42-454: Dal is a term in the Indian subcontinent for dried, split pulses. Dal or DAL may also refer to: Dal In Indian cuisine , dhal (also spelled daal or dal pronunciation: [d̪aːl] ), parippu, pappu , or paruppu are dried, split pulses (e.g., lentils , peas , and beans ) that do not require soaking before cooking. India is the largest producer of pulses in
84-403: A comparable 30 to 40 species. Other countries in tropical Asia also have numerous wild species of Curcuma . Recent studies have also shown that the taxonomy of C. longa is problematic, with only the specimens from South India being identifiable as C. longa . The phylogeny, relationships, intraspecific and interspecific variation, and even identity of other species and cultivars in other parts of
126-406: A deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a coloring and flavoring agent in many Asian cuisines , especially for curries , as well as for the dyeing characteristics imparted by the principal turmeric constituent, curcumin . Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, black pepper -like flavor and earthy, mustard -like aroma . Curcumin, a bright yellow chemical produced by the turmeric plant,
168-634: A merchant's tomb in Megiddo, Israel , dating from the second millennium BCE. It was noted as a dye plant in the Assyrians ' Cuneiform medical texts from Ashurbanipal ’s library at Nineveh from 7th century BCE. In Medieval Europe , turmeric was called "Indian saffron ." The name possibly derives from Middle English or Early Modern English as turmeryte or tarmaret . It may be of Latin origin, terra merita ("meritorious earth"). The Latin specific epithet longa means long. Turmeric
210-488: A pulse is intended to improve digestibility and palatability. It also affects the nutrition provided by the dish, significantly increasing protein and reducing dietary fibre content. Pulses with their outer hulls intact are also quite popular in the Indian subcontinent as the main cuisine. Over 50 different varieties of pulses are known in the Indian subcontinent. Dal is frequently eaten with flatbreads , such as rotis or chapatis , or with rice. The latter combination
252-625: A similar color to be added, such as lead(II,IV) oxide ("red lead"). These additives give turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow, and such conditions led the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue import alerts from 2013 to 2019 on turmeric originating in India and Bangladesh . Imported into the United States in 2014 were approximately 5.4 million kilograms (12 million pounds) of turmeric, some of which
294-432: A variety of dal (or a mix) in water with some turmeric , salt to taste, and then adding a fried garnish at the end of the cooking process. In some recipes, tomatoes, kokum , unripe mango , jaggery , or other ingredients are added while cooking the dal, often to impart a sweet-sour flavour. The fried garnish for dal goes by many names, including chaunk , tadka/tarka , bagar , fodni , and phoran . The ingredients in
336-497: A width of 38 to 45 cm (15 to 17 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) and are oblong to elliptical, narrowing at the tip. At the top of the inflorescence, stem bracts are present on which no flowers occur; these are white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple, and the upper ends are tapered. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The three sepals are 0.8 to 1.2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 1 ⁄ 2 in) long, fused, and white, and have fluffy hairs;
378-553: Is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae . It is a perennial , rhizomatous , herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and high annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes , some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption. The rhizomes are used fresh or boiled in water and dried, after which they are ground into
420-533: Is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. It has highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes. The leaves are alternate and arranged in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, petiole , and leaf blade. From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm (20–45 in) long. The simple leaf blades are usually 76 to 115 cm (30–45 in) long and rarely up to 230 cm (7 ft 7 in). They have
462-469: Is a principal ingredient in curry powders. Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric also is used fresh, like ginger. Turmeric is used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Various Iranian khoresh recipes begin with onions caramelized in oil and turmeric. The Moroccan spice mix ras el hanout typically includes turmeric. In South Africa, turmeric
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#1732802002610504-493: Is a traditional Indian recipe. Sold in the US and UK, the drink known as "golden milk" uses nondairy milk and sweetener, and sometimes black pepper after the traditional recipe (which may also use ghee). Turmeric is approved for use as a food color , assigned the code E100 . The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to color numerous food products. Turmeric
546-551: Is about 60–70% carbohydrates , 6–13% water, 6–8% protein , 5–10% fat , 3–7% dietary minerals , 3–7% essential oils , 2–7% dietary fiber , and 1–6% curcuminoids . The golden yellow color of turmeric is due to curcumin. Phytochemical components of turmeric include diarylheptanoids , a class including numerous curcuminoids, such as curcumin , demethoxycurcumin , and bisdemethoxycurcumin . Curcumin constitutes up to 3.14% of assayed commercial samples of turmeric powder (the average
588-566: Is approved as a food additive by the World Health Organization , European Parliament , and United States Food and Drug Administration . Although long used in Ayurvedic medicine, there is no high-quality clinical evidence that consuming turmeric or curcumin is effective for treating any disease. The greatest diversity of Curcuma species by number alone is in India , at around 40 to 45 species. Thailand has
630-483: Is called dal bhat in Nepali , Gujarati , and various other Indian languages. In addition, certain types of dal are fried, salted, and eaten as a dry snack, and a variety of savory snacks are made by frying a paste made from soaked and ground dals in different combinations, to which other ingredients, such as spices and nuts (commonly cashews ) may be added. Dal preparations are eaten with rice, chapati and naan on
672-654: Is considered by the British Food Standards Agency as an illegal dye for use in foods. Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in numerous clinical trials for various human diseases and conditions, with no high-quality evidence of any anti-disease effect or health benefit. There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces inflammation , as of 2020 . There is weak evidence that turmeric extracts may be beneficial for relieving symptoms of knee osteoarthritis , as well as for reducing pain and muscle damage following physical exercise. There
714-426: Is paper steeped in a tincture of turmeric and allowed to dry. It is used in chemical analysis as an indicator for acidity and alkalinity . The paper is yellow in acidic and neutral solutions and turns brown to reddish-brown in alkaline solutions, with transition between pH of 7.4 and 9.2. As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with
756-465: Is sparsely hairy. The fruit capsule opens with three compartments. In East Asia , the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem is an inflorescence stem, 12 to 20 cm ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 8 in) long, containing many flowers. The bracts are light green and ovate to oblong with a blunt upper end with a length of 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in). Turmeric powder
798-655: Is then poured over the cooked dal. As the main ingredient of dal is the pulse used, it gains much of its nutritional properties from the pulse. Note: All nutrient values including protein are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. Significant values are highlighted in light gray color and bold letters. Cooking reduction = % Maximum typical reduction in nutrients due to boiling without draining for ovo-lacto-vegetables group. Turmeric Curcuma domestica Valeton Turmeric ( / ˈ t ɜːr m ər ɪ k , ˈ tj uː -/ ), ( botanical name Curcuma longa ( / ˈ k ɜːr k j ʊ m ə ˈ l ɒ ŋ ɡ ə / ), )
840-531: Is used in some sweet dishes, such as the cake sfouf . In India, turmeric leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, patoleo , by layering rice flour and coconut - jaggery mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special utensil ( chondrõ ). Most turmeric is used in the form of rhizome powder to impart a golden yellow color. It is used in many products such as canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn, cereals and sauces. It
882-518: Is used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards , canned chicken broths , and other foods—often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron . In 2019, the European Medicines Agency concluded that turmeric herbal teas, or other forms taken by mouth, on the basis of their long-standing traditional use, could be used to relieve mild digestive problems, such as feelings of fullness and flatulence . Turmeric grows wild in
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#1732802002610924-559: Is used to give boiled white rice a golden color, known as geelrys (yellow rice) traditionally served with bobotie . In Vietnamese cuisine , turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as bánh xèo , bánh khọt , and mì Quảng . The staple Cambodian curry paste, kroeung , used in many dishes, including fish amok , typically contains fresh turmeric. In Indonesia , turmeric leaves are used for Minang or Padang curry base of Sumatra , such as rendang , sate padang , and many other varieties. In
966-519: The Indian subcontinent . The manner in which it is cooked and presented varies by region. In South India, dal is often called "paruppu". It is primarily used to make a dish called sambar . It is also used to make parippu that is mixed with charu and rice. Ground chana dal is used to make a paste called besan, which is used in the preparation of many dishes including bhaji and Mediterranean dishes like farinata . Most dal recipes are quite simple to prepare. The standard preparation begins with boiling
1008-610: The Philippines , turmeric is used in the preparation and cooking of kuning , satti , and some variants of adobo . In Thailand , fresh turmeric rhizomes are used widely in many dishes, in particular in the southern Thai cuisine , such as yellow curry and turmeric soup. Turmeric is used in a hot drink called "turmeric latte " or "golden milk" that is made with milk, frequently coconut milk . The turmeric milk drink known as haldī dūdh ( haldī [ हलदी ] means turmeric in Hindi )
1050-467: The Philippines , turmeric was used for food, dyeing textiles, medicine, as well as body painting. It was commonly an important ingredient in various animistic rituals. Kikusawa and Reid (2007) have concluded that *kunij, the oldest reconstructed Proto-Malayo-Polynesian form for "turmeric" in the Austronesian languages, is primarily associated with the importance of its use as a dye. Other members of
1092-523: The chaunk for each variety of dal vary by region and individual tastes. The raw spices (more commonly cumin seeds , mustard seeds , asafoetida , and sometimes fenugreek seeds and dried red chili pepper ) are first fried for a few seconds in the hot oil on medium/low heat. This is generally followed by ginger , garlic, and onion, which are generally fried for 10 minutes. After the onion turns golden brown, ground spices ( turmeric , coriander , red chili powder , garam masala , etc.) are added. The chaunk
1134-550: The body") is a ceremony observed during wedding celebrations of people of Indian culture all throughout the Indian subcontinent. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh , as a part of the Tamil–Telugu marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used to create a Thali necklace . In western and coastal India, during weddings of the Marathi and Konkani people , Kannada Brahmins , turmeric tubers are tied with strings by
1176-410: The couple to their wrists during a ceremony, Kankana Bandhana . In many Hindu communities, turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom as part of pre-wedding festivities known as the haldi ceremony. Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye , as it is not light fast , but is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as saris and Buddhist monks' robes . During the late Edo period (1603–1867), turmeric
1218-557: The forests of South and Southeast Asia, where it is collected for use in classical Indian medicine (Siddha or Ayurveda). In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of nabapatrika along with young plantain or banana plant, taro leaves, barley ( jayanti ), wood apple ( bilva ), pomegranate ( darimba ), Saraca indica , manaka ( Arum ), or manakochu , and rice paddy. The Haldi ceremony called gaye holud in Bengal (literally "yellow on
1260-847: The genus Curcuma native to Southeast Asia (like Curcuma zedoaria ) were also used for food and spice, but not as dyes. Turmeric (along with Curcuma zedoaria ) was also spread with the Lapita people of the Austronesian expansion into Oceania . Turmeric can only be propagated with rhizomes, thus its pre-contact distribution into the Pacific Islands can only be via human introduction. The populations in Micronesia , Island Melanesia , and Polynesia (including as far as Hawaii and Easter Island ) use turmeric widely for both food and dye before European contact. In Micronesia , it
1302-405: The inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to staminodes . The outer staminodes are shorter than the labellum . The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is obovate , with a length from 1.2 to 2.0 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 ⁄ 4 in). Three carpels are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which
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1344-1042: The most ancient cultivated foods; they have been found in human settlements dating back to the Bronze Age . Researchers have dated the preparation and cooking of split dal as far back as 800-300 BC. Dal as a staple food has been mentioned in many ancient religious texts, including the Yajurveda , the Mahayana Buddhist Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , and the Bible: May for me strength, righteousness, milk, sap, ghee, honey, eating and drinking in company, ploughing, rain, conquest, victory, wealth, riches, prosperity, prospering, plenteousness, lordship, much, more, fun, fuller, imperishableness, bad crops, food, freedom from hunger, rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, millet, Panicum miliaceum , Panicum frumentaceum , and wild rice (prosper through
1386-429: The national limit. Researchers identified a chain of sources adulterating the turmeric with lead chromate: from farmers to merchants selling low-grade turmeric roots to "polishers" who added lead chromate for yellow color enhancement, to wholesalers for market distribution, all unaware of the potential consequences of lead toxicity. Another common adulterant in turmeric, metanil yellow (also known as acid yellow 36),
1428-568: The sacrifice). Now, Mahāmati, the food I have permitted [my disciples to take] is gratifying to all wise people but is avoided by the unwise; it is productive of many merits, it keeps away many evils; and it has been prescribed by the ancient Rishis. It comprises rice, barley, wheat, kidney beans, beans, lentils, etc., [...] food prepared with these is proper food. Then Jacob gave Esau some bread and some lentil stew. He ate and drank, and then got up and left. So Esau despised his birthright. Dal are often prepared in three different forms: The hulling of
1470-402: The three calyx teeth are unequal. The three bright-yellow petals are fused into a corolla tube up to 3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long. The three corolla lobes have a length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8 in) and are triangular with soft-spiny upper ends. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral, only the median stamen of
1512-480: The world still need to be established and validated. Various species currently utilized and sold as "turmeric" in other parts of Asia have been shown to belong to several physically similar taxa, with overlapping local names. Turmeric has been used in Asia for centuries and is a major part of Ayurveda , Siddha medicine , traditional Chinese medicine , Unani , and the animistic rituals of Austronesian peoples . It
1554-537: The world. The term is also used for various soups prepared from these pulses. These pulses are among the most important staple foods in South Asian countries , and form an important part of the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent . The word dāl (dal) derives from the Sanskrit verbal root dal- "to split", which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- "to split, divide". Lentils are among
1596-405: Was 1.51%); curry powder contains much less (an average of 0.29%). Some 34 essential oils are present in turmeric, among which turmerone , germacrone , atlantone, and zingiberene are major constituents. Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes, imparting a mustard-like, earthy aroma and pungent, slightly bitter flavor to foods. It is used mostly in savory dishes, but also
1638-517: Was an important trade item in the sawei maritime exchange between Yap and further atolls in the Carolines , where it couldn't grow. In some smaller islands, the dye was extracted from the leaves, since the rhizomes remained too small in sandy soils. It was also carried by the Austronesian migrations to Madagascar . Turmeric was found in Farmana , dating to between 2600 and 2200 BCE, and in
1680-469: Was first used as a dye , and then later for its supposed properties in folk medicine . In India, it spread with Hinduism and Buddhism, as the yellow dye is used to color the robes of monks and priests. In Island Southeast Asia , there is linguistic and circumstantial evidence of the ancient use of turmeric among the Austronesian peoples soon after dispersal from Taiwan (starting c. 3000 BCE ), before contact with India. In Indonesia and
1722-552: Was used for food coloring , traditional medicine , or dietary supplement . Lead detection in turmeric products led to recalls across the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and the United Kingdom through 2016. Lead chromate , a bright yellow chemical compound, was found as an adulterant of turmeric in Bangladesh, where turmeric is used commonly in foods and the contamination levels were up to 500 times higher than
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1764-674: Was used to dilute or substitute more expensive safflower dyestuff in the production of beni itajime shibori . Friedrich Ratzel reported in The History of Mankind during 1896, that in Micronesia, turmeric powder was applied for embellishment of body, clothing, utensils, and ceremonial uses. Native Hawaiians who introduced it to Hawaii ( Hawaiian : ʻōlena ) make a bright yellow dye out of it. Turmeric paper, also called curcuma paper or in German literature, Curcumapapier ,
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