground . Archery was also a popular sport for which the Broughton Archers were renowned countrywide. During the 19th century the population rose rapidly with the Clowes family controlling the development of the area allowing the wealthy merchants to purchase large plots in Higher Broughton to build their mansions and some grand terraces . By the mid-19th century

900-731: The Lancashire County Rugby Union was founded and eleven years after the formation of the national Rugby Football Union . The club has had a number of different grounds in its time, mainly in the Salford/Prestwich areas, but also in the south of Manchester. Since 2004 its present new facility is at Hough End in Chorlton-cum-Hardy , Manchester. Originally the club had only one senior side, but now fields five senior sides and supported by one Colts (U19), four youth (U13-U17) and four mini (U8-U12) teams;

945-1078: The Scientific Subcommittee of the Food Policy Committee of the War Cabinet . After the war he continued to teach and to travel widely. He received many awards and academic honours including the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society , the Linnean Medal from the Linnean Society , the Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London , and honorary degrees from many universities in Britain and elsewhere. In 1941 Watson

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990-597: The Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection —to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. Fittingly, Wallace was one of the first recipients of the medal, in his case it was, exceptionally, in gold, rather than the silver version presented in the six other initial awards. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to

1035-563: The area and Roman coins have also been found. The township of Broughton dates back to 1177 when it was known as Burton, bounded mainly by the meandering River Irwell . To the west of this township, close to a ford across the Irwell, lay the hamlet of Broughton. The Manor of Broughton was formerly an ancient demesne of the honour of Lancaster , being a member of the Royal Manor of Salford . It descended through various families and in 1578

1080-431: The area by 2006. The gardens were introduced to make the area look neater and more consistent. The council and its arms-length management company "New Prospect", had been working closely with tenants to make sure that their houses were up to standard so that they were good quality council houses. Crime levels have now reduced and the unemployment rate has decreased leading to higher demand for housing in Lower Broughton, which

1125-417: The area. Regeneration has been taken on by Salix Homes and Countryside Properties and is planned to be completed by 2014. Another regeneration project, in Higher Broughton, is known as Broughton Green. Brentnall Primary School, on the corner of Broom Lane and Bury New Road, was demolished as part of this scheme. This school was on the site of a large detached house in its own grounds called Bella Vista. At

1170-530: The assistance of Salford RLFC . Mancunians RL , founded in 2009, play at Broughton Park. They play in the Rugby League Conference . The Cliff in Higher Broughton was the training ground of English football team , Manchester United F.C. until 1999. The training ground still hosts some Manchester United junior and academy team matches. People from Broughton include :hymntune writer Joseph Mainzer (1807-1851) lived in Higher Broughton for

1215-418: The event is now seen as the birth of modern astronomy in Britain. In June 2004 a commemorative street nameplate in memory of William Crabtree was unveiled at the junction of Lower Broughton Road and Priory Grove. This site marks the location that is thought most likely to have been the home of Crabtree and his family at the time when he was collaborating with Horrocks. A commemorative plaque was erected in 2005

1260-417: The facts of Taxonomy, of Palaeontology, and of Geographical Distribution, and because no alternative explanation is credible. But whilst the fact of evolution is accepted by every biologist the mode in which it has occurred and the mechanism by which it has been brought about are still disputable. The only two ' theories of Evolution ' which have gained any general currency, those of Lamark and of Darwin, rest on

1305-484: The last years of his life. He composed hymn tunes including Ellacombe, Humility, Carmel, Mainzer and YNefoedd. Darwin-Wallace Medal The Darwin–Wallace Medal is a medal awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology". Historically, the medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace of two scientific papers— On

1350-459: The majority of residents who lived in the area known as "the Cliff" were members of the professional classes but a number of merchants also resided there. The Cliff was one of the earliest residential suburbs for "commuters" into Manchester and Salford. A number of the houses built for them still stand today and are protected as listed buildings . In 1838 Manchester Zoological Gardens were opened on

1395-487: The parish of Manchester and hundred of Salford . In 1844 the township of Broughton-cum-Kersal was incorporated into the Salford Borough , despite much opposition from some of the more wealthy residents, who didn't wish to be associated with "the cotton of Manchester or the filth of Salford" even though their wealth had been made in those towns. In 1866 Broughton became a separate civil parish , on 1 April 1919

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1440-410: The parish was abolished and merged with Salford. In 1911 the parish had a population of 53,108. During the latter part of the century large numbers of terraced houses were built for the workers until eventually all of Lower Broughton was built upon. During the course of development the Clowes family kept tight control over the area to ensure that it remained "good class". The land in Higher Broughton

1485-615: The quotation, derived accurately from a secondhand source, is sometimes used (e.g., by C. S. Lewis): 'Evolution itself is accepted by zoologists not because it has been observed to occur or . . . can be proved by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, special creation, is clearly incredible ' (Report of the 97th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1929, pp. 88, 95). Watson's original statement first appeared in

1530-521: The remaining area in 1853. In the 21st century, parts of Lower Broughton and Higher Broughton have been redeveloped with a mixture of town houses and flats. Together with neighbouring Whitefield , Prestwich and Crumpsall , Broughton is home to a large Jewish community. Some neolithic implements and other pre-Roman remains have been found in Broughton. The Roman road from Manchester ( Mamucium ) to Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) passed through

1575-617: The rugby code, founded by members of a club known in 1869 as Broughton College, formed from former pupils of Broughton College, a public school in Salford at the time. It provided a number of early international players and was pivotal in the formation of the Lancashire Football Union . Broughton Park Rugby Union F.C. , is one of the oldest rugby union clubs in England and was established in 1882, just one year after

1620-410: The same thing from an observational point of view, by physiological differences correlated with such structural features, renders it difficult to appeal to natural selection as the main or indeed an important factor in bringing about the evolutionary changes which we know to have occurred. It may be important, it may indeed be the principle which overrides all others; but at present its real existence as

1665-473: The time, it had commanding views over the Cliff, looking out toward the Crescent. It was built by a Greek merchant to represent his status in the community. Part of the house burned down, leaving the owner in conflict with the authorities over land tax due, but unpaid on the damaged part of the building. The house was taken by the local authority eventually and became Broughton Grammar School for Girls before it

1710-538: Was 866. Much of the land was owned by the Clowes family of Broughton Old Hall and the Byroms of Kersal Cell, and was either farmed, or supported cottage industries such as spinning and weaving. Broughton Park, which stretched from Singleton Road to Broom Lane with Broughton Old Hall at the centre, was the estate of the Clowes family. The highlight of the year was the Kersal Moor Races held during Whit Week when

1755-754: Was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1949 having previously won the Society's Makdougall-Brisbane Prize for the period 1936–38. He retired from his chair in 1951, but continued to study and publish at UCL until his full retirement in 1965. He was awarded the Linnean Society of London 's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. His scientific research, besides his early original work on fossil plants and coal balls ,

1800-454: Was bought by Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby . In the 17th century Broughton was still regarded as a member or hamlet of Salford and the area around what is now called The Priory at the northern end of Lower Broughton Road was a picturesque hamlet with a spring, known as Broughton Spout. This was home to the amateur astronomer and mathematician William Crabtree . Crabtree's friend and correspondent Jeremiah Horrocks had correctly predicted

1845-532: Was chiefly concerned with vertebrate palaeontology , especially fossil reptiles . He amassed a large collection of fossils from his wide travels to Africa and Spain. He died on 23 July 1973 in Midhurst , Surrey . Two fossil ray-finned fish , Watsonichthys and Watsonulus (=" Watsonia "), are named in his honour. The Science library, known as the DMS Watson library, of University College London

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1890-484: Was demolished to make way for Brentnall Primary School. The only evidence of the original house was the gates still there to this day. Broughton is home to a large Jewish community. In the 2011 census, 14.2% of residents gave their religion as Jewish, compared to 3.3% for Salford and 0.5% for England. The ward is represented by three councillors: John Merry (Lab), Maria Brabiner (Lab), and Jim King (Lab Co-op).   indicates seat up for re-election. Albert Park

1935-404: Was designated as a conservation area by Salford City Council in 1976. The designation now covers an area of 26.03 ha (64.42 acres) and has preserved the character of the area with its cobbled streets and many fine buildings. In the summer months of 2000, new gardens, fences, gates and porches had begun to be fitted to the local authority houses in Lower Broughton covering the whole of

1980-401: Was opened in 1877 and was described as "16 acres of terraced walkways making it possible to walk 5 miles (8.0 km) around the park without traversing the same ground twice". The park originally featured a 2-acre (8,100 m ) lake which was filled in during the late 1940s. Broughton RUFC formerly Broughton Wasps, was the first Broughton football club in Manchester, and played using

2025-467: Was sold in large plots for "villa" type properties and they also restricted the number of pubs that could be built, and then only allowed beer to be sold and not spirits. By 1901 the population had grown to around 49,048. During the 20th century many of the large houses were divided up and rented out as flats, causing the area to become run down and neglected. Some of the fine Victorian terraces were demolished and replaced with modern housing. The Cliff

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