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49-564: DNG may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Digital Negative , a digital photography raw image format Double negative metamaterial , a material in which both permittivity and magnetic permeability are less than zero Dienogest , a progestin medication Railway stations [ edit ] Dandenong railway station (station code), Victoria, Australia Dunton Green railway station (station code), Kent, England Other uses [ edit ] Delaware National Guard ,

98-473: A CinemaDNG movie clip, each frame is encoded using the above DNG image format. The clip's image stream can then be stored in one of two formats: either as video essence using frame-based wrapping in an MXF file, or as a sequence of DNG files in a specified file directory. Contrary to its name (Digital Negative) the DNG format doesn't distinguish negative and positive data - all data is considered to be describing

147-417: A raw file , which might be a DNG file, and generating some other type of output from it). DNG conversion is one of the sources of DNG files, the other being direct output from cameras and digital backs . Several software products are able to do DNG conversion. The original such product is Adobe DNG Converter or DNG Converter , a freely-available stand-alone utility from Adobe. Other Adobe products such as

196-636: A 14 MP native file size by interpolation (i.e., demosaicing). Direct visual comparison of images from 12.7 MP Bayer sensors and 14.1 MP Foveon sensors show Bayer images are superior on fine monochrome detail, such as the lines between bricks on a distant building, but the Foveon images are superior in color resolution. As of May 2023, the Foveon X3 sensor is less favoured by the average photographer, being overtaken by CMOS sensors which can be made at lower cost with higher resolution and lower noise. However it

245-512: A 5 MP or 6 MP Bayer sensor. At low ISO speed , it is even similar to a 7.2 MP Bayer sensor. With the introduction of the Sigma SD14 , the 14 MP (4.7 MP red + 4.7 MP green + 4.7 MP blue) Foveon X3 sensor resolution is compared favorably by reviewers to that of 10 MP Bayer sensors. For example, Mike Chaney of ddisoftware says "the SD14 produces better photos than a typical 10 MP DSLR because it

294-482: A few support it only if it is output directly from a camera. The type of support varies considerably. There appear to be very few third-party software products that process raw images but don't support DNG. This may reflect the difficulty of discovering all of those that do not. All versions of the specification remain valid, in the sense that DNG files conforming to old versions should still be read and processed by DNG readers capable of processing later versions. DNG has

343-529: A full-color image from a Bayer sensor requires demosaicing , an interpolative process in which the output pixel associated with each photosite is assigned an RGB value based in part on the level of red, green, and blue reported by those photosites adjacent to it. However, the Foveon X3 sensor creates its RGB color output for each photosite by combining the outputs of each of the stacked photodiodes at each of its photosites. This operational difference results in several significant consequences. Because demosaicing

392-511: A mosaic sensor passes only one of the primary colors and absorbs the other two. However, the individual layers in a Foveon sensor do not respond as sharply to the respective colors; thus color-indicating information in the sensor's raw data requires an "aggressive" matrix (i.e., the removal of common-mode signals) to produce color data in a standard color space , which can increase color noise in low-light situations. According to Sigma Corporation , "there has been some controversy in how to specify

441-446: A positive image. While this is not an issue when working with images from digital cameras (which are always positive), working with scanned (by a film scanner or DSLR copy stand ) film negatives saved as raw DNG files is complicated, because the resultant image is not automatically inverted and thus impossible to be used directly. A way to get around this is using an inverted curve in the photo editing application, however this reverses

490-416: A region almost as big as the spacing of sensors for that color. On the other hand, the method of color separation by silicon penetration depth gives more cross-contamination between color layers, meaning more issues with color accuracy. Theoretically, the Foveon X3 photosensor can detect more photons entering the camera lens than a mosaic sensor, because each of the color filters overlaying each photosite of

539-420: A state agency of the government of Delaware DetonatioN Gaming , a Japanese esports organization Degrassi: The Next Generation , a Canadian television series Dungan language (ISO 639-3 code) See also [ edit ] Dolce & Gabbana (D&G), an Italian luxury fashion house Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

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588-658: A superset of DNG. Adobe also stated that if there were a consensus that DNG should be controlled by a standards body , they were open to the idea. Even though the "patent license" now grants rights for no known patents, Adobe has not removed the patent license: as of August 2023, it remains on the Adobe website. Foveon X3 sensor The Foveon X3 sensor is a digital camera image sensor designed by Foveon, Inc. , (now part of Sigma Corporation ) and manufactured by Dongbu Electronics. It uses an array of photosites that consist of three vertically stacked photodiodes . Each of

637-466: A version scheme built into it that allows the DNG specification, DNG writers, and DNG readers, to evolve at their own paces. Each version of the specification describes its compatibility with previous versions. DNG is not a standard format, but is based on several open formats or standards and is being used by ISO in its revision of TIFF/EP . A timeline: In 2004, Adobe published a "patent license" for DNG that allows everyone to exploit DNG, on

686-444: Is able to carry sharp detail all the way to the 'falloff' point at 1700 LPI, whereas contrast, color detail, and sharpness begin to degrade long before the 1700 LPI limit on a Bayer based 10 MP DSLR." Another article judges the Foveon X3 sensor as roughly equivalent to a 9 MP Bayer sensor. A visual comparison between a 14 MP Foveon sensor and a 12.3 MP Bayer sensor shows Foveon has crisper details. The Foveon X3 sensor, as used in

735-462: Is based on the TIFF/EP standard format , and mandates significant use of metadata . The specification of the file format is open and not subject to any intellectual property restrictions or patents. Adobe states that, given the existence of a wide variety of camera-brand-specific raw image formats , it introduced DNG as a standardized and backward-compatible universal file format. It is based on

784-571: Is free of charge. It can be downloaded at Adobe's site (for Windows and macOS ). Use by camera manufacturers varies; there are about 15 camera manufacturers that use DNG, including a few that specialize in movie cameras: Some digital cameras that support DNG: Apple 's iPhones and other iOS devices expose an API for third-party apps such as Halide or Lightroom CC to capture DNG images. The native Camera app processes to JPEG or HEIF by default. The iPhone 12 Pro/Pro Max and subsequent Pro and Pro Max models running iOS 14.3 or later have

833-1123: Is mainly to demonstrate that such products and companies exist, and to show trends. Convertible raw image formats (camera models whose raw images can be converted to DNG) only include official support by Adobe DNG converters; not unofficial support by Adobe products (sometimes reaching about 30), nor support by other DNG converters. During the first 5 years when about 38 camera models were launched that wrote DNG, Adobe software added support for about 21 Canon models, about 20 Nikon models, and about 22 Olympus models. The reaction to DNG has been mixed. A few camera manufacturers stated their intention to use DNG at launch. They first supported DNG about 9 months after launch. Several more niche and minority camera manufacturers added support after this (e.g. Leica ). The largest camera manufacturers have apparently never indicated an intention to use DNG (e.g. Nikon and Canon ). Some software products supported DNG within 5 months of launch, with many more following. Some only support DNG from cameras writing DNG, or from cameras supported via native raw image formats. OpenRAW

882-421: Is not required for the Foveon X3 sensor to produce a full-color image, the color artifacts ("colored jaggies ") associated with the process are not seen. The separate anti-aliasing filter commonly used to mitigate those artifacts in a Bayer sensor is not required; this is because little aliasing occurs when the photodiodes for each color, with the assistance of the microlenses , integrate the optical image over

931-482: Is not used. The earliest camera with a Foveon X3 sensor, the Sigma SD9 , showed visible luminance moiré patterns without color moiré. Subsequent X3-equipped cameras have less aliasing because they include micro-lenses, which provide an anti-aliasing filter by averaging the optical signal over an area commensurate with the sample density. This is not possible in any color channel of a Bayer-type sensor. Aliasing from

980-418: Is obtained and added. Finally, all of this is written as a DNG file. DNG conversion typically leaves the original raw image file intact. For safety, many photographers retain the original raw image file on one medium while using the DNG file on another, enabling them to recover from a range of hardware, software and human failures and errors. For example, it has been reported in user forums that some versions of

1029-407: Is structured according to TIFF . DNG supports various formats of metadata (including Exif metadata , XMP metadata , IPTC metadata ) and specifies a set of mandated metadata. DNG is both a raw image format and a format that supports "non-raw", or partly processed, images. The latter (non-raw) format is known as "Linear DNG". Linear DNG is still scene-referred and can still benefit from many of

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1078-459: The ACR plugin to Photoshop or Lightroom can also generate DNG files from other image files. Most DNG converters are supplied by companies other than Adobe. For example: The process of DNG conversion involves extracting raw image data from the source file and assembling it according to the DNG specification into the required TIFF format. This optionally involves compressing it. Metadata as defined in

1127-619: The RGBE filter used in the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-F828 ; rectangular (non-square) pixels, for example as used in the Nikon D1X ; and offset sensors (for example with octagonal pixels) such as Super CCD sensors of various types, as used in various Fujifilm cameras. (Or combinations of these if necessary). DNG specifies metadata describing these individual parameters; this is one significant extension to TIFF/EP . When used in

1176-785: The Sigma DP1 , using the same 14 MP sensor as the SD14 DSLR. A revised version of the prototype was exhibited in 2007, and the camera was eventually launched in spring 2008. Unlike the Polaroid x530, the DP1 had an APS-C -sized sensor with a 28mm equivalent prime lens . The camera was revised as the DP1s and the DP1x. In 2009, the company launched the DP2 , a compact camera using the same sensor and body as

1225-460: The TIFF 6.0 standard. Various professional archivists and conservationists, working in institutional settings have adopted DNG for archival purposes. The objectives of the DNG file format are: A DNG file always contains data for one main image, plus metadata, and optionally contains at least one JPEG preview. It normally has the extension "dng" or "DNG". DNG conforms to TIFF/EP and

1274-614: The 10.2 MP Bayer sensor in the Nikon D200 camera are 3872 × 2592, but there is only one photodiode, or one-pixel sensor, at each site. The cameras have equal numbers of photodiodes and produce similar raw data file sizes, but the Bayer filter camera produces a larger native file size via demosaicing . The actual resolution produced by the Bayer sensor is more complicated than the count of its photosites, or its native file size might suggest;

1323-621: The Adobe DNG Converter don't preserve all the raw data from raw images from some camera models. This section summarizes other more comprehensive lists. All raw image file handling products from Adobe now support DNG. Adobe DNG Converter was utility software published by Adobe Systems on September 27, 2004. It converts different camera raw format files into the Digital Negative (DNG) standard. It also supports lossless data compression when converting. The program

1372-400: The DNG specification is also put into that TIFF assembly. Some of this metadata is based on the characteristics of the camera, and especially of its sensor. Other metadata may be image-dependent or camera-setting dependent. A DNG converter must therefore have knowledge of the camera model concerned, and be able to process the source raw image file including key metadata. Optionally a JPEG preview

1421-419: The DP1 but with a 41 mm-equivalent f/2.8 lens. The operation of the Foveon X3 sensor is different from that of the Bayer filter image sensor, which is more commonly used in digital cameras . In the Bayer sensor, each photosite in the array consists of a single light sensor (either CMOS or CCD) that, as a result of filtration, is exposed to only one of the three primary colors: red, green, or blue. Constructing

1470-475: The Foveon X3 sensor is "far less bothersome because it's monochrome," said Norman Koren. In theory, it is possible for a Foveon X3 sensor with the same number of photodiodes as a Bayer sensor and no separate anti-aliasing filter to attain a higher spatial resolution than that Bayer sensor. Independent tests indicate that the "10.2 MP" array of the Foveon X3 sensor (in the Sigma SD10) has a resolution similar to

1519-589: The Sigma SD Quattro series from 2016. The development of the Foveon X3 technology is the subject of the 2005 book The Silicon Eye by George Gilder . The diagram to the right depicts how the Foveon X3 sensor works. The image on the left shows the absorption of colors for each wavelength as it passes through the silicon wafer . The image on the right shows a layered sensor stack depicting the colors it detects at each absorption level for each output pixel. The sensor colors shown are only examples. In practice,

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1568-496: The Sigma SD10 camera, has been characterized by two independent reviewers as noisier than the sensors in some other DSLRs using the Bayer sensor at higher ISO film speed equivalents , chroma noise in particular. Another noted higher noise during long exposure times. However, these reviewers offer no opinion as to whether this is an inherent property of the sensor or the camera's image-processing algorithms. With regards to

1617-476: The Sigma SD14, which uses a more recent Foveon X3 sensor, one reviewer judged its noise levels as ranging from "very low" at ISO 100 to "moderate" at ISO 1600 when using the camera's Raw image format . Sigma's SD14 site has galleries of full-resolution images showing the color produced by the Foveon technology. The 14 MP Foveon chip produces 4.7 MP native-size RGB files; 14 MP Bayer filter cameras produce

1666-403: The camera produces a native file size of those dimensions (times three color layers), which amounts to approximately 3.4 million three-color pixels. However, it has been advertised as a 10.2 MP camera by taking into account that each photosite contains stacked red, green, and blue color-sensing photodiodes, or pixel sensors (2268 × 1512 × 3). By comparison, the dimensions of the photosite array in

1715-410: The collection depth of the deepest sensor layer (red) is comparable to collection depths in other silicon CMOS and CCD sensors, some diffusion of electrons and loss of sharpness in the longer wavelengths occurs. The first digital camera to use a Foveon X3 sensor was the Sigma SD9 , a digital SLR launched in 2002. It used a 20.7 × 13.8 mm, 2268 x 1512 × 3 (3.54 × 3 MP) iteration of the sensor and

1764-410: The color attributes of each output pixel using this sensor result from the camera's image processing algorithms, which use a matrix process to construct a single RGB color from all the data sensed by the photodiode stack. The depth of the silicon wafer in each of the three sensors is less than five micrometers that creates a negligible effect on focusing or chromatic aberration . However, because

1813-563: The condition that the licensee prominently displays text saying it is licensed from Adobe in source and documentation, and that the license may be revoked if the licensee brings any patent action against Adobe or its affiliates related to the reading or writing of files that comply with the DNG Specification. The license does not name any patent linked to DNG, however. In 2009, Adobe states that there are no known intellectual property encumbrances or license requirements for CinemaDNG,

1862-407: The demosaicing and the separate anti-aliasing filter are both commonly used to reduce the occurrence or severity of color moiré patterns that the mosaic characteristic of the Bayer sensor produces. The effect of this filter blurs the image output of the sensor which produces a lower resolution than the photosite count would seem to imply. This filter is mostly unnecessary with the Foveon X3 sensor and

1911-571: The differential absorption of light by the semiconductor, had been developed and patented by Kodak. The X3 sensor technology was first deployed in 2002 in the Sigma SD9 DSLR camera, and subsequently in the SD10 , SD14 , SD15 , SD1 (including SD1 Merrill) , the original mirrorless compact Sigma DP1 and Sigma DP2 in 2008 and 2009 respectively, the Sigma dp2 Quattro series from 2014, and

1960-468: The effect of the image controls ( Exposure , Shadow and Highlight details, etc.) which complicates the photo editing. This provides a mixture of the dates of significant events (such as "the first X") and various counts of usage at the anniversaries of the launch (each 27 September). Counts of products and companies that use DNG in some way are provided primarily for illustration. They are approximate, and include products that are no longer sold. The purpose

2009-438: The number of pixels in Foveon sensors." The argument has been over whether sellers should count the number of photosites or the total number of photodiodes, as a megapixel count, and whether either of those should be compared with the number of photodiodes in a Bayer filter sensor or camera as a measure of resolution. For example, the dimensions of the photosite array in the sensor in the Sigma SD10 camera are 2268 × 1512, and

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2058-626: The operations typically performed by a raw converter, such as white balance, the application of a camera color profile, HDR compositing, etc. All images that can be supported as raw images can also be supported as Linear DNG. Images from the Foveon X3 sensor or similar, hence especially Sigma cameras, can only be supported as Linear DNG. DNG can contain raw image data from sensors with various configurations of color filter array (CFA) . These include: conventional Bayer filters , using three colors and rectangular pixels; four-color CFAs, for example

2107-616: The option to shoot pictures in DNG natively through ProRaw. Some of the Canon cameras can shoot as DNG using additional free software CHDK . The built-in camera function in the Adobe Lightroom Mobile app saves to DNG format. DJI supports DNG in its middle to high-end drones. Support by software suppliers varies; there are of the order of 200 software products that use DNG. The majority of raw handling software products support DNG. Most provide generic support, while

2156-414: The three stacked photodiodes has a different spectral sensitivity , allowing it to respond differently to different wavelengths . The signals from the three photodiodes are then processed as additive color data that are transformed to a standard RGB color space . In the late 1970s, a similar color sensor having three stacked photo detectors at each pixel location, with different spectral responses due to

2205-445: The title DNG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNG&oldid=1238339246 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Digital Negative DNG

2254-405: Was an advocacy and lobby group with the motto "Digital Image Preservation Through Open Documentation". They became opposed to DNG . Some photographic competitions do not accept converted files, and some do not accept DNG. "DNG conversion" refers to the process of generating a DNG file from a non-DNG image. (This is in contrast to "raw conversion", which typically refers to reading and processing

2303-576: Was built on a Sigma-designed body using the Sigma SA mount . The camera was followed in 2003 by the improved but technically similar Sigma SD10 , which was in turn succeeded in 2006 by the Sigma SD14 , which used a higher-resolution, 2640 × 1760 × 3 (4.64 × 3 MP) sensor. The SD14's successor, the Sigma SD15 , was released in June 2010 and used the same 2640 × 1760 × 3 sensor as the SD14. The Sigma SD1

2352-445: Was released in June 2011 with a new 23.5×15.7mm APS-C 4800 × 3200 × 3 (15.36 × 3 MP) sensor developed for the professional market. In 2004, Polaroid Corporation announced the Polaroid x530, a compact camera with a 1408 × 1056 × 3, 1/1.8-in. sensor. The camera had a limited release in 2005 but was recalled later in the year for unspecified image quality problems. Sigma announced a prototype of its Foveon-based compact camera in 2006,

2401-465: Was reported in February 2021 that Sigma has been working on a new Foveon sensor but that a critical flaw was found in their development to date and they had to restart development from scratch. In February 2022 it was reported that Sigma was in the second stage of prototyping the new full frame Foveon sensor. Second stage prototyping in this case is the evaluation of a small image sensor prototype with

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