61-397: Psychedelic film N , N -Dimethyltryptamine ( DMT or N , N -DMT ) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including humans, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine . DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen . DMT has a rapid onset , intense effects, and
122-842: A refractory period of only 15 to 30 minutes, while the plasma levels of DMT was nearly undetectable 30 minutes after intravenous administration. Another study of four closely spaced DMT infusion sessions with 30 minute intervals also suggests no tolerance buildup to the psychological effects of the compound, while heart rate responses and neuroendocrine effects were diminished with repeated administration. A fully hallucinogenic dose of DMT did not demonstrate cross-tolerance to human subjects who are highly tolerant to LSD ; researches suggest that DMT exhibits unique pharmacological properties compared to other classical psychedelics. There have been no serious adverse effects reported on long-term use of DMT, apart from acute cardiovascular events. Repeated and one-time administration of DMT produces marked changes in
183-592: A " bad trip ", such as intense fear, paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks , and substance-induced psychosis , particularly in predisposed individuals. DMT, like other serotonergic psychedelics, is considered to be non-addictive with low abuse potential. A study examining substance use disorder for DSM-IV reported that almost no hallucinogens produced dependence, unlike psychoactive drugs of other classes such as stimulants and depressants . At present, there have been no studies that report drug withdrawal syndrome with termination of DMT, and dependence potential of DMT and
244-432: A DMT experience and a near-death experience (NDE). A 2019 large-scale study pointed that ketamine , Salvia divinorum , and DMT (and other classical psychedelic substances) may be linked to near-death experiences due to the semantic similarity of reports associated with the use of psychoactive compounds and NDE narratives, but the study concluded that with the current data it is neither possible to corroborate nor refute
305-566: A disordering of thoughts and decreases in autonomy and self-control. Last, visionary restructuralization (VR) refers to auditory/visual illusions and hallucinations. Results showed strong effects within the first and third dimensions for all conditions, especially with DMT, and suggested strong intrastability of elicited reactions independently of the condition for the OB and VR scales. Entities perceived during DMT inebriation have been represented in diverse forms of psychedelic art. The term machine elf
366-904: A five-year-long DMT study at the University of New Mexico in the 1990s. The results provided insight about the quality of subjective psychedelic experiences. In this study participants received the DMT dosage via intravenous injection and the findings suggested that different psychedelic experiences can occur, depending on the level of dosage. Lower doses (0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg) produced some aesthetic and emotional responses, but not hallucinogenic experiences (e.g., 0.05 mg/kg had mild mood elevating and calming properties). In contrast, responses produced by higher doses (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) researchers labeled as "hallucinogenic" that elicited "intensely colored, rapidly moving display of visual images, formed, abstract or both". Comparing to other sensory modalities,
427-606: A minute. In the 1960s, DMT was known as a "businessman's trip" in the US because of the relatively short duration (and rapid onset) of action when inhaled. DMT can be inhaled using a bong , typically when sandwiched between layers of plant matter, using a specially designed pipe, or by using an e-cigarette once it has been dissolved in propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin. Some users have also started using vaporizers meant for cannabis extracts ("wax pens") for ease of temperature control when vaporizing crystals. A DMT-infused smoking blend
488-464: A number of organisms : in at least fifty plant species belonging to ten families , and in at least four animal species, including one gorgonian and three mammalian species (including humans). In terms of a scientific understanding, the hallucinogenic properties of DMT were not uncovered until 1956 by Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szara . In his paper "Dimethyltryptamin: Its Metabolism in Man;
549-451: A partial, "impure" or "contaminated" form of DMT. It was only in 1959, when Gonçalves de Lima provided American chemists a sample of Mimosa tenuiflora roots, that DMT was unequivocally identified in this plant material. Less ambiguous is the case of isolation and formal identification of DMT in 1955 in seeds and pods of Anadenanthera peregrina by a team of American chemists led by Evan Horning (1916–1993). Since 1955, DMT has been found in
610-413: A powerful antioxidant. United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of harmaline and or other beta-carbolines. A study has reported the antiviral activity of Harmaline against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ) by inhibiting immediate early transcription of the virus at noncytotoxic concentration. Harmaline
671-501: A proper botanical identification of Prestonia amazonica in this study led American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes (1915–2001) and other scientists to raise serious doubts about the claimed plant identity. The mistake likely led the writer William Burroughs to regard the DMT he experimented with in Tangier in 1961 as "Prestonia". Better evidence was produced in 1965 by French pharmacologist Jacques Poisson, who isolated DMT as
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#1732773296297732-451: A psychoactive and religious sacrament. Another historical milestone is the discovery of DMT in plants frequently used by Amazonian natives as additive to the vine Banisteriopsis caapi to make ayahuasca decoctions. In 1957, American chemists Francis Hochstein and Anita Paradies identified DMT in an "aqueous extract" of leaves of a plant they named Prestonia amazonicum [ sic ] and described as "commonly mixed" with B. caapi . The lack of
793-508: A relatively short duration of action . For those reasons, DMT was known as the "businessman's trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with other substances such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms . DMT can be inhaled, ingested, or injected and its effects depend on the dose, as well as the mode of administration. When inhaled or injected,
854-661: A similarity in his study participants' descriptions of mechanized wheels, gears and machinery in these encounters, with those described in visions of encounters with the Living Creatures and Ophanim of the Hebrew Bible, noting they may stem from a common neuropsychopharmacological experience. Strassman argues that the more positive of the "external entities" encountered in DMT experiences should be understood as analogous to certain forms of angels: The medieval Jewish philosophers whom I rely upon for understanding
915-510: A sole alkaloid from leaves, provided and used by Aguaruna Indians, identified as having come from the vine Diplopterys cabrerana (then known as Banisteriopsis rusbyana ). Published in 1970, the first identification of DMT in the plant Psychotria viridis , another common additive of ayahuasca, was made by a team of American researchers led by pharmacologist Ara der Marderosian. Not only did they detect DMT in leaves of P. viridis obtained from Kaxinawá indigenous people , but they also were
976-458: Is 20–60 milligrams, depending highly on the efficiency of vaporization as well as body weight and personal variation. In general, this is inhaled in a few successive breaths, but lower doses can be used if the user can inhale it in fewer breaths (ideally one). The effects last for a short period of time, usually 5 to 15 minutes, dependent on the dose. The onset after inhalation is very fast (less than 45 seconds) and peak effects are reached within
1037-427: Is a lipophilic compound , with an experimental log P of 2.57. Dimethyltryptamine is an indole alkaloid derived from the shikimate pathway. Its biosynthesis is relatively simple and summarized in the adjacent picture. In plants, the parent amino acid L -tryptophan is produced endogenously where in animals L -tryptophan is an essential amino acid coming from diet. No matter the source of L -tryptophan,
1098-419: Is a film genre characterized by the influence of psychedelia and the experiences of psychedelic drugs . Psychedelic films typically contain visual distortion and experimental narratives, often emphasizing psychedelic imagery . They might reference drugs directly, or merely present a distorted reality resembling the effects of psychedelic drugs. Their experimental narratives often purposefully try to distort
1159-852: Is a potent psychoplastogen , a compound capable of promoting rapid and sustained neuroplasticity that may have wide-ranging therapeutic benefit. Quantities of dimethyltryptamine and O -methylbufotenin were found present in the cerebrospinal fluid of humans in a psychiatric study. Subjective experiences of DMT includes profound time-dilatory, visual, auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive distortions and hallucinations, and other experiences that, by most firsthand accounts, defy verbal or visual description. Examples include perceiving hyperbolic geometry or seeing Escher -like impossible objects . Several scientific experimental studies have tried to measure subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness induced by drugs under highly controlled and safe conditions. Rick Strassman and his colleagues conducted
1220-663: Is advised to exercise caution when an individual had used dextromethorphan (DXM), MDMA , ginseng , or St. John's wort recently. Chronic use of SSRIs, TCAs , and MAOIs diminish subjective effects of psychedelics due to presumed SSRI-induced 5-HT 2A receptors downregulation and MAOI-induced 5-HT 2A receptor desensitization. The interaction between psychedelics and antipsychotics and anticonvulsant are not well documented, however reports reveal that co-use of psychedelics with mood stabilizers such as lithium may provoke seizure and dissociative effects in individuals with bipolar disorder . A standard dose for vaporized DMT
1281-430: Is called Changa , and is typically used in pipes or other utensils meant for smoking dried plant matter. In a study conducted from 1990 through 1995, University of New Mexico psychiatrist Rick Strassman found that some volunteers injected with high doses of DMT reported experiences with perceived alien entities. Usually, the reported entities were experienced as the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality that
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#17327732962971342-434: Is derived by boiling Banisteriopsis caapi with leaves of one or more plants containing DMT, such as Psychotria viridis , Psychotria carthagenensis , or Diplopterys cabrerana . The Banisteriopsis caapi contains harmala alkaloids , a highly active reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A ( RIMAs ), rendering the DMT orally active by protecting it from deamination . A variety of different recipes are used to make
1403-441: Is generally not active orally unless it is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA), for example, harmaline . Without a MAOI, the body quickly metabolizes orally administered DMT, and it therefore has no hallucinogenic effect unless the dose exceeds the body's monoamine oxidase's metabolic capacity. Other means of consumption such as vaporizing, injecting, or insufflating
1464-726: Is known to act as a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor. This explains how harmaline elicits its wakefulness-promoting effects . Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities. Harmaline and Harmalol are considered Schedule III controlled substances by
1525-690: Is likely lower with harmaline than with irreversible MAOIs such as phenelzine . The harmala alkaloids are psychoactive in humans. Harmaline is shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor . Harmaline also stimulates striatal dopamine release in rats at very high dose levels. Since harmaline is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A , it could, in theory, induce both serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crises in combination with tyramine, serotonergics, catecholaminergics drugs or prodrugs. Harmaline-containing plants and tryptamine-containing plants are used in ayahuasca brews. The inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase allows dimethyltryptamine (DMT) ,
1586-411: Is present in the non-human primate ( rhesus macaque ) pineal gland, retinal ganglion neurons, and spinal cord. Neurobiologist Andrew Gallimore (2013) suggested that while DMT might not have a modern neural function, it may have been an ancestral neuromodulator once secreted in psychedelic concentrations during REM sleep , a function now lost. DMT may trigger psychological reactions, known colloquially as
1647-399: Is usually one of the main active constituents of the drink ayahuasca ; however, ayahuasca is sometimes brewed with plants that do not produce DMT. It occurs as the primary psychoactive alkaloid in several plants including Mimosa tenuiflora , Diplopterys cabrerana , and Psychotria viridis . DMT is found as a minor alkaloid in snuff made from Virola bark resin in which 5-MeO-DMT is
1708-474: The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . Every person found to be in possession of a Schedule III drug is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years; or for a first offence, guilty on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to both. Every person found to be trafficking
1769-496: The Hebrew Bible text and its concept of prophecy portray angels as God's intermediaries. That is, they perform a certain function for God. Within the context of my DMT research, I believe that the beings that volunteers see could be conceived of as angelic – that is, previously invisible, incorporeal spiritual forces that are engarbed or enclothed in a particular form – determined by the psychological and spiritual development of
1830-608: The harmala alkaloids ), 20 mg of DMT was reported to have psychoactive effects by author and ethnobotanist Jonathan Ott . Ott reported that to produce a visionary state, the threshold oral dose was 30 mg DMT alongside 120 mg harmine . This is not necessarily indicative of a standard dose, as dose-dependent effects may vary due to individual variations in drug metabolism. Naturally occurring substances (of both vegetable and animal origin) containing DMT have been used in South America since pre-Columbian times. DMT
1891-541: The 1950s, the endogenous production of psychoactive agents was considered to be a potential explanation for the hallucinatory symptoms of some psychiatric diseases; this is known as the transmethylation hypothesis. Several speculative and yet untested hypotheses suggest that endogenous DMT is produced in the human brain and is involved in certain psychological and neurological states. DMT is naturally occurring in small amounts in rat brains, human cerebrospinal fluid, and other tissues of humans and other mammals. Further, mRNA for
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-521: The DMT-induced altered state of consciousness (ASC) is strongly influenced by habitual rather than situative factors. In the study, researchers used three dimensions of the APZ questionnaire to examine ASC. The first dimension, oceanic boundlessness (OB), refers to dissolution of ego boundaries and is mostly associated with positive emotions. The second dimension, anxious ego-dissolution (AED), represents
2013-613: The Hungarian chemist and psychologist Stephen Szára , who performed research with volunteers in the mid-1950s. Szára, who later worked for the United States National Institutes of Health , had turned his attention to DMT after his order for LSD from the Swiss company Sandoz Laboratories was rejected on the grounds that the powerful psychotropic could be dangerous in the hands of a communist country. DMT
2074-552: The Relation of its Psychotic Effect to the Serotonin Metabolism", Szara employed synthetic DMT, synthesized by the method of Speeter and Anthony, which was then administered to 20 volunteers by intramuscular injection. Urine samples were collected from these volunteers for the identification of DMT metabolites. This is considered to be the converging link between the chemical structure DMT to its cultural consumption as
2135-512: The biosynthesis begins with its decarboxylation by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme (step 1). The resulting decarboxylated tryptophan analog is tryptamine . Tryptamine then undergoes a transmethylation (step 2): the enzyme indolethylamine- N -methyltransferase (INMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from cofactor S -adenosylmethionine (SAM), via nucleophilic attack, to tryptamine. This reaction transforms SAM into S -adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and gives
2196-453: The brew depending on the purpose of the ayahuasca session, or local availability of ingredients. Two common sources of DMT in the western US are reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ) and Harding grass ( Phalaris aquatica ). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids but also contain gramine , which is toxic and difficult to separate. In addition, Jurema ( Mimosa tenuiflora ) shows evidence of DMT content:
2257-770: The cardiovascular system, with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure; although the changes were not statistically significant, a robust trend towards significance was observed for systolic blood pressure at high doses. DMT is inactive when ingested orally due to metabolism by MAO , and DMT-containing drinks such as ayahuasca have been found to contain MAOIs , in particular, harmine and harmaline . Life-threatening lethalities such as serotonin syndrome (SS) may occur when MAOIs are combined with certain serotonergic medications such as SSRI antidepressants. Serotonin syndrome has also been reported with tricyclic antidepressants , opiates, analgesic , and antimigraine drugs ; it
2318-704: The cause of alien abduction and extraterrestrial encounter experiences, which may occur through endogenously -occurring DMT. Likening them to descriptions of rattling and chattering auditory phenomena described in encounters with the Hayyoth in the Book of Ezekiel , Rick Strassman notes that participants in his studies, when reporting encounters with the alleged entities, have also described loud auditory hallucinations, such as one subject reporting typically "the elves laughing or talking at high volume, chattering, twittering". A 2018 study found significant relationships between
2379-404: The drug can produce powerful hallucinations for a short time (usually less than half an hour), as the DMT reaches the brain before it can be metabolized by the body's natural monoamine oxidase. Taking an MAOI prior to vaporizing or injecting DMT prolongs and enhances the effects. Existing research on clinical use of DMT mostly focuses on its effects when exogenously administered as a drug. Although
2440-614: The effects last about five to fifteen minutes. Effects can last three hours or more when orally ingested along with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as the ayahuasca brew of many native Amazonian tribes. DMT can produce vivid "projections" of mystical experiences involving euphoria and dynamic pseudohallucinations of geometric forms. DMT is a functional analog and structural analog of other psychedelic tryptamines such as O -acetylpsilocin (4-AcO-DMT), psilocybin (4-PO-DMT), psilocin (4-HO-DMT), NB-DMT, O -methylbufotenin (5-MeO-DMT), and bufotenin (5-HO-DMT). Parts of
2501-468: The enzyme necessary for the production of DMT, INMT , are expressed in the human cerebral cortex, choroid plexus, and pineal gland, suggesting an endogenous role in the human brain. In 2011, Nicholas Cozzi of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , and three other researchers, concluded that INMT, an enzyme that is associated with the biosynthesis of DMT and endogenous hallucinogens
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-419: The first to identify it in a sample of an ayahuasca decoction, prepared by the same indigenous people. DMT is commonly handled and stored as a hemifumarate , as other DMT acid salts are extremely hygroscopic and will not readily crystallize. Its freebase form, although less stable than DMT hemifumarate, is favored by recreational users choosing to vaporize the chemical as it has a lower boiling point. DMT
2623-498: The hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca , which is traditionally brewed using Banisteriopsis caapi . Present at 3% by dry weight, the harmala alkaloids may be extracted from the Syrian rue seeds. Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO -A ( RIMA )". This means that the risk of a hypertensive crisis, a dangerous high blood pressure crisis from eating tyramine -rich foods such as cheese,
2684-540: The hypothesis that the release of an endogenous ketamine-like neuroprotective agent underlies NDE phenomenology. According to a dose-response study in human subjects, dimethyltryptamine administered intravenously slightly elevated blood pressure, heart rate, pupil diameter, and rectal temperature, in addition to elevating blood concentrations of beta - endorphin , corticotropin , cortisol , and prolactin ; growth hormone blood levels rise equally in response to all doses of DMT, and melatonin levels were unaffected." In
2745-576: The importance of the context where the drug has been taken. He claimed that DMT has no beneficial effects of itself, rather the context when and where people take it plays an important role. It appears that DMT can induce a state or feeling wherein the person believes to "communicate with other intelligent lifeforms" (see " machine elves "). High doses of DMT produce a state that involves a sense of "another intelligence" that people sometimes describe as "super-intelligent", but "emotionally detached". A 1995 study by Adolf Dittrich and Daniel Lamparter found that
2806-410: The intermediate product N -methyltryptamine (NMT). NMT is in turn transmethylated by the same process (step 3) to form the end product N , N -dimethyltryptamine. Tryptamine transmethylation is regulated by two products of the reaction: SAH, and DMT were shown ex vivo to be among the most potent inhibitors of rabbit INMT activity. Psychedelic film Psychedelic film Psychedelic film
2867-430: The main active alkaloid. DMT is also found as a minor alkaloid in bark, pods, and beans of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina used to make Yopo and Vilca snuff, in which bufotenin is the main active alkaloid. Psilocin and psilocybin , the main psychoactive compounds in psilocybin mushrooms , are structurally similar to DMT. The psychotropic effects of DMT were first studied scientifically by
2928-504: The management of acute cerebral ischemia . DMT is studied as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial . SPL026 (DMT fumarate) is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials investigating its use alongside supportive psychotherapy as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder . Additionally, a safety study is underway to investigate the effects of combining SSRIs with SPL026. Recently, researchers discovered that N , N -dimethyltryptamine
2989-569: The meaning of DMT entities has been a subject of considerable debate among participants in a networked cultural underground, enthused by McKenna's effusive accounts of DMT hyperspace. Cliff Pickover has also written about the "machine elf" experience, in the book Sex, Drugs, Einstein, & Elves . Strassman noted similarities between self-reports of his DMT study participants' encounters with these "entities", and mythological descriptions of figures such as Ḥayyot haq-Qodesh in ancient religions, including both angels and demons. Strassman also argues for
3050-419: The most affected was the visual. Participants reported visual hallucinations, fewer auditory hallucinations and specific physical sensations progressing to a sense of bodily dissociation, as well as experiences of euphoria, calm, fear, and anxiety. These dose-dependent effects match well with anonymously posted "trip reports" online, where users report "breakthroughs" above certain doses. Strassman also stressed
3111-451: The pink layer in the inner rootbark of this small tree contains a high concentration of N , N -DMT. Taken orally with an RIMA , DMT produces a long-lasting (over three hours), slow, deep metaphysical experience similar to that of psilocybin mushrooms , but more intense. The intensity of orally administered DMT depends on the type and dose of MAOI administered alongside it. When ingested with 120 mg of harmine (a RIMA and member of
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#17327732962973172-414: The psychoactively prominent chemical in the mixture, to bypass the extensive first-pass metabolism it undergoes upon ingestion, allowing a psychologically active quantity of the chemical to exist in the brain for a perceivable period of time. Harmaline forces the anabolic metabolism of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin (normelatonin), and then to melatonin , the body's principal sleep-regulating hormone and
3233-482: The risk of sustained psychological disturbance may be minimal when used infrequently; however, the physiological dependence potential of DMT and ayahuasca has not yet been documented convincingly. Unlike other classical psychedelics, tolerance does not seem to develop to the subjective effects of DMT. Studies report that DMT did not exhibit tolerance upon repeated administration of twice a day sessions, separated by 5 hours, for 5 consecutive days; field reports suggests
3294-547: The scientific consensus is that DMT is a naturally occurring molecule in humans, the effects of endogenous DMT in humans (and more broadly in mammals) is still not well understood. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous ligand of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs), acts against systemic hypoxia. Research demonstrates DMT reduces the number of apoptotic and ferroptotic cells in mammalian forebrain and supports astrocyte survival in an ischemic environment. According to these data, DMT may be considered as adjuvant pharmacological therapy in
3355-401: The structure of DMT occur within some important biomolecules like serotonin and melatonin , making them structural analogs of DMT. DMT is produced in many species of plants often in conjunction with its close chemical relatives 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltryptamine ( 5-MeO-DMT ) and bufotenin (5-OH-DMT). DMT-containing plants are commonly used in indigenous Amazonian shamanic practices . It
3416-487: The subjects reported visiting while under the influence of DMT. In 2023, a study investigated a novel method of DMT administration involving a bolus injection paired with a constant-rate infusion, with the goal of extending the DMT experience. DMT is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase through a process called deamination , and is quickly inactivated orally unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American beverage ayahuasca
3477-421: The viewers' understanding of reality or normality. This film genre–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Harmaline Harmaline is a fluorescent indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines . It is the partly hydrogenated form of harmine . Various plants contain harmaline including Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) as well as
3538-399: The volunteers – bringing a particular message or experience to that volunteer. Strassman's experimental participants also note that some other entities can subjectively resemble creatures more like insects and aliens. As a result, Strassman writes these experiences among his experimental participants "also left me feeling confused and concerned about where the spirit molecule was leading us. It
3599-685: Was at this point that I began to wonder if I was getting in over my head with this research." Hallucinations of strange creatures had been reported by Stephen Szara in a 1958 study in psychotic patients, in which he described how one of his subjects under the influence of DMT had experienced "strange creatures, dwarves or something" at the beginning of a DMT trip. Other researchers of the entities seemingly encountered by DMT users describe them as "entities" or "beings" in humanoid as well as animal form, with descriptions of "little people" being common (non-human gnomes , elves, imps , etc.). Strassman and others have speculated that this form of hallucination may be
3660-466: Was coined by ethnobotanist Terence McKenna for the entities he encountered in DMT "hyperspace", also using terms like fractal elves , or self-transforming machine elves . McKenna first encountered the "machine elves" after smoking DMT in Berkeley in 1965. His subsequent speculations regarding the hyperdimensional space in which they were encountered have inspired a great many artists and musicians, and
3721-513: Was first synthesized in 1931 by Canadian chemist Richard Helmuth Fredrick Manske. In general, its discovery as a natural product is credited to Brazilian chemist and microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima, who isolated an alkaloid he named nigerina (nigerine) from the root bark of Mimosa tenuiflora in 1946. However, in a careful review of the case Jonathan Ott shows that the empirical formula for nigerine determined by Gonçalves de Lima, which notably contains an atom of oxygen, can match only
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