The Ariaal are northern Kenyan pastoralists . They claim descent from cattle-owning Samburu who captured significant herds of camels and learned how to manage them from their eastern neighbours, the Rendille . This led them to adopt the Rendille culture, language, and other Rendille practices, such as monogamy. Before Kenya independence, the separation between the cattle and camel economies was vividly reflected in the division between an Ariaal elder's senior wife, whose family would be reared as Ariaal, and his junior wives who lived with his cattle as Samburu. In effect, such elders continued to straddle the boundary between monogamous camel-owning Ariaal and polygynous cattle-owning Samburu, speaking both languages and participating in both cultures.
16-501: 1815 13491 ENSG00000069696 ENSG00000276825 ENSMUSG00000025496 P21917 P51436 NM_000797 NM_007878 NP_000788 NP_031904 The dopamine receptor D 4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5. The structure of DRD4 has been reported in complex with the antipsychotic drug nemonapride . As with other dopamine receptor subtypes,
32-575: A serial killer who uses DNA profiles obtained on the Dark Web to target female victims, specifically those whose DRD4 profiles allegedly make them more susceptible to risk taking and sexual promiscuity. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which is in the public domain . D2-like receptor The D 2 -like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind
48-532: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ariaal An Ariaal person killing a lion is highly respected. They have been the subject of much study by anthropologists, especially Elliot Fratkin. More recent work has been conducted by Bettina Shell-Duncan, Benjamin Campbell and their respective students. An article in The New York Times (Nov. 2, 2014) reports on research for which
64-602: Is considered to be D 2 -like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase , thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP . The human protein is coded by the DRD4 on chromosome 11 located in 11p15.5 . There are slight variations ( mutations / polymorphisms ) in the human gene: Mutations in this gene have been associated with various behavioral phenotypes, including autonomic nervous system dysfunction , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , schizophrenia and
80-472: Is recognized , a distinctive but functional (i.e., not pathological) phenomenon that has significant evolutionary roots in terms of having predisposed survival at a time when a hunter's instinct was aided by a certain restlessness. The research into the Ariaal subgroup differences seems to have suggestive implications supportive of a nonpathologizing view that what "ADHD" signifies is an individual's suitedness to
96-479: The D 4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine . It is linked to many neurological and psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder , ADHD , addictive behaviors, Parkinson's disease , and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa . A weak association has been drawn between DRD4 and borderline personality disorder . It is also a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease . The D 4 receptor
112-542: The cognitive development of children with the 7-repeat allele of DRD4 . Parenting that has maternal sensitivity, mindfulness, and autonomy–support at 15 months was found to alter children's executive functions at 18 to 20 months. Children with poorer quality parenting were more impulsive and sensation seeking than those with higher quality parenting. Higher quality parenting was associated with better executive control in 4-year-olds. Michael Connelly ’s 2020 crime novel Fair Warning (ISBN 978-0-316-53942-5) revolves around
128-404: The endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine . The D 2 -like subfamily consists of three G-protein coupled receptors that are coupled to G i /G o and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission , of which include D 2 , D 3 , and D 4 . For more information, please see the respective main articles of the individual subtypes: This transmembrane receptor -related article
144-516: The D4 receptor increase working memory performance and fear acquisition in monkeys and rodents according to a U-shaped dose response curve . However, antagonists of the D4 receptor reverse stress-induced or drug-induced working memory deficits. Gamma oscillations , which may be correlated with cognitive processing, can be increased by D4R agonists, but are not significantly reduced by D4R antagonists. Several studies have suggested that parenting may affect
160-592: The DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism show variations in auditory-evoked gamma oscillations , which may be related to attention processing. The frequency of the alleles varies greatly between populations, e.g., the 7-repeat version has high incidence in America and low in Asia. "Long" versions of polymorphisms are the alleles with 6 to 10 repeats. 7R appears to react less strongly to dopamine molecules. The 48-base pair VNTR has been
176-413: The evolution of the societal patterns of the Ariaal people into two subgroups (nomadic herders vs. settled growers) seems to provide a rather unusual intersection for the study of genetics and behavior. The researcher, Dan T. A. Eisenberg, a University of Washington anthropologist, is reported to be studying genetic variation of a Dopamine type 4 receptor (DRD4 7R) and finding correlated differences between
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#1732787623971192-462: The genetic variation and the chosen lifestyle of a given Ariaal subgroup. Eisenberg's research builds on a growing number of studies connecting the status of an individual's dopamine receptors and an ADHD diagnosis, and is presented in this article in the context of the proliferation of ADHD diagnoses in Western society, as one key new body of research exploring whether ADHD is more functional than
208-501: The personality trait of novelty seeking . The 48-base pair variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR ) in exon 3 range from 2 to 11 repeats. Dopamine is more potent at the D4 receptor with 2 allelic repeat or 7 allelic repeats than the variant with 4 allelic repeats. DRD4-7R , the 7-repeat (7R) variant of DRD4 (DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism), has been linked to a susceptibility for developing ADHD in several meta-analyses and other psychological traits and disorders. Adults and children with
224-641: The polymorphism and found no effect. Results are consistent with novelty-seeking behavior being a complex trait associated with many genes, and the variance attributable to DRD4 by itself being very small. The meta-analysis of 11 studies did find that another polymorphism in the gene, the -521C/T , showed an association with novelty seeking. While human results are not strong, research in animals has suggested stronger associations and new evidence suggests that human encroachment may exert selection pressure in favor of DRD4 variants associated with novelty seeking. Several studies have shown that agonists that activate
240-442: The subject of much speculation about its evolution and role in human behaviors cross-culturally. The 7R allele appears to have been selected for about 40,000 years ago. In 1999 Chen and colleagues observed that populations who migrated farther in the past 30,000 to 1,000 years ago had a higher frequency of 7R/long alleles. They also showed that nomadic populations had higher frequencies of 7R alleles than sedentary ones. More recently it
256-447: Was observed that the health status of nomadic Ariaal men was higher if they had 7R alleles. However, in recently sedentary (non-nomadic) Ariaal those with 7R alleles seemed to have slightly deteriorated health. Despite early findings of an association between the DRD4 48bp VNTR and novelty seeking (a normal characteristic of exploratory and excitable people), a 2008 meta-analysis compared 36 published studies of novelty seeking and
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