47-516: (Redirected from DEX ) [REDACTED] Look up dex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dex or DEX may refer to: People [ edit ] Barbara Dex , Belgian singer Dex Elmont , Dutch judoka Dex Lee , English actor Dex Manley , American actor Famous Dex , Chicago rapper Dex (Kim Jin-young) , South Korean YouTuber and actor References [ edit ] Dex,
94-608: A data-collection method for vending machines .dex , standard extension for a Dalvik Executable File, into which programs for the Android OS are compiled DEX (Decision EXpert) , a qualitative multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method Samsung DeX , a dock for smartphones, allowing desktop-like functionality Decentralized exchange (DEX), a cryptocurrency exchange without a central authority allowing peer-to-peer trading of cryptocurrencies See also [ edit ] Dexter (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
141-657: A doctor's prescription. Several other states have also begun regulating sales of dextromethorphan to minors. In Indonesia , the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM-RI) prohibited single-component dextromethorphan drug sales with or without prescription. Indonesia is the only country that makes single-component dextromethorphan illegal over the counter and by prescription and violators may be prosecuted by law. National Anti-Narcotics Agency (BNN RI) has threatened to revoke pharmacies' and drug stores' licenses if they still stock dextromethorphan, and will notify
188-482: A higher likelihood to use dextromethorphan-related drugs as they are easier to access; youths and young adults with psychiatric disorders are at risk of abusing the drug. The combination drug dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-923), traditionally used to treat pseudobulbar affect , is under investigation for the treatment of a variety of other neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease , among others. In 2013,
235-427: A month. Neurotoxic changes, including vacuolation, have been observed in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices of rats administered other NMDA receptor antagonists such as PCP, but not with dextromethorphan. In many documented cases , dextromethorphan has produced psychological dependence in people who used it recreationally. It is considered less addictive than other common cough suppressants, such as
282-456: A non-linear fashion, so that they are experienced in significantly varied stages. These stages are commonly referred to as "plateaus". These plateaus are numbered from one to four, with the first having the mildest effects to fourth being the most intense. Each plateau is said to come with different related effects and experiences. The first plateau is said to induce music euphoria and mild stimulation, likened to that of MDMA . The second plateau
329-551: A number of noncitrus fruits ) generally are recommended to be avoided while using dextromethorphan and numerous other medications. Dextromethorphan has been found to possess the following actions (<1 μM) using rat tissues: Dextromethorphan is a prodrug of dextrorphan , which is the actual mediator of most of its dissociative effects through acting as a more potent NMDA receptor antagonist than dextromethorphan itself. What role, if any, (+)- 3-methoxymorphinan , dextromethorphan's other major metabolite, plays in its effects
376-563: A recreational drug. At doses much higher than medically recommended, dextromethorphan and its major metabolite, dextrorphan , acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist , which produces dissociative hallucinogenic states somewhat similar to ketamine and phencyclidine . It may produce distortions of the visual field – feelings of dissociation , distorted bodily perception, excitement, and a loss of sense of time. Some users report stimulant-like euphoria , particularly in response to music. Dextromethorphan usually provides its recreational effects in
423-619: A sedative medication frequently used in the ICU Dextromethorphan , an antitussive drug Dextrorotation , the property of clockwise-rotating plane polarized light Enantiomer or dextrorotary stereoisomer, in chemistry Brands and enterprises [ edit ] Dex Media DEX One , subsidiary of Dex Media Dex Media (Dex One) , former subsidiary of DEX One DEX New York , American cosmetics company Dex-Cool , antifreeze Subaru Dex Computing and technology [ edit ] DEX (protocol) ,
470-537: A white powder. When exceeding approved dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative hallucinogen . It has multiple mechanisms of action , including actions as a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a sigma-1 receptor agonist. Dextromethorphan and its major metabolite , dextrorphan , also block the NMDA receptor at high doses, which produces effects similar to other dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine , nitrous oxide , and phencyclidine . It
517-418: Is +27.6° (20 °C, Sodium D-line). Several routes exist for the synthesis of Dextromethorphan. Even though many of the syntheses have been known since the middle of the 20th century, researchers are still working today to further develop the synthesis of Dextromethorphan and, for example, to make it more environmentally friendly . This includes the synthesis by means of ionic liquids. Since only one of
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#1732780683843564-469: Is also metabolized by CYP3A4 . N-demethylation is primarily accomplished by CYP3A4, contributing to at least 90% of the MEM formed as a primary metabolite of dextromethorphan. A number of other CYP enzymes are implicated as minor pathways of dextromethorphan metabolism. CYP2D6 is more effective than CYP3A4 at N-demethylation of dextromethorphan, but since the average individual has a much lower CYP2D6 content in
611-470: Is approved for major depressive disorder under the brand name Auvelity. Side effects of dextromethorphan at normal therapeutic doses can include: A rare side effect is respiratory depression . Dextromethorphan was once thought to cause Olney's lesions when administered intravenously ; however, this was later proven inconclusive, due to lack of research on humans. Tests were performed on rats, giving them 50 mg or more every day for as long as
658-546: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Barbara Dex Barbara Maria Karel Deckx (born 22 January 1974), better known by her stage name Barbara Dex , is a Belgian singer who represented her country in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993 with the song " Iemand als jij ". Dex had qualified via the Belgian national heat, Eurosong 93 , held at
705-449: Is freely soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water ; the hydrobromide salt is water-soluble up to 1.5 g/100 mL at 25 °C. Dextromethorphan is commonly available as the monohydrated hydrobromide salt, and is also available in extended-release formulations (sold as dextromethorphan polistirex) contain dextromethorphan bound to an ion-exchange resin based on polystyrene sulfonic acid . Dextromethorphan's specific rotation in water
752-486: Is increased to approximately 13 hours when dextromethorphan is given in combination with quinidine . The duration of action after oral administration is about three to eight hours for dextromethorphan hydrobromide, and 10 to 12 hours for dextromethorphan polistirex. Around one in 10 of the Caucasian population has little or no CYP2D6 enzyme activity, leading to long-lived high drug levels. The first pass through
799-420: Is likened to a state of being on moderate amounts of alcohol and cannabis at the same time, featuring euphoria, sedation and minor hallucinations. The third plateau induces a significant dissociative state which can often cause anxiety in users. Reaching the fourth plateau is said to cause extreme sedation and a significant hallucinatory state as well as complete dissociation from reality. Teenagers tend to have
846-465: Is needed to determine whether doses of dextromethorphan beyond those normally used therapeutically are needed to produce this effect. In any case, dextromethorphan should not be taken with MAOIs due to the possibility of this complication. Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur rapidly, due to a buildup of an excessive amount of serotonin in the body. Combining alcohol with dextromethorphan significantly increases
893-446: Is not entirely clear. Following oral administration, dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract , where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood–brain barrier . At therapeutic doses, dextromethorphan acts centrally (meaning that it acts on the brain ) as opposed to locally (on the respiratory tract ). It elevates the threshold for coughing, without inhibiting ciliary activity. Dextromethorphan
940-662: Is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted into the active metabolite dextrorphan in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 . The average dose necessary for effective antitussive therapy is between 10 and 45 mg, depending on the individual. The International Society for the Study of Cough recommends "an adequate first dose of medication is 60 mg in the adult and repeat dosing should be infrequent rather than qds recommended." Dextromethorphan has an elimination half-life of approximately 4 hours in individuals with an extensive metabolizer phenotype; this
987-514: Is uneven amongst ethnic groups . A large number of medications are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 . Some types of medications known to inhibit CYP2D6 include certain SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants , some antipsychotics , and the commonly available antihistamine diphenhydramine . Therefore, the potential of interactions exists between dextromethorphan and medications that inhibit this enzyme, particularly in slow metabolizers. Dextromethorphan
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#17327806838431034-636: The Casino Knokke on 6 March. At the Eurovision in Millstreet , she performed seventh, after Greece's entry " Ellada, chora tou fotos " and before Malta's song " This Time ". Dex came last, in 25th place. Barbara returned to the Belgian final in 2004, teaming up with Alides for the song "One Life" which placed third. A further Eurovision attempt came in 2006 with the country line-dancing flavoured "Crazy" which earned her fifth place. Barbara Dex
1081-504: The hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized by O-demethylation into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan called dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this metabolite. Dextromethorphan also undergoes N-demethylation (to 3-methoxymorphinan or MEM), and partial conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate ions. Hours after dextromethorphan therapy, (in humans)
1128-515: The FDA approved the combination drug dextromethorphan/quinidine under the brand name Nuedexta for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (uncontrollable laughing/crying). Dextromethorphan is the active therapeutic agent in the combination; quinidine merely serves to inhibit the enzymatic degradation of dextromethorphan and thereby increase its circulating concentrations via inhibition of CYP2D6 . The combination medicine dextromethorphan/bupropion
1175-475: The TV series Dynasty Mathematics and science [ edit ] DEX (Graph database) , a graph database dex (decimal exponent) , for use with values on a logarithmic scale Especially Metallicity § Chemical abundance ratios in astronomy Dexamethasone , a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones Dextroamphetamine , a psychostimulant drug Dexmedetomidine ,
1222-612: The TV series Stargate Atlantis Dex Dexter , from the TV series Dynasty Dex Dizznee, a character from Shannon Messenger 's book series, Keeper of the Lost Cities Prince Dex/Dex Steward, a character from Saban's Masked Rider Games [ edit ] Dex (video game) Dex, an abbreviation for the dexterity attribute in role playing games Battle Dex , an online, turn-based strategy game featuring collectible cards inspired by Advance Wars and Magic: The Gathering Pokédex,
1269-608: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination dextromethorphan/bupropion to serve as a rapid-acting antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder . It is in the morphinan class of medications with sedative , dissociative , and stimulant properties (at lower doses). Dextromethorphan does not have a significant affinity for the mu-opioid receptor activity typical of morphinan compounds and exerts its therapeutic effects through several other receptors. In its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as
1316-521: The collection of the fictional animals called " Pokémon " Literature [ edit ] Dex, a fictional teen novel series Keeper of the Lost Cities by Shannon Messenger Music [ edit ] Dex , a vocal from the Vocaloid software Television [ edit ] Dex Hamilton: Alien Entomologist , an Australian children's TV program "Dex" ( Dynasty ) , an episode of
1363-570: The dextrorphan formed during dextromethorphan metabolism. As CYP2D6 is a major metabolic pathway in the inactivation of dextromethorphan, the duration of action and effects of dextromethorphan can be increased by as much as three times in such poor metabolizers. In one study on 252 Americans, 84.3% were found to be "fast" (extensive) metabolizers, 6.8% to be "intermediate" metabolizers, and 8.8% were "slow" metabolizers of dextromethorphan. A number of alleles for CYP2D6 are known, including several completely inactive variants. The distribution of alleles
1410-474: The dissociative anesthetics phencyclidine and ketamine , dextromethorphan later became associated with nonmedical use. During the 1960s and 1970s, dextromethorphan became available in an over-the-counter tablet form by the brand name Romilar. In 1973, Romilar was taken off the shelves after a burst in sales because of frequent misuse. A few years later, products with an unpleasant taste were introduced (such as Robitussin, Vicks-44, and Dextrotussion), but later
1457-422: The liver compared to CYP3A4, most N-demethylation of dextromethorphan is catalyzed by CYP3A4. Dextromethorphan is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of levomethorphan , which is the methyl ether of levorphanol , both opioid analgesics . It is named according to IUPAC rules as (+)-3-methoxy-17-methyl-9α,13α,14α- morphinan . As its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as an odorless, opalescent white powder. It
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1504-429: The metabolites (+)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan, (+)-3-morphinan, and traces of the unchanged drug are detectable in the urine. A major metabolic catalyst involved is the cytochrome P450 enzyme known as 2D6, or CYP2D6. A significant portion of the population has a functional deficiency in this enzyme and are known as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. O-demethylation of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan contributes to at least 80% of
1551-557: The official directory of Qwest Communications International , a former US telecom provider Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române (DEX), The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language Art, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Fictional entities [ edit ] Dex, in the film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones Dex, in the film The Tao of Steve Ronon Dex , from
1598-427: The opiate codeine . Since dextromethorphan also acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, users report that regular recreational use over a long period of time can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome . Additionally, disturbances have been reported in sleep, senses, movement, mood, and thinking. Adverse effects of dextromethorphan in overdose at doses 3 to 10 times
1645-659: The police for criminal prosecution. As a result of this regulation, 130 medications have been withdrawn from the market, but those containing multicomponent dextromethorphan can still be sold over the counter. It may be used in generic labels and store brands , Benylin DM, Mucinex DM, Camydex-20 tablets, Robitussin, Komix DT, NyQuil , Dimetapp , Vicks , Coricidin , Delsym, TheraFlu , Charcoal D, Cinfatós and others. It has been used in counterfeit medications. Over-the-counter preparations containing dextromethorphan have been used in manners inconsistent with their labeling, often as
1692-409: The purification was done by formation of a brucine salt. This process has also been patented by Roche. The racemic parent compound racemorphan was first described in a Swiss and US patent application from Hoffmann-La Roche in 1946 and 1947, respectively; a patent was granted in 1950. A resolution of the two isomers of racemorphan with tartaric acid was published in 1952, and dextromethorphan
1739-543: The recommendation in September 2010, citing lack of evidence that making it prescription-only would curb abuse. Some states have restricted the sale of dextromethorphan to adults or put other restrictions on its purchase in place, similar to those for pseudoephedrine . As of January 1, 2012, dextromethorphan is prohibited for sale to minors in the State of California and in the State of Oregon as of January 1, 2018, except with
1786-546: The recommended therapeutic dose: At doses 11 to 75 times the recommended therapeutic dose: Episodic acute psychosis can occur when high doses of dextromethorphan are taken for recreational use, and an abundance of psychiatric symptoms can result, including dissociation and other PCP-like symptoms. Serotonin syndrome may result from the combined use of dextromethorphan and serotonergic antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). Further research
1833-534: The risk of overdose and other severe health complications, according to the NIAAA . Compounds in grapefruit affect a number of drugs , including dextromethorphan, through the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 system in the liver, and can lead to excessive accumulation of the drug which both increases and prolongs effects. Grapefruit and grapefruit juices (especially white grapefruit juice, but also including other citrus fruits such as bergamot and lime , as well as
1880-573: The same manufacturers began producing products with a better taste. The advent of widespread internet access in the 1990s allowed users to rapidly disseminate information about dextromethorphan, and online discussion groups formed around use and acquisition of the drug. As early as 1996, dextromethorphan hydrobromide powder could be purchased in bulk from online retailers, allowing users to avoid consuming dextromethorphan in syrup preparations. FDA panels considered moving dextromethorphan to prescription status due to its potential for abuse, but voted against
1927-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dex . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dex&oldid=1255908135 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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1974-427: The stereoisomers has the desired effect, the separation of a racemic mixture of hydroxy N- methyl morphinan using tartaric acid and subsequent methylation of the hydroxyl group is a suitable method. By using (D)-tartrate, the (+)-isomer remains as the product. This synthetic pathway was patented by Roche in 1950. The traditional synthetic route uses Raney nickel and has been further improved over time, for example by
2021-475: The use of ibuprofen and AlCl 3 . Overall, it is a cost-effective method with moderate reaction conditions that is easy to handle and suitable for industrial production. Grewe's cyclization is easier to handle in terms of the chemicals used, produces higher yields and higher purity of the product. Formylation of octabase prior to cyclization avoids ether cleavage as a side reaction and yields higher than without N-substitution or N-methylation. In this example,
2068-501: Was an annual fan award for the worst dressed artist in the Eurovision Song Contest , awarded between 1997 and 2016 by fansite House of Eurovision, and from 2017 until 2021 by Songfestival.be. It was then discontinued and replaced by the You're a Vision Award . Dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan ( DXM ), sold under the trade name Robitussin among others, is a cough suppressant used in many cough and cold medicines. In 2022,
2115-724: Was born in Turnhout , one of the three children of Marcel Deckx, a Belgian singer better known by his stage name Marc Dex. Her brother Tom Deckx has played bass guitar in the musical groups Tush and Nuts. In Eurovision, Barbara wore a self-made dress, which inspired House of Eurovision's Barbara Dex Award for the contestant with the worst (later, "most striking") outfit. Dex has released several albums between 1993 and 2011. First album Iemand contains songs in Dutch. Since 1994 she has performed songs only in English. The Barbara Dex Award
2162-484: Was patented in 1949 and approved for medical use in 1953. The primary use of dextromethorphan is as a cough suppressant , for the temporary relief of cough caused by minor throat and bronchial irritation (such as commonly accompanies the flu and common cold ), or from inhaled particle irritants, as well as chronic cough at a higher dosage. Dextromethorphan is available alone in the form of cough syrup and pills as well as in combination with other agents. In 2010,
2209-419: Was successfully tested in 1954 as part of US Navy and CIA -funded research on nonaddictive substitutes for codeine . Dextromethorphan was approved by the FDA in 1958 as an over-the-counter antitussive. As had been initially hoped, dextromethorphan was a solution for some of the problems associated with the use of codeine phosphate as a cough suppressant, such as sedation and opiate dependence , but like
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