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106-583: DINA may refer to: Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), the Chilean secret police under the Pinochet regime DINA S.A. , a Mexican truck and bus manufacturer See also [ edit ] Dina (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing DINA DINO DIN (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

212-416: A concentration camp in the town of Pisagua . Neruda's criticism of González Videla culminated in a dramatic speech in the Chilean senate on 6 January 1948, which became known as "Yo acuso" ("I accuse"), during which he read out the names of the miners and their families who were imprisoned at the concentration camp. In 1959, Neruda was present when Fidel Castro was honored at a welcoming ceremony hosted by

318-550: A Chilean visa for the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros , who had been accused of involvement in the conspiracy to assassinate Trotsky. Neruda later stated that he had done it at the request of the Mexican President, Manuel Ávila Camacho . This allowed Siqueiros, who was then imprisoned, to leave Mexico for Chile, where he stayed at Neruda's private residence. In return for Neruda's assistance, Siqueiros spent over

424-436: A book about Neruda's final days in 2012. In June 2013, a Chilean judge ordered an investigation to be launched following suggestions that Neruda had been killed by the Pinochet regime due to his pro-Allende stance and political views. Neruda's driver, Manuel Araya, claimed that he had seen Neruda two days prior to his death and that doctors had administered poison as the poet was preparing to go into exile. Araya claimed that he

530-420: A book of poetry that Neruda later published anonymously in 1952. from "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon" Full woman, fleshly apple, hot moon, thick smell of seaweed, crushed mud and light, what obscure brilliance opens between your columns? What ancient night does a man touch with his senses? Loving is a journey with water and with stars, with smothered air and abrupt storms of flour: loving

636-573: A book-length poem in 12 parts that he completed in 1945. The poem expressed his growing awareness of and interest in the ancient civilizations of the Americas. He further explored this theme in Canto General (1950). In Alturas , Neruda celebrated the achievement of Macchu Picchu but also condemned the slavery that had made it possible. In Canto XII , he called upon the dead of many centuries to be reborn and speak through him. Martín Espada ,

742-401: A collection of love poems that was controversial for its eroticism, especially considering its author's young age. Both works were critically acclaimed and have been translated into many languages. A second edition of Veinte poemas appeared in 1932. In the years since its publication, millions of copies have been sold, and it became Neruda's best-known work. Almost 100 years later, Veinte Poemas

848-558: A couple of weeks before. Neruda's house was broken into, and his papers and books taken or destroyed. In 1974, his Memoirs appeared under the title I Confess I Have Lived, updated to the last days of the poet's life, and including a final segment describing the death of Salvador Allende during the storming of the Moneda Palace by General Pinochet and other generals – occurring only 12 days before Neruda died. Matilde Urrutia subsequently compiled and edited for publication

954-723: A divorce in Mexico in 1943. His estranged wife moved to Monte Carlo to escape the hostilities in Spain and then to the Netherlands with their very ill only child, and he never saw either of them again. After leaving his wife, Neruda lived with Delia del Carril in France, eventually marrying her (shortly after his divorce) in Tetecala in 1943; however, his new marriage was not recognized by Chilean authorities as his divorce from Vogelzang

1060-602: A forestry estate in the vicinity of Huishue Lake . Neruda's life underground ended in March 1949 when he fled over the Lilpela Pass in the Andes Mountains to Argentina on horseback. He would dramatically recount his escape from Chile in his Nobel Prize lecture. Once out of Chile, he spent the next three years in exile. In Buenos Aires , Neruda took advantage of the slight resemblance between him and his friend,

1166-723: A growing #MeToo and anti-femicide movement , stated that Neruda should not be honored by his country, describing the passage as evidence of rape. Neruda remains a controversial figure for Chileans, and especially for Chilean feminists . Neruda owned three houses in Chile; today, they are all open to the public as museums: La Chascona in Santiago, La Sebastiana in Valparaíso , and Casa de Isla Negra in Isla Negra , where he and Matilde Urrutia are buried. A bust of Neruda stands on

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1272-472: A half-sister, Laura Herminia "Laurita," from one of his father's extramarital affairs (her mother was Aurelia Tolrà, a Catalan woman). He composed his first poems in the winter of 1914. Neruda was an atheist . something started in my soul, fever or forgotten wings, and I made my own way, deciphering that fire and wrote the first faint line, faint without substance, pure nonsense, pure wisdom, of someone who knows nothing, and suddenly I saw

1378-523: A lively literary circle, befriending such writers as Rafael Alberti , Federico García Lorca , and the Peruvian poet César Vallejo . His only offspring, his daughter Malva Marina (Trinidad) Reyes , was born in Madrid in 1934, the product of his first marriage to María Antonia Hagenaar Vogelzang. Reyes was plagued with severe health problems, particularly suffering from hydrocephalus . She died in 1943 at

1484-699: A poet and professor of creative writing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , has hailed the work as a masterpiece, declaring that "there is no greater political poem". Bolstered by his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, Neruda, like many left-leaning intellectuals of his generation, came to admire the Soviet Union of Joseph Stalin . He did so partly due to the role it played in defeating Nazi Germany and partly because of an idealistic interpretation of Marxist doctrine. This sentiment

1590-502: A political activist, his stance as a communist comes out in his poem as he calls the wealthy corporations “bloodthirsty flies” and resembles a “dictatorship.” He compares United Fruit Inc. to big-name companies such as Coca-Cola and Ford Motors to emphasize their strength and power over the little countries residing in Latin America. In addition, his writing skills truly came out in this poem, solidifying his worthiness of being named

1696-406: A relationship with Delia del Carril  [ es ] , an aristocratic Argentine artist who was 20 years his senior. Reyes was repudiated, mocked, and abandoned by her father and died in utter indigence when she was 8 years old in war-devastated and Nazi-occupied Netherlands. As Spain became engulfed in civil war , Neruda became intensely politicized for the first time. His experiences during

1802-457: A search of the house and grounds at Isla Negra by Chilean armed forces at which Neruda was reportedly present, the poet famously remarked: "Look around – there's only one thing of danger for you here – poetry." It was originally reported that, on the evening of 23 September 1973, at Santiago's Santa María Clinic, Neruda had died of heart failure. However, "(t)hat day, he was alone in the hospital where he had already spent five days. His health

1908-517: A serious blood infection. The bacteria was found to have been mainly concentrated in one of Neruda's molars . Some scientists involved in the testing also spoke with Deutsche Welle to deny the family's claim that the testing confirmed he was poisoned; despite at times being used as a biological weapon, the bacteria also has a long history of being present in food products such as fruit, vegetables, seafood and canned food and at times has been even used for medical treatment. John Austin, who leads

2014-609: A subsequent visit to China in 1957, Neruda wrote: "What has estranged me from the Chinese revolutionary process has not been Mao Tse-tung but Mao Tse-tungism." He labeled this Mao Tse-Stalinism as "the repetition of a cult of a Socialist deity". Despite his disillusionment with Stalin, Neruda never lost his fundamental faith in communist theory and remained loyal to the Communist party. Anxious not to provide ammunition to his ideological enemies, he would later refuse publicly to condemn

2120-661: A term as a senator for the Chilean Communist Party . When President Gabriel González Videla outlawed communism in Chile in 1948, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months, and in 1949, he escaped through a mountain pass near Maihue Lake into Argentina; he would not return to Chile for more than three years. He was a close advisor to Chile's socialist president Salvador Allende , and when he got back to Chile after accepting his Nobel Prize in Stockholm , Allende invited him to read at

2226-626: A wedge between Neruda and his long-time friend, Mexican poet Octavio Paz , who commented that "Neruda became more and more Stalinist, while I became less and less enchanted with Stalin." Their differences came to a head after the Nazi-Soviet Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact of 1939, when they almost came to blows in an argument over Stalin. Although Paz still considered Neruda "The greatest poet of his generation", in an essay on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , he wrote that when he thinks of "Neruda and other famous Stalinist writers and poets, I feel

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2332-453: A year painting a mural at a school in Chillán . While Neruda's relationship with Siqueiros drew criticism, he dismissed the allegation that his intent had been to aid an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary harassment". In 1943, upon his return to Chile, Neruda embarked on a tour of Peru , where he visited Machu Picchu . This experience later inspired Alturas de Macchu Picchu ,

2438-508: Is a clash of lightning-bolts and two bodies defeated by a single drop of honey. From "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon", Selected Poems translated by Stephen Mitchell (1997) While in Mexico, Neruda also published his lengthy epic poem Canto General , a Whitmanesque catalog of the history, geography, and flora and fauna of South America, accompanied by Neruda's observations and experiences. Many of them dealt with his time underground in Chile, during which he composed much of

2544-509: Is echoed in poems such as Canto a Stalingrado ("Song to Stalingrad") (1942) and Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado ("New Love Song to Stalingrad") (1943). In 1953, Neruda was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize . Upon Stalin's death that same year, Neruda wrote an ode to him, as he also wrote poems in praise of Fulgencio Batista , Saludo a Batista ("Salute to Batista"), and later, Fidel Castro . His fervent Stalinism eventually drove

2650-540: Is still the best-selling poetry book in the Spanish language. By the age of 20, Neruda had established an international reputation as a poet but faced poverty. In 1926, Neruda published the collection tentativa del hombre infinito ( venture of the infinite man ) and the novel El habitante y su esperanza ( The Inhabitant and His Hope ). In 1927, out of financial desperation, he took an honorary consulship in Rangoon ,

2756-569: The Winnipeg . Neruda is sometimes charged with having selected only fellow Communists for emigration, to the exclusion of others who had fought on the side of the Republic. Many Republicans and Anarchists were killed during the German invasion and occupation. Others deny these accusations, pointing out that Neruda chose only a few hundred of the 2,000 refugees personally; the rest were selected by

2862-494: The 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature . Neruda became known as a poet when he was 13 years old and wrote in a variety of styles, including surrealist poems, historical epics , political manifestos , a prose autobiography, and passionate love poems such as the ones in his collection Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1924). Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions in various countries during his lifetime and served

2968-471: The Central University of Venezuela . There, he spoke to a massive gathering of students and read his poem Un canto para Bolívar ("A Song for Bolívar"). Prior to this, he shared his sentiments: "In this painful and victorious hour that the peoples of the Americas are living, my poem, with changes in location, can be understood as directed towards Fidel Castro, because in the struggles for freedom,

3074-582: The Chilean Army presented a list of 1,097 DINA agents to Judge Alejandro Solís. Despite falling under Pinochet's legal authority, American-born DINA operative Michael Townley described Contreras as DINA's actual "intellectual head." Pedro Espinoza served as deputy to Contreras as well. Under decree #521, the DINA had the power to detain any individual so long as there was a declared state of emergency . Such an administrative state characterized nearly

3180-467: The Chilean transition to democracy . After the fall of Pinochet's regime, Contreras was prosecuted in Chile due to crimes against humanity while heading the DINA and sentenced to 12 years in prison for covert kidnappings, a crime that had not been amnestied. However, judge Víctor Montiglio who had replaced judge Juan Guzmán Tapia gave amnesty to Contreras in 2005. Finally, on June 30, 2008, Contreras

3286-633: The DoD's Inspector General . Levin's request was in response to several instances of insider whistleblowing , which alleged that the institution knowingly protected a professor who worked for DINA, as well as the purported participation of other employees of the institution in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état . Senator Patrick Leahy stated that "[r]eports that NDU hired foreign military officers with histories of involvement in human rights abuses, including torture and extra-judicial killings of civilians, are stunning, and they are repulsive". Leahy had previously authored

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3392-514: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Certain writers and journalists who opposed the right-wing regime conducted clandestine interviews with individuals enduring life under DINA. Among them was Patricia Politzer , who documented the harrowing experiences of those who suffered in Chile. One of the testimonies features a mother whose leftist sympathizer son fell victim to forced disappearances in Chile. Despite

3498-569: The Estadio Nacional before 70,000 people. Neruda was hospitalized with cancer in September 1973, at the time of the coup d'état led by Augusto Pinochet that overthrew Allende's government, but returned home after a few days when he suspected a doctor of injecting him with an unknown substance for the purpose of murdering him on Pinochet's orders. Neruda died at his home in Isla Negra on 23 September 1973, just hours after leaving

3604-522: The Plaza de Armas (Santiago) . Despite answering to Pinochet, Gen. Manuel Contreras held significant sway over DINA's operations and is credited with creating the group. In his role as leader of DINA, and as one of Pinochet's closest confidents, Contreras became the second most powerful person in Chile. In a letter which Michael Townley wrote to Contreras on March 1, 1978, Townley, using the alias J. Andreas Wilson, referred to him on as "Don Manuel" and noted

3710-857: The Spanish Republic , publishing the collection España en el corazón ( Spain in Our Hearts , 1938). He lost his post as consul due to his political militancy. In July 1937, he attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals toward the war in Spain, held in Valencia , Barcelona , and Madrid and attended by many writers including André Malraux , Ernest Hemingway , and Stephen Spender . Neruda's marriage to Vogelzang broke down, and he eventually obtained

3816-446: The "Leahy Law", which prohibits U.S. assistance to foreign military and law enforcement personnel suspected of violating human rights. Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda ( / n ə ˈ r uː d ə / nə- ROO -də ; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo neˈɾuða] ; born Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto ; 12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973) was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won

3922-423: The "disappearance" and murder by the Chilean secret police of those 119 persons. In September 2005, Chile's Supreme Court ordered the lifting of Pinochet's general immunity from prosecutions, with respect to this case. In a confession letter which Michael Townley wrote on March 14, 1978, he acknowledged to being DINA's lead foreign assassin. Joining DINA in 1974, Townley would go on lead a special DINA unit called

4028-503: The "great genius of this century". In a speech he gave on 5 June 1946, Neruda also paid tribute to the late Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin , whom Neruda regarded as a "man of noble life," "the great constructor of the future," and "a comrade in arms of Lenin and Stalin." Neruda later came to regret his fondness for the Soviet Union, explaining that "in those days, Stalin seemed to us the conqueror who had crushed Hitler 's armies." Of

4134-701: The 1930s was a result of his protracted exclusion from "bourgeois society." Due to the presence of many Eastern Bloc writers, Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes later wrote that the PEN conference marked a "beginning of the end" of the Cold War . Upon Neruda's return to Chile, he stopped in Peru, where he gave readings to enthusiastic crowds in Lima and Arequipa and was received by President Fernando Belaúnde Terry . However, this visit also prompted an unpleasant backlash; because

4240-412: The 2015 test showed it was "highly probable that a third party" was responsible for his death. Test results were released on 8 November 2013 of the seven-month investigation by a 15-member forensic team. Patricio Bustos, the head of Chile's medical legal service, stated, "No relevant chemical substances have been found that could be linked to Mr. Neruda's death" at the time. However, Carroza said that he

4346-571: The Botulism Reference Service for Canada, also told Deutsche Welle that the mere presence of C. botulinum is not harmful to humans, and that it the harm that comes from it is the toxins it produces when it grows. Austin further stated the bacteria in Neruda's mouth could've even expanded after he died, as it is common for bacteria to multiply in the body among people after they die. Fabrizio Anniballi, another botulism expert who

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4452-401: The Chilean officials to lift his arrest, allowing Urrutia and Neruda to go to Capri, Italy. Now united with Urrutia, Neruda would, aside from many foreign trips and a stint as Allende's ambassador to France from 1970 to 1973, spend the rest of his life in Chile. By this time, Neruda enjoyed worldwide fame as a poet, and his books were being translated into virtually all the major languages of

4558-626: The Chilean received the prize. "A poet," Neruda stated in his Stockholm speech of acceptance of the Nobel Prize, "is at the same time a force for solidarity and for solitude." The following year, Neruda was awarded the prestigious Golden Wreath Award at the Struga Poetry Evenings . As the coup d'état of 1973 unfolded, Neruda was diagnosed with prostate cancer . The military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet saw Neruda's hopes for Chile destroyed. Shortly thereafter, during

4664-564: The Cuban revolution, and he never visited the island again, even after receiving an invitation in 1968. After the death of Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, Neruda wrote several articles regretting the loss of a "great hero". At the same time, he told his friend Aida Figueroa not to cry for Che but for Luis Emilio Recabarren , the father of the Chilean communist movement who preached a pacifist revolution over Che's violent ways. In 1970, Neruda

4770-538: The Junta established that all public information would have to be inspected and revised by the Junta before airing, and a couple days later an "Office of Censorship" was created to supervise all media. A lot of newspapers received their work back scribbled out with red ink. Through coercion, murder, and kidnappings, television outlets masked the truth on the coup d'état as a plan by the military of Chile . Various international cable news networks were banned by DINA to prevent

4876-585: The National Poet of Chile. In this poem, he used tons of imagery, metaphors, irony, symbolism, and an overall witty tone to get his point of dislike towards big corrupt corporations and promotion of communism. After returning to Chile, Neruda was given diplomatic posts in Buenos Aires and then Barcelona , Spain. He later succeeded Gabriela Mistral as consul in Madrid , where he became the center of

4982-472: The Peruvian government had come out against the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba , July 1966 saw more than 100 Cuban intellectuals retaliate against the poet by signing a letter that charged Neruda with colluding with the enemy, calling him an example of the "tepid, pro-Yankee revisionism" then prevalent in Latin America. The affair was particularly painful for Neruda because of his previous outspoken support for

5088-598: The Pinochet era. DINA was replaced by the CNI (Central Nacional de Informaciones) in 1977 and Contreras was replaced by general Odlanier Mena. By that time, DINA had reached its military goals: assassinate the Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) leadership and the main leaders of the Popular Unity , the coalition of the parties that had won the 1970 elections. The dissolution of the CNI occurred in 1990 during

5194-504: The September 1952 presidential elections and was keen to have the presence of Neruda, by now Chile's most prominent left-wing literary figure, to support the campaign. Neruda returned to Chile in August of that year and rejoined Delia del Carril, who had traveled ahead of him some months earlier, but the marriage was crumbling. Del Carril eventually learned of his affair with Matilde Urrutia, and he sent her back to Chile in 1955. She convinced

5300-845: The Service for the Evacuation of Spanish Refugees set up by Juan Negrín , President of the Spanish Republican Government in Exile . Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in Mexico City from 1940 to 1943. During his time there, he married del Carril and learned that his daughter Malva had died at the age of eight in Nazi-occupied Netherlands. In 1940, following the failed assassination attempt against Leon Trotsky , Neruda arranged

5406-438: The Soviet Union. His trip to Mexico in late 1949 was lengthened due to a serious bout of phlebitis . A Chilean singer named Matilde Urrutia was hired to care for him, and they began an affair that would, years later, culminate in marriage. During his exile, Urrutia would travel from country to country, shadowing him, and they would arrange meetings whenever they could. Matilde Urrutia was the muse for Los versos del capitán ,

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5512-773: The Soviet repression of dissident writers like Boris Pasternak and Joseph Brodsky , an attitude with which even some of his staunchest admirers disagreed. On 4 March 1945, Neruda was elected as a Communist Senator representing the northern provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapacá in the Atacama Desert . He officially joined the Communist Party of Chile four months later. In 1946, the Radical Party's presidential candidate, Gabriel González Videla , asked Neruda to act as his campaign manager. González Videla

5618-485: The Spanish Civil War and its aftermath moved him away from privately focused work in the direction of collective obligation. Neruda became an ardent Communist for the rest of his life. The radical leftist politics of his literary friends, as well as that of del Carril, were contributing factors, but the most important catalyst was the execution of García Lorca by forces loyal to the dictator Francisco Franco . Through his speeches and writings, Neruda threw his support behind

5724-504: The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , adopted Neruda as one of its primary targets and launched a campaign to undermine his reputation, reviving the old claim that he had been an accomplice in the attack on Leon Trotsky in Mexico City in 1940. The campaign became more intense when it became known that Neruda was a candidate for the 1964 Nobel Prize, which was eventually awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre . (who rejected it). In 1966, Neruda

5830-535: The US, Sweden; they have all offered to do the lab work for free." The Pablo Neruda Foundation fought the exhumation on the grounds that Araya's claims were unbelievable. In June 2013, a court order was issued to find the man who allegedly poisoned Neruda. Police were investigating Michael Townley , who was facing trial for the killings of General Carlos Prats (Buenos Aires, 1974) and ex-Chancellor Orlando Letelier (Washington, 1976). The Chilean government suggested that

5936-519: The age of eight, having spent most of her short life with a foster family in the Netherlands after Neruda ignored and abandoned her, forcing her mother to work solely to support her care. Half of that time was during the Nazi occupation of Holland, when the Nazi view of birth defects was that they denoted genetic inferiority. During this period, Neruda became estranged from his wife and instead began

6042-432: The assassination of Letelier, Townley noted the planned date-September 21, 1976- and how he received the assassination order from Contreras deputy Pedro Espinoza. Michael Townley worked with Eugenio Berríos on producing sarin in the 1970s, at a laboratory in a DINA-owned house in the district of Lo Curro, Santiago de Chile . Eugenio Berríos, who was murdered in 1992, was also linked with drug traffickers and agents of

6148-629: The authority he had over him. When he brought up the Letelier-Moffitt assassination, Townley noted how the influential DINA leader was able to get away with not letting Pinochet know the truth about this case. The United States backed and supported the Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front , which funded and directed the first coup attempt against Allende's regime, known as the Tanquetazo . The CIA established links with DINA after

6254-554: The capital of the British colony of Burma , then administered from New Delhi as a province of British India . Later, mired in isolation and loneliness, he worked in Colombo ( Ceylon ), Batavia ( Java ), and Singapore . In Batavia the following year, he met and married (December 6, 1930) his first wife, a Dutch bank employee named Marijke Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang (born as Marietje Antonia Hagenaar), known as Maruca. While he

6360-441: The destiny of a man always emerges to instill confidence in the spirit of greatness in the history of our nations." During the late 1960s, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was asked for his opinion on Neruda. Borges stated, "I think of him as a very fine poet, a very fine poet. I don't admire him as a man; I think of him as a very mean man." He said that Neruda had not spoken out against Argentine President Juan Perón because he

6466-406: The entire length of the Pinochet government. Torture and rape of detainees was common: In some camps, routine sadism was taken to extremes. At Villa Grimaldi , recalcitrant prisoners were dragged to a parking lot; DINA agents then used a car or truck to run over and crush their legs. Prisoners there recalled one young man who was beaten with chains and left to die slowly from internal injuries. Rape

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6572-600: The external debt of Chile, billions owed to European and American banks, but within months of his arrival in Paris, his health began to deteriorate. Neruda returned to Chile two-and-a-half years later due to his failing health. In 1971, Neruda was awarded the Nobel Prize , a decision that did not come easily because some of the committee members had not forgotten Neruda's past praise of Stalinist dictatorship. But his Swedish translator, Artur Lundkvist , did his best to ensure

6678-573: The future Nobel Prize-winning novelist and cultural attaché to the Guatemalan embassy, Miguel Ángel Asturias , to travel to Europe using Asturias' passport. Pablo Picasso arranged his entrance into Paris , and Neruda made a surprise appearance there to a stunned World Congress of Peace Forces , while the Chilean government denied that the poet could have escaped the country. Neruda spent those three years traveling extensively throughout Europe as well as taking trips to India, China, Sri Lanka , and

6784-589: The gooseflesh that I get from reading certain passages of the Inferno . No doubt they began in good faith ... but insensibly, commitment by commitment, they saw themselves becoming entangled in a mesh of lies, falsehoods, deceits, and perjuries, until they lost their souls." On 15 July 1945, at Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo , Brazil, Neruda read to 100,000 people in honor of the Communist revolutionary leader Luís Carlos Prestes . Neruda hailed Vladimir Lenin as

6890-670: The grounds of the Organization of American States building in Washington, D.C. Chilean composer Sergio Ortega worked closely with Neruda in the musical play Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta ( Splendor and death of Joaquín Murieta ) in 1967. In 1998, Ortega expanded the piece into an opera, leaving Neruda's text intact. Numerous groups and individuals have set the poems by Neruda to music, including: The biographical dramas Neruda (2016) and Alborada (2021) center on Neruda's life. The Italian film Il Postino (1994)

6996-463: The heavens unfastened and open. From "Poetry", Memorial de Isla Negra (1964). Trans. Alastair Reid. Neruda's father opposed his son's interest in writing and literature, but he received encouragement from others, including the future Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral , who headed the local school. On 18 July 1917, at the age of 13, he published his first work, an essay titled "Entusiasmo y perseverancia" ("Enthusiasm and Perseverance") in

7102-443: The hospital. Although it was long reported that he died of heart failure, the interior ministry of the Chilean government issued a statement in 2015 acknowledging a ministry document indicating the government's official position that "it was clearly possible and highly likely" that Neruda was killed as a result of "the intervention of third parties". However, an international forensic test conducted in 2013 rejected allegations that he

7208-499: The intention of becoming a teacher. However, he soon devoted all his time to writing poems, and with the help of well-known writer Eduardo Barrios , he managed to meet and impress Don Carlos George Nascimento, the most important publisher in Chile at the time. In 1923, his first volume of verse, Crepusculario ( Book of Twilights ), was published by Editorial Nascimento, followed the next year by Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada ( Twenty Love Poems and A Desperate Song ),

7314-406: The local daily newspaper La Mañana, and signed it Neftalí Reyes. From 1918 to mid-1920, he published numerous poems, such as "Mis ojos" ("My eyes"), and essays in local magazines as Neftalí Reyes. In 1919, he participated in the literary contest Juegos Florales del Maule and won third place for his poem "Comunión ideal" or "Nocturno ideal." By mid-1920, when he adopted the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, he

7420-520: The memoirs and possibly his final poem "Right Comrade, It's the Hour of the Garden." These and other activities brought her into conflict with Pinochet's government, which continually sought to curtail Neruda's influence on the Chilean collective consciousness. Urrutia's own memoir, My Life with Pablo Neruda, was published posthumously in 1986. Manuel Araya, his Communist Party-appointed chauffeur, published

7526-432: The names of 119 Chilean leftist opponents, claiming they had been killed in internal disputes unrelated to the Pinochet regime. Both magazines disappeared after this one and only issue. Judge Juan Guzmán Tapia eventually asked Chilean justices to lift Pinochet's immunity in this case, called "Operation Colombo", having accumulated evidence that Pinochet had ordered the DINA to plant this disinformation, in order to cover up

7632-484: The news of the forced coup d'état by the military. Some international networks were convinced to lie by the Junta about social and political aspects of Chile. The censorship breached particular homes and public services, and on September 23, 1973, DINA sent policemen to register households and institutions. They searched subversive evidence such as books by Pablo Neruda , articles on social sciences, political science, human rights, and those who were rounded up and burned at

7738-627: The next 13 months. While in hiding, Senator Neruda was removed from office, and in September 1948, the Communist Party was banned altogether under the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia, called by critics the Ley Maldita (Accursed Law), which eliminated over 26,000 people from the electoral registers, thus stripping them of their right to vote. Neruda later moved to Valdivia in southern Chile. From Valdivia, he moved to Fundo Huishue,

7844-580: The photographs at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City to discredit British criticism of human rights abuses in Chile. However, the photographs arrived too late to be utilised by the Chilean government, and were eventually published in Santiago -based newspaper El Mercurio instead. Townley wrote an undated letter to Pinochet informing him of Romero's assignment, which

7950-453: The poem. In fact, he had carried the manuscript with him during his escape on horseback. A month later, a different edition of 5,000 copies was boldly published in Chile by the outlawed Communist Party, based on a manuscript Neruda had left behind. In Mexico, he was granted honorary Mexican citizenship. Neruda's 1952 stay in a villa owned by Italian historian Edwin Cerio on the island of Capri

8056-483: The poet had been in an imminent situation of death at the moment of entering the hospital" and that death from prostate cancer was not likely at the moment when he died. The team also discovered something in Neruda's remains that could possibly be a laboratory-cultivated bacterium. The results of their continuing analysis were expected in 2018. His cause of death was, in fact, listed as a heart attack. Scientists who exhumed Neruda's body in 2013 also supported claims that he

8162-488: The pro-Pinochet El Mercurio newspaper the day after Neruda's death refer to an injection given immediately before Neruda's death. According to an official Chilean Interior Ministry report prepared in March 2015 for the court investigation into Neruda's death, "he was either given an injection or something orally" at the Santa María Clinic "which caused his death six-and-a-half hours later. The 1971 Nobel laureate

8268-464: The remains of the poet. Carroza had been conducting probes into hundreds of deaths allegedly connected to abuses of Pinochet's regime from 1973 to 1990. Carroza's inquiry during 2011–12 uncovered enough evidence to order the exhumation in April 2013. Eduardo Contreras, a Chilean lawyer who was leading the push for a full investigation, commented, "We have world-class labs from India, Switzerland, Germany,

8374-419: The removal of Pinochet from power, she never received any information about her son's fate. Numerous others who disappeared or were killed during that period remained unidentified, leaving thousands of families of leftist sympathizers still searching for their loved ones in Chile to this day. Compensation for these losses was minimal, and children endured immense hardship. In another interview, Politzer recounted

8480-442: The story of a woman who survived being shot alongside other leftists. She emphasized that had she perished at the hands of DINA, her children would have been left without care. These accounts highlight the callous disregard exhibited by DINA and other agencies operating under Pinochet's authority, resulting in children being orphaned. Patricia Politzer's work in "Fear in Chile" vividly portrays the stark realities of life in Chile during

8586-532: The successful 1973 Chilean coup d'état . Ties were cut, however, after the assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington DC, which DINA agent Michael Townley was directly tied with and which eventually led to the disbanding of the DINA in 1977. In a confession letter dated March 13, 1978 Townley claimed that he in fact went through with the Letelier and Ronni Moffit assassinations on behalf of DINA and

8692-475: The title DINA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DINA&oldid=1235459747 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Direcci%C3%B3n de Inteligencia Nacional In 2008,

8798-619: The world. He vigorously denounced the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis and later in the decade repeatedly condemned the U.S. for its involvement in the Vietnam War . But being one of the most prestigious and outspoken left-wing intellectuals alive, he also attracted opposition from ideological opponents. The Congress for Cultural Freedom , an anti-communist organization covertly established and funded by

8904-480: The “Agrupación Avispa”—the Wasp Group—which operated under DINA’s Mulchén Brigade and was “dedicated to elimination” of opponents of the Pinochet regime. The DINA worked with international agents, such as Michael Townley , who assassinated former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington DC in 1976, as well as General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires , Argentina , in 1974. In a letter discussing plans for

9010-731: Was "following orders from Gen. Contreras." On September 21, 1976, Townley updated an earlier letter and implied that DINA worked with other Southern Cone secret police forces as part of a network known as "Red Condor," which he claimed assisted his travel into the United States to recruit the American Cuban exile assassins who were on his assassination team that killed Letelier. The DINA was involved in Operation Condor , as well as Operation Colombo . In July 1976, two magazines in Argentina and Brazil appeared and published

9116-536: Was a communist who believed corporations such as this were exploiting Latin America and hurting them. The corporation was corrupt and had a quest for wealth, and throughout his poem, he speaks of how the innocent citizens of Latin America suffered when companies destroyed their land and lifestyles and brought cruelty and injustices to their land. He points out ways that companies manipulate governments and workers in attempts to be greedy towards impoverished countries. As

9222-641: Was a published author of poems, prose, and journalism. He is thought to have derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda , though other sources say the true inspiration was Moravian violinist Wilma Neruda , whose name appears in Arthur Conan Doyle's novel A Study in Scarlet . In 1921, at the age of 16, Neruda moved to Santiago to study French at the Universidad de Chile with

9328-527: Was afraid to risk his reputation, noting "I was an Argentine poet; he was a Chilean poet; he's on the side of the Communists; I'm against them. So I felt he was behaving very wisely in avoiding a meeting that would have been quite uncomfortable for both of us." A few weeks after his "Yo acuso" speech in 1948, finding himself threatened with arrest, Neruda went into hiding. He and his wife were smuggled from house to house, hidden by supporters and admirers for

9434-571: Was also a recurring form of abuse. DINA officers subjected female prisoners to grotesque forms of sexual torture that included insertion of rodents and, as tactfully described in the Commission report, "unnatural acts involving dogs." As of September 11, 1973, the military dictatorship worked with DINA to censor channels, newspapers, and radio transmissions that supported the Popular Socialist Union and supporters. A decree by

9540-625: Was born on 12 July 1904, in Parral, Chile , a city in Linares Province , now part of the greater Maule Region , some 350 km south of Santiago . His father, José del Carmen Reyes Morales, was a railway employee, and his mother Rosa Neftalí Basoalto Opazo was a school teacher who died on 14 September two months after he was born. On 26 September, he was baptized in the parish of San Jose de Parral. Neruda grew up in Temuco with Rodolfo and

9646-522: Was declining, and he called his wife, Matilde Urrutia, so she could come immediately because they were giving him something, and he wasn't feeling good." On 12 May 2011, the Mexican magazine Proceso published an interview with his former driver Manuel Araya Osorio in which he states that he was present when Neruda called his wife and warned that he believed Pinochet had ordered a doctor to kill him, and that he had just been given an injection in his stomach. He died six-and-a-half hours later. Even reports from

9752-456: Was deemed illegal. Following the election of Pedro Aguirre Cerda (whom Neruda supported) as President of Chile in 1938, Neruda was appointed special Consul for Spanish emigrants in Paris. There he was responsible for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": transporting 2,000 Spanish refugees who had been housed by the French in squalid camps to Chile on an old ship called

9858-452: Was driving Neruda to buy medicine when he was suddenly stopped by military personnel who arrested him, hijacked the Fiat 125 he was driving, and took him to police headquarters where they tortured Araya. He found out Neruda had died after Santiago Archbishop Raúl Silva Henríquez informed him. In December 2011, Chile's Communist Party asked Chilean Judge Mario Carroza to order the exhumation of

9964-541: Was fictionalized in Antonio Skarmeta 's 1985 novel Ardiente Paciencia ( Ardent Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman ), which inspired the popular film Il Postino (1994). By 1952, the González Videla government was on its last legs, weakened by corruption scandals. The Chilean Socialist Party was in the process of nominating Salvador Allende as its candidate for

10070-559: Was from the same source as that found in the molar. In November 2018, the Cultural Committee of Chile's lower house voted in favor of renaming Santiago's main airport after Neruda. The decision sparked protests from feminist groups who highlighted a passage in Neruda's memoirs describing a sexual encounter, his description of which resembles rape, with a maid in 1929 in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ). Several feminist groups, bolstered by

10176-489: Was in the diplomatic service, Neruda read large amounts of verse, experimented with many different poetic forms, and wrote the first two volumes of Residencia en la Tierra , which include many surrealist poems. In 1950, Neruda wrote a famous poem, “United Fruit Company,” referencing the United Fruit Company , founded in 1899, that controlled many territories and transportation networks in Latin America. He

10282-588: Was invited to attend an International PEN conference in New York City . Officially, he was barred from entering the U.S. because he was a communist, but the conference organizer, playwright Arthur Miller , eventually prevailed upon the Johnson Administration to grant Neruda a visa. Neruda gave readings to packed halls and even recorded some poems for the Library of Congress . Miller later opined that Neruda's adherence to his communist ideals of

10388-426: Was nominated as a candidate for the Chilean presidency but ended up giving his support to Salvador Allende , who later won the election and was inaugurated in 1970 as Chile's first democratically elected socialist head of state. Shortly thereafter, Allende appointed Neruda the Chilean ambassador to France, lasting from 1970 to 1972; his final diplomatic posting. During his stint in Paris, Neruda helped to renegotiate

10494-451: Was not directly involved in the research on Neruda's remains, further noted it was too unlikely that the injection he was alleged to been given into belly gave him botulism, noting that it was also claimed he died a mere six hours it happened, which is not a feasible amount of time to trigger botulism. Debi Poinar also acknowledged to Deutsche Welle that while some C. botulinum was found in Neruda's bones, it had yet to be discerned whether it

10600-487: Was poisoned. Neruda is often considered the national poet of Chile, and his works have been popular and influential worldwide. The Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez once called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language", and the critic Harold Bloom included Neruda as one of the writers central to the Western tradition in his book The Western Canon . Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto

10706-415: Was scheduled to fly to Mexico where he may have been planning to lead a government in exile that would denounce General Augusto Pinochet, who led the coup against Allende on September 11, according to his friends, researchers, and other political observers". The funeral took place amidst a massive police presence, and mourners took advantage of the occasion to protest against the new regime, established just

10812-555: Was sentenced to two life-sentences, one for the murder of Carlos Prats and one for the murder of his wife, Sofía Cuthbert. He also received an additional 20-year sentence for illicit association. In 1975, Virgilio Paz Romero , a Cuban exile affiliated with DINA, visited Northern Ireland and secretly took photographs of prisons run by the Northern Ireland Prison Service as part of a DINA assignment. The Chilean government had intended to publicly display

10918-717: Was subsequently intercepted by the American National Security Agency . Beginning in late 2014, in response to a request by Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee Carl Levin , the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies , a United States Department of Defense (DoD) institution for defense and security studies in the Western Hemisphere , was placed under investigation by

11024-460: Was suffering from prostate cancer when he died. In 2023, a team from McMaster University and the University of Copenhagen confirmed the presence of the Clostridium botulinum bacteria in Neruda's bloodstream, although it is not clear if this contributed to his death. McMaster researcher Debi Poinar noted that if Neruda had died of botulism , he would've suffered paralysis or septicemia,

11130-682: Was supported by a coalition of left-wing parties, and Neruda fervently campaigned on his behalf. However, once in office, González Videla turned against the Communist Party and enacted the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy). The breaking point for Senator Neruda was the violent repression of a Communist-led miners' strike in Lota in October 1947 when striking workers were herded into island military prisons and

11236-536: Was waiting for the results of the last scientific tests conducted in May (2015), which found that Neruda was infected with the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium, which can be highly toxic and result in death if modified. A team of 16 international experts led by Spanish forensic specialist Aurelio Luna from the University of Murcia announced on 20 October 2017 that "from analysis of the data, we cannot accept that

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