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33-423: In recent years the punctuality and state of German railway infrastructure has suffered, largely due to underinvestment caused partially by the privatization of DB. DB is also relatively unique in that previously, two separate legal entities were responsible for the railway infrastructure (DB Netz) and the railway stations (DB Station&Service). This unique structure was responsible for a lack of coordination between

66-683: A central division. The locations of its regional headquarters were Berlin (RB east), Frankfurt (RB central), Duisburg (RB west), Hanover (RB north), Karlsruhe (RB southwest), Leipzig (RB southeast) and Munich (RB south). DB Netz AG was profitable from route fees but received extensive public funding for maintaining, developing and extending the network of European and federal transportation routes. Despite being an integral part of Deutsche Bahn AG and one of its major subsidiaries, DB Netz AG had to grant non-discriminatory access to other rail service providers that are in competition to Deutsche Bahn 's other major business units. Therefore DB Netz AG

99-425: A failure. Maintenance functions can be defined as maintenance, repair and overhaul ( MRO ), and MRO is also used for maintenance, repair and operations . Over time, the terminology of maintenance and MRO has begun to become standardized. The United States Department of Defense uses the following definitions: Maintenance is strictly connected to the utilization stage of the product or technical system, in which

132-607: A majority of the German railway system. It was one of the largest railway infrastructure managers by length (33,291 km as of 2019) and transport volume of its network. On 1 January 2024, it merged with DB Station&Service to form DB InfraGO . The company was established in the course of the second stage of the German rail reform as a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn . DB Netz was headquartered in Frankfurt and contained seven regional divisions ("Regionalbereiche", RB) and

165-403: A predicted/fixed shelf life schedule. These items are given to tax-exempt institutions. Condition-based maintenance ( CBM ), shortly described, is maintenance when need arises . Albeit chronologically much older, It is considered one section or practice inside the broader and newer predictive maintenance field, where new AI technologies and connectivity abilities are put to action and where

198-487: Is any variety of scheduled maintenance to an object or item of equipment. Specifically, planned maintenance is a scheduled service visit carried out by a competent and suitable agent, to ensure that an item of equipment is operating correctly and to therefore avoid any unscheduled breakdown and downtime. The key factor as to when and why this work is being done is timing, and involves a service, resource or facility being unavailable. By contrast, condition-based maintenance

231-641: Is not directly based on equipment age. Planned maintenance is preplanned, and can be date-based, based on equipment running hours, or on distance travelled. Parts that have scheduled maintenance at fixed intervals, usually due to wearout or a fixed shelf life , are sometimes known as time-change interval, or TCI items. Predictive maintenance techniques are designed to help determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to estimate when maintenance should be performed. This approach promises cost savings over routine or time-based preventive maintenance , because tasks are performed only when warranted. Thus, it

264-532: Is not lubricated on schedule" that functions "until a bearing burns out." Preventive maintenance contracts are generally a fixed cost, whereas improper maintenance introduces a variable cost: replacement of major equipment. Main objective of PM are: Preventive maintenance or preventative maintenance ( PM ) has the following meanings: Other terms and abbreviations related to PM are: Planned preventive maintenance (PPM), more commonly referred to as simply planned maintenance ( PM ) or scheduled maintenance ,

297-423: Is not trivial to turn this measured data into actionable knowledge about the health of the equipment. As systems get more costly, and instrumentation and information systems tend to become cheaper and more reliable, CBM becomes an important tool for running a plant or factory in an optimal manner. Better operations will lead to lower production cost and lower use of resources. And lower use of resources may be one of

330-456: Is regarded as condition-based maintenance carried out as suggested by estimations of the degradation state of an item. The main promise of predictive maintenance is to allow convenient scheduling of corrective maintenance , and to prevent unexpected equipment failures. This maintenance strategy uses sensors to monitor key parameters within a machine or system, and uses this data in conjunction with analysed historical trends to continuously evaluate

363-557: Is that the first generation of CBM in the oil and gas industry has only focused on vibration in heavy rotating equipment. Secondly, introducing CBM will invoke a major change in how maintenance is performed, and potentially to the whole maintenance organization in a company. Organizational changes are in general difficult. Also, the technical side of it is not always as simple. Even if some types of equipment can easily be observed by measuring simple values such as vibration (displacement, velocity or acceleration), temperature or pressure, it

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396-483: The Mannheim–Frankfurt railway line (Riedbahn) had already risen from 7.1 to 18.6 million euros per kilometer in mid-2024. There are also fears that the rest of the network outside the planned corridors will remain in a dilapidated condition. DB InfraGO AG holds at least 50% interest in each of the following companies: DB Netz DB Netz was a major subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn that owned and operated

429-661: The DB InfraGO network are classified as overcapacity. These include, among others: the railway lines Mannheim–Frankfurt (Riedbahn), Berlin–Hamburg and Emmerich–Oberhausen (Hollandstrecke) . In response, the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport, together with the board of directors of Deutsche Bahn , presented a restructuring plan in the summer of 2023. By 2030, the affected 40 routes are to be completely renovated through closures, some of which last several months, thereby increasing their performance and reducing

462-673: The DB internal Bahnbaugruppe (Railway Construction Group) or to private industry. In accordance with the guidelines of the Coalition Government, this division should also ensure that every rail transport company has non-discriminatory access to the German rail network. The passenger stations division, previously DB Station & Service, is responsible for the operation, maintenance and organization of around 5,400 transport stations in Germany. This business area includes, for example,

495-497: The acronym CBM is more often used to describe 'condition Based Monitoring' rather than the maintenance itself. CBM maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that equipment is going to fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating. This concept is applicable to mission-critical systems that incorporate active redundancy and fault reporting . It is also applicable to non-mission critical systems that lack redundancy and fault reporting. Condition-based maintenance

528-513: The company remains a separate entity as of February 2024. Regarding the organization of the new company, it was previously announced that the general works councils of both companies and EVG transit union had ensured that the previous structures in the cross-sectional areas would remain unchanged for at least three years. The profits of DB InfraGO will be transferred directly to the Germany Federal Government and not, as

561-431: The concept of maintainability must be included. In this scenario, maintainability is considered as the ability of an item, under stated conditions of use, to be retained in or restored to a state in which it can perform its required functions, using prescribed procedures and resources. In some domains like aircraft maintenance , terms maintenance, repair and overhaul also include inspection, rebuilding, alteration and

594-459: The environment. The Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport sees the purpose of DB InfraGO as supporting a needs-based, strong, and efficient railway infrastructure system with high capacity, quality, and resilience. This applies to the operation, expansion, and maintenance of the railway infrastructure. Due to underinvestment in maintenance of the railway infrastructure in the recent decades since partial privatization, around 40 corridors in

627-405: The fact that their business activities are aimed at social good, while profits are primarily spent to achieve this social goal. The ownership and organizational structures are also aimed at this goal. In the context of DB InfraGO, this means that the core business of railway infrastructure maintenance and expansion should be consistently aligned with the social needs of the population, the economy and

660-670: The federal states. By merging the two companies DB Netz and DB Station & Service , the following divisions have now been created within DB InfraGO: The track division, previously DB Netz, employs around 56,000 people and is responsible for the maintenance, operation and new construction/expansion of the German rail network. This includes, for example, dispatchers (Fahrdienstleiter), timetable creators (Fahrplanersteller), and route services employees. Maintenance of way specialists are also included in this division, although actual construction services are often outsourced to either

693-522: The frequency of disruptions. For this purpose, DB received an additional 12.5 billion euros in equity capital and, with DB InfraGO, which was launched in January 2024, is tasked with expanding the corridors. There is criticism that the costs for such a short-term 'general renovation' would already exceed the calculated costs for the first projects and are therefore much more expensive than normal renovation in long-term planned periods. The costs for expanding

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726-399: The initial cost of CBM can be high. It requires improved instrumentation of the equipment. Often the cost of sufficient instruments can be quite large, especially on equipment that is already installed. Wireless systems have reduced the initial cost. Therefore, it is important for the installer to decide the importance of the investment before adding CBM to all equipment. A result of this cost

759-440: The maintenance personnel of today is more than ever able to decide what is the right time to perform maintenance on some piece of equipment. Ideally, condition-based maintenance will allow the maintenance personnel to do only the right things, minimizing spare parts cost, system downtime and time spent on maintenance. Despite its usefulness of equipment, there are several challenges to the use of CBM. First and most important of all,

792-690: The most important differentiators in a future where environmental issues become more important by the day. Another scenario where value can be created is by monitoring the health of a car motor. Rather than changing parts at predefined intervals, the car itself can tell you when something needs to be changed based on cheap and simple instrumentation. It is Department of Defense policy that condition-based maintenance (CBM) be "implemented to improve maintenance agility and responsiveness, increase operational availability, and reduce life cycle total ownership costs". CBM has some advantages over planned maintenance: Its disadvantages are: Today, due to its costs, CBM

825-1033: The original constituent materials where possible, or with suitable polymer technologies when not. Preventive maintenance ( PM ) is "a routine for periodically inspecting" with the goal of "noticing small problems and fixing them before major ones develop." Ideally, "nothing breaks down." The main goal behind PM is for the equipment to make it from one planned service to the next planned service without any failures caused by fatigue, extreme fluctuation in temperature(such as heat waves ) during seasonal changes, neglect, or normal wear (preventable items), which Planned Maintenance and Condition Based Maintenance help to achieve by replacing worn components before they actually fail. Maintenance activities include partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes, lubrication, minor adjustments, and so on. In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair worn parts before they cause system failure. The New York Times gave an example of "machinery that

858-547: The service employees at the DB Information counters, the platform supervisors, and numerous other employees who enable railway companies and business customers to access the station infrastructure. Over 8,000 people work in this business area. According to the definition of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action , companies that are oriented towards the common good are characterized by

891-592: The statement of the Supervisory Board Chairman, Werner Gatzer, the resolution created the legal basis for a common good-oriented infrastructure firm. That same month, the German Federal Council demanded in a statement that the newly merged entity should also incorporate DB Energie ; a separate legal entity that DB had previously put in place to own and operate it railway electric grid in a somewhat unique approach. Despite this,

924-984: The supply of spare parts, accessories, raw materials, adhesives, sealants, coatings and consumables for aircraft maintenance at the utilization stage. In international civil aviation maintenance means: This definition covers all activities for which aviation regulations require issuance of a maintenance release document (aircraft certificate of return to service – CRS). The marine and air transportation, offshore structures, industrial plant and facility management industries depend on maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) including scheduled or preventive paint maintenance programmes to maintain and restore coatings applied to steel in environments subject to attack from erosion, corrosion and environmental pollution. The basic types of maintenance falling under MRO include: Architectural conservation employs MRO to preserve, rehabilitate, restore, or reconstruct historical structures with stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood which match

957-468: The system health and predict a breakdown before it happens. This strategy allows maintenance to be performed more efficiently, since more up-to-date data is obtained about how close the product is to failure. Predictive replacement is the replacement of an item that is still functioning properly. Usually it is a tax-benefit based replacement policy whereby expensive equipment or batches of individually inexpensive supply items are removed and donated on

990-712: The two main infrastructure companies which had only further hindered the ability of DB to return to punctuality. It was clear that something needed to change. After the German Federal election of 2021, in the 'Traffic Light' Coalition/Scholz Government, a merger of DB Netz and DB Station&Service was agreed upon to form a common good-oriented ( gemeinwohlorientiert ) infrastructure division within Deutsche Bahn . The Supervisory Board of Deutsche Bahn decided to proceed with this merger to form DB InfraGO in its regular meeting held on 27 September 2023. According to

1023-480: Was introduced to try to maintain the correct equipment at the right time. CBM is based on using real-time data to prioritize and optimize maintenance resources. Observing the state of the system is known as condition monitoring . Such a system will determine the equipment's health, and act only when maintenance is actually necessary. Developments in recent years have allowed extensive instrumentation of equipment, and together with better tools for analyzing condition data,

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1056-968: Was overseen by the Federal Network Agency . It was included in the division DB Netze when Deutsche Bahn was reorganized into three major divisions covering passengers, logistics, and infrastructure. However its legal entity remained. On 1 January 2024, it then merged with DB Station&Service to form DB InfraGO . This German rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Maintenance The technical meaning of maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery , building infrastructure and supporting utilities in industrial, business, and residential installations. Over time, this has come to include multiple wordings that describe various cost-effective practices to keep equipment operational; these activities occur either before or after

1089-564: Was previously the case, to Deutsche Bahn as a holding company . In December 2023, Peter Westenberger, managing director of the Freight Railway Competition Association, expressed legal concerns with reference to Art. 87e paragraph 5 of the Basic Law . regarding the planned merger of DB Netz and DB Station&Service, as the merger is planned without a legal basis and requires the participation of

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