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61-460: The earliest double Gauss lens, patented by Alvan Graham Clark in 1888, consists of two symmetrically-arranged Gauss lenses . Each Gauss lens is a two-element achromatic lens with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image side. In Clark's symmetric arrangement, this makes four elements in four groups: two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. The symmetry of

122-626: A DX encoding six-digit barcode pattern, which uses a DX number to identify the manufacturer and film type (and thus processing method), and the number of exposures, for the use of photofinishing laboratories. The cassettes are also manufactured with a Camera Auto Sensing code constructed as two rows of six rectangular areas on the metal cassette surface which are either conductive or insulating, representing 32 possible film speeds, eight possible film lengths, and four possible values of exposure tolerance or latitude. Conforming cameras detect at least some of these areas; only three contacts are needed to set

183-515: A 24×65 mm panoramic format with their XPan/TX-1 camera. There is also a 21×14 mm format used by Tessina subminiature camera. The film is available in lengths for varying numbers of exposures. The standard full-length roll has always been 36 exposures (assuming a standard 24×36 frame size). Through about 1980, 20 exposure rolls were the only shorter length with widespread availability. Since then, 20 exposure rolls have been largely discontinued in favour of 24- and 12-exposure rolls. The length of

244-465: A chemical process. For example Fuji Velvia film gave the photo a characteristic of saturated colours under daylight, high contrast, and exceptional sharpness. A true normal lens for 35 mm format would have a focal length of 43 mm, the diagonal measurement of the format. However, lenses of 43 mm to 60 mm are commonly considered normal lenses for the format, in mass production and popular use. Common focal lengths of lenses made for

305-455: A default aspect ratio of 4:3 (crop factor of 1.33). Mimicking 35mm film in a smartphone requires cropping to a 3:2 aspect ratio (crop factor of 1.5-1.6). For an authentic homage, one can apply creative digital filters like the ones commonly used in Instagram that map the colour profile to a characteristic look. Different brands of 35mm film would achieve the creative colour profile through

366-452: A format as small as 24 mm × 36 mm was suitable for professional photography. Although Barnack designed his prototype camera around 1913, the first experimental production run of ur-Leicas (Serial No. 100 to 130) did not occur until 1923. Full-scale production of the Leica did not begin until 1925. While by that time, there were at least a dozen other 35 mm cameras available, the Leica

427-492: A light meter for the four most popular film speeds. The 135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities (film speeds) described by ISO standards. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°. Films of lower sensitivity (and better picture quality) and higher sensitivity (for low light) are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive. Monochrome film

488-486: A mnemonic, due to the historic prevalence of the 35 mm format. This 'equivalent' is computed by multiplying (a) the true focal length of the lens by (b) the ratio of the diagonal measurement of the native format to that of the 35 mm format. As a result, a lens for an APS-C (18×24 mm) format camera body with a focal length of 40 mm, might be described as "60 mm (35 mm equivalent)". Although its true focal length remains 40 mm, its angle of view

549-620: A six element asymmetric double Gauss formula. Post-World War II Zeiss (Oberkochen, West Germany) no longer uses the Biotar name; instead lumping all double Gauss variants under the Planar name. The Soviet 58mm f /2 Helios-44 lens of the Zenit camera was the most common version/clone of the Biotar , making an excellent value-for-money accessory today for any digital camera with APS-C and Full-Frame sized sensor, though an appropriate M42 adaptor

610-410: A small amount of oblique spherical aberration, which could lower peripheral contrast. Double Gauss/Planar tweaks formed the basis for most normal and near-normal prime lens designs with wide apertures for sixty years. The original two element Gauss was a telescope objective lens consisting of closely spaced positive and negative menisci, invented in 1817 by Carl Friedrich Gauss as an improvement to

671-411: A smaller format called Advanced Photo System (APS) was introduced by a consortium of photographic companies in an attempt to supersede 135 film. Due in part to its small negative size, APS was not taken seriously as a professional format, despite the production of APS SLRs. In the point-and-shoot markets at which the format was primarily aimed, it enjoyed moderate initial success, but still never rivalled

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732-443: A thin polyester base, allowed 72 exposures in a single cassette. They produced special reels and tanks to allow this to be processed. Digital sensors are available in various sizes. Professional DSLR cameras usually use digital image sensors which approximate the dimensions of the 35 mm format, sometimes differing by fractions of a millimetre on one or both dimensions. Since 2007, Nikon has referred to their 35 mm format by

793-504: A wide field of view , usually with seven elements for extra aberration control. Modern super wide aperture models of f / 1.0 can have eight or more elements, while more moderate aperture f /2.8 versions can be simplified to five elements. The Double Gauss was likely the most intensively studied lens formula of the twentieth century, producing dozens of major variants, scores of minor variants, hundreds of marketed lenses and tens of millions of unit sales. It has few flaws, most notably

854-431: Is a format of photographic film with a film gauge of 35 mm (1.4 in) loaded into a standardized type of magazine (also referred to as a cassette or cartridge) for use in 135 film cameras . The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for 35 mm film specifically for still photography, perforated with Kodak Standard perforations. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by

915-402: Is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking . The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film (also called "long pitch", KS-1870 , whereas 35 mm professional motion picture camera films are always "short pitch", BH-1866 ). Most cameras require the film to be rewound before

976-524: Is common to higher-end digital image sensors , where it is typically referred to as full-frame format. On 135 film, the typical cameras produce a frame where the longer dimension of the 24×36 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870 . For each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm. This allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Camera models typically have different locations for

1037-588: Is required (≈53° diagonal) such as in projectors. Alvan Graham Clark Alvan Graham Clark (July 10, 1832 – June 9, 1897) was an American astronomer and telescope -maker. Alvan Graham Clark was born in Fall River , Massachusetts , the son of Alvan Clark , founder of Alvan Clark & Sons . On January 31, 1862, while testing a new 18.5-inch (470 mm) aperture great refractor telescope in Cambridgeport , Massachusetts , Clark made

1098-481: Is required for this particular lens. Several contemporaneous competing, but less famous lenses, were similar to the Biotar, such as Albrecht Tronnier 's Xenon for Schneider Kreuznach (1925, Germany). For example, three asymmetric Double Gauss lenses were produced in 1934 for Ihagee VP Exakta (1933, Germany) the type 127 roll film SLR camera: 8 cm f /2 versions of both the Biotar and Xenon , as well as

1159-416: Is usually panchromatic ; orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, both monochrome and with false-colour (or pseudocolour) rendition. More exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes. The term 135 format usually refers to a 24×36 mm film format , commonly known as 35 mm format. The 24×36 mm format

1220-553: The Fraunhofer Achromatic telescope objective lens by adding a meniscus lens to its single convex and concave lens design. Alvan Graham Clark and Bausch & Lomb further refined the design in 1888 by taking two of these lenses and placing them back to back, making a "double Gauss" design, albeit with indifferent photographic results. Current double Gauss lenses can be traced back to an 1895 improved design, when Paul Rudolph of Carl Zeiss Jena thickened

1281-604: The Kodak Retina in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35 mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than the Retina. Argus , too, made a long-lived range of 35 mm cameras; notably the Argus C3 . Kodak launched 135-format Kodachrome colour film in 1936. AGFA followed with

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1342-660: The Lee Opic , UK) f /2 lens. It was commercially unsuccessful, but its asymmetry is the foundation of the modern double Gauss, including the Zeiss Biotar . Later the design was developed with additional glasses to give high-performance lenses of wide aperture. The main development was due to Taylor Hobson in the 1920s, resulting in the f /2.0 Opic and later the Speed Panchro designs, which were licensed to various other manufacturers. In 1927, Lee modified

1403-550: The Nikon F6 (discontinued in 2020). Introductory 35 mm SLRs, compact film point-and-shoot cameras, and single-use cameras continue to be built and sold by a number of makers. Leica introduced the digital Leica M8 rangefinder in 2007, but continues to make its M series rangefinder film cameras and lenses. A digital camera back for the Leica R9 SLR camera was discontinued in 2007. On March 25, 2009, Leica discontinued

1464-620: The Sony FE 50mm f / 1.8 , the Canon EF 50mm f / 1.8 and the Nikon 50 mm f / 1.8D AF Nikkor . It is also used as the basis for faster designs, with elements added, such as a seventh element as in both Canon and Nikon's 50 mm f / 1.4 offerings or an aspherical seventh element in Canon's 50 mm f / 1.2 L . The design appears in other applications where a simple fast normal lens

1525-719: The Super Speed Panchro type and the Xenon type, developing the seven-element, six-group Super Takumar 50mm f /1.4 (v2). During the 1960s to early 80s every optical house had Super Panchro type or Super Takumar type double Gauss normal lenses jockeying for sales. For example, compare the Tokyo Optical RE Auto-Topcor 5.8 cm f /1.4 for the Topcon RE Super/Super D (1963), Olympus G. Zuiko Auto-S 40mm f /1.4 for

1586-445: The trade mark FX. Other makers of 35 mm format digital cameras, including Leica , Sony , and Canon , refer to their 35 mm sensors simply as full frame. Most consumer DSLR cameras use smaller sensors, with the most popular size being APS-C which measures around 23×15 mm (giving it a crop factor of 1.5–1.6). Compact cameras have smaller sensors with a crop factor of around 3 to 6. Most smartphones (as of 2024) have

1647-501: The Canon EF 50mm f /1.2 L USM (2007, Japan), Nikon AF-S Nikkor 50mm f /1.4 G (2008, Japan/China), Sigma EX DG HSM 50mm f /1.4 (2008, Japan), ( Cosina ) Voigtländer Nokton 50mm f /1.1 (2009, Japan), Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/0.95 ASPH (2009, Germany) with their antecedents, or SLR Magic HyperPrime 50mm CINE T0.95 (2012, Hong Kong, China). The design is presently used in inexpensive-but-high-quality fast lenses such as

1708-987: The Dallmeyer Super Six 3 inch f /1.9 (UK). Other early Double Gauss variants for 35mm cameras included the Kodak Ektar 45mm f /2 on the Kodak Bantam Special (1936, USA), the Kodak Ektar 50mm f /1.9 for the Kodak Ektra (1941, USA), the Voigtländer Ultron 50mm f /2 on the Voigtländer Vitessa (1951, West Germany) and the Leitz Summicron 50mm f /2 for the Leica M3 (1953, West Germany). A notable, but largely-forgotten, use of

1769-533: The Double-Gauss formula was in the Canon 28mm f /3.5 (1951, Japan) in M39 mount for Rangefinder cameras. By enlarging the rear group significantly (compared to a Double-Gauss type of more traditional focal length), the field of view was increased while keeping the aperture relatively large- making it, for a time, the fastest 28mm lens available for 35mm cameras by a large margin. In 1966, Asahi Pentax combined

1830-845: The Olympus Pen F (lens 1964, camera 1963), Yashica Auto Yashinon DX 50mm f /1.4 for the Yashica TL Super (1967), Canon FL 50mm f /1.4 (v2) for the Canon FT (lens 1968, camera 1966), Asahi Optical Super Takumar 50mm f /1.4 (v2) for the Pentax Spotmatic (lens 1968, camera 1964), Fuji Fujinon 50mm f /1.4 for the Fujica ST701 (1971), Minolta MC Rokkor-PG 50mm f /1.4 for the Minolta XK/XM/X-1 (1973), Zeiss Planar HFT 50mm f /1.4 for

1891-535: The Opic design and increase the maximum aperture up to f /1.4 , which was named the Ultra Panchro lens. Further improvement was done by Lee in 1930, the Super Speed Panchro . It was a f /1.5 fast design with seven elements in five groups, which influenced later fast speed lens designs, being cited by many lens manufacturers until the 1960s. The Biotar is another competitor of British Panchro series. In

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1952-594: The R9 SLR and R-series lenses. By the early 2020s, film photography, particularly 35 mm photography, was experiencing a resurgence in popularity. In a 2021 PetaPixel survey, 75% of respondents expressed interest in newly manufactured analog cameras. Kodak reported in 2022 that it was having trouble keeping up with demand for 35 mm film. In 2024, the Pentax 17 and the Aflie TYCH+ 35 mm cameras were released, both using

2013-796: The Rolleiflex SL350 (1974), Konica Hexanon AR 50mm f /1.4 for the Konica Autoreflex T3 (lens 1974, camera 1973) and Nippon Kogaku Nikkor (K) 50mm f /1.4 (New) for the Nikon F2 (lens 1976, camera 1971); all from Japan except the Zeiss which was designed in West Germany. Zoom lenses have been dominant since the 1980s and so there have been few newly designed Double Gauss normal lenses, but many new prestige low production Double Gauss lenses have been released. Compare

2074-605: The United States, to observe the magnitude 8 companion. Clark's 18.5 inch refracting telescope was then delivered to his customer, the landmark Dearborn Observatory of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois , where it is still being used today. Alvan Graham Clark died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on June 9, 1897. 135 film 135 film , more popularly referred to as 35 mm film or 35 mm ,

2135-450: The camera is opened. Some motorized cameras unwind the film fully upon loading and then expose the images in reverse order, returning the film to the cassette; this protects all exposed frames (except the last one or two), should the camera back be accidentally opened; unexposed film gets spoiled, however. Disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind. Since 1983, most film cassettes have been marked with

2196-470: The dark. Other, mostly shorter, lengths have been manufactured. There have been some 6-, 8-, 10-, and 15-exposure rolls given away as samples, sometimes in disposable cameras, or used by insurance adjusters to document damage claims. Twelve-exposure rolls have been used widely in the daily press. Photographers who load their own cassettes can use any length of film – with a thinner film base, up to 45 exposures will fit. The Ilford HP black-and-white film, on

2257-406: The film after being closed don't spoil the additional length provided for conventional loading and can make that additional length available for two or three additional exposures. The same length can be available for exposure in any camera if it is loaded without exposing the film to light, e.g. in a dark room or a dark bag. A 27-exposure disposable camera uses a standard 24-exposure cassette loaded in

2318-663: The film leader. In 1934, Kodak introduced a 135 daylight-loading single-use cassette. This cassette was engineered so that it could be used in both Leica and Zeiss Ikon Contax cameras along with the camera for which it was invented, namely the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were the invention of Dr. August Nagel of the Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk in Stuttgart. Kodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing

2379-472: The film provided includes the length required for the indicated number of exposures plus sufficient additional length for the film spoiled by being exposed to ambient light when it is drawn out of the canister, across the back of the camera, and securely engaged with the film advancing spool before the camera back is closed. A camera that uses less than the maximum distance between the spools may be able to make one additional exposure. Self-loading cameras that load

2440-468: The first ever observation of a white dwarf star. This discovery of Sirius B , or affectionately "the Pup", proved an earlier hypotheses ( Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1844) that Sirius , the brightest star in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of −1.46, had an unseen companion disturbing its motion. Clark used the largest refracting telescope lens in existence at the time, and the largest telescope in

2501-737: The format include 24, 28, 35, 50, 85, 105, and 135 mm. Most commonly, a 50 mm lens is the one considered normal ; any lens shorter than this is considered a wide angle lens and anything above is considered a telephoto lens. Even then, wide angles shorter than 24 mm is called an extreme wide angle . Lenses above 50 mm but up to about 100 mm are called short telephoto or sometimes, as portrait telephotos , from 100 mm to about 200 mm are called medium telephotos, and above 300 mm are called long telephotos. With many smaller formats now common (such as APS-C ), lenses are often advertised or marked with their "35 mm equivalent" or "full-frame equivalent" focal length as

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2562-456: The format is much smaller than historical medium format and large format film, being historically referred to as miniature format or small format , it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras and smartphone cameras. The engineering standard for this film is controlled by ISO 1007 titled '135-size film and magazine'. The 135 film size is derived from earlier still cameras using lengths of 35 mm movie film , which had

2623-733: The gold medal in the Concours Lépine , and in 1910 sold at a small scale and without much success. The first big-selling 35 mm still camera was the American Tourist Multiple, which also appeared in 1913, at a cost of $ 175 (~5,600 2024 US Dollars) The first camera to take full-frame 24×36 mm exposures seems to be the Simplex, introduced in the U.S. in 1914. It took either 800 half-frame or 400 full-frame shots on 50 ft (15.2 m) rolls. The Minigraph, by Levy-Roth of Berlin, another half-frame small camera

2684-654: The half-frame format to conserve film. Retrospekt and Mattel put out the Malibu Barbie FC-11 35 mm camera. In September 2024, MiNT Camera took pre-orders for the Rollei 35AF, an update of the Rollei 35. Kodak offered six 35 mm film cameras for sale as of October 2024, including the Ektar H35N, another half-frame camera. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes to allow cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film

2745-587: The interior negative menisci and converted to them to cemented doublets of two elements of equal refraction but differing dispersion for the Zeiss Planar design of 1896 to correct for chromatic aberration . It was the original six element symmetric f /4.5 double Gauss lens. Horace William Lee added a slight asymmetry to the Planar in 1920, and created the Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Series 0 (also called

2806-499: The introduction of Agfacolor Neu later in the same year. The designations 235 and 435 refer to 35 mm film in daylight-loading spools, that could be loaded into Contax or Leica style reusable cassettes, respectively, without need of a darkroom . The 335 was a daylight loading spool for the 24 × 23 mm stereo format. Reflex viewfinders, both twin-and single-lens , had been used with earlier cameras using plates and rollfilm. The first 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR)

2867-406: The late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size. Despite competition from formats such as 828 , 126 , 110 , and APS , it remains the most popular film size today. The size of the 135 film frame with its frame's aspect ratio of 1:1.50 has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as " full frame ". Even though

2928-492: The market penetration of 135. Within five years of its launch, cheap digital compact cameras started becoming widely available, and APS sales plummeted. While they have shifted the vast majority of their product lines to digital, major camera manufacturers such as Canon and Nikon continued to make expensive professional-grade 35 mm film SLRs until relatively recently (such as the Canon EOS-1V (discontinued in 2018) and

2989-483: The popularity of SLRs; until then, the viewfinder on an SLR camera blanked as the mirror sprang out of the optical path just before taking the picture, returning when the film was wound on. Nikon 's F model, introduced in March 1959, was a system camera that greatly improved the quality and utility of 35 mm format cameras, encouraging professionals (especially photojournalists) to switch from larger format cameras to

3050-503: The same size but with different perforations. The 35 mm film standard for motion picture film was established in Thomas Edison 's lab by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson . Dickson took 70 mm film stock supplied by George Eastman 's Eastman Kodak Company. The 70 mm film was cut lengthwise into two equal width (35 mm) strips, spliced together end to end, and then perforated along both edges. The original picture size

3111-608: The same year of 1927, Zeiss designed the Biotar 50mm f /1.4 for cinematography. Its still photography version, the Zeiss Biotar 58mm f /2 (Germany) appeared on the Ihagee Kine Exakta (1936, Germany), the first widely available 35mm single-lens reflex cameras , in 1939. It was also the standard lens on the VEB Zeiss Ikon (Dresden) Contax S (1949, East Germany), the first pentaprism eye-level viewing 35mm SLR. The Biotar , originally designed in 1927, had

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3172-556: The smaller half-frame size, allowing the design of a very compact SLR camera. Unusual formats include the 24×32 mm and 24×34 mm on the early Nikon rangefinders , and 24×23 mm for use with some stereo cameras . In 1967, the Soviet KMZ factory introduced a 24×58 mm panoramic format with its Horizont camera (descendants of which are called, in the Roman alphabet, Horizon ). In 1998, Hasselblad and Fuji introduced

3233-470: The sprocket which advances the film. Therefore, each camera model's frame may vary in position relative to the perforations. The film is approximately 0.14 mm thick. Other image formats have been applied to 135 film, such as the half-frame format of 18×24 mm which earned some popularity in the 1960s, and the 24×24 mm of the Robot cameras . The successful range of Olympus Pen F cameras utilized

3294-497: The system and the splitting of the optical power into many elements reduces the optical aberrations within the system. There are many variations of the design. Sometimes extra lens elements are added. The basic lens type is one of the most developed and used photographic lenses. The design forms the basis for many camera lenses in use today, especially the wide-aperture standard lenses used with 35 mm and other small-format cameras. It can offer good results up to f /1.4 with

3355-490: The versatile, rugged, and fast SLR design. Numerous other film formats waxed and waned in popularity, but by the 1970s, interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and smaller rangefinders, from expensive Leicas to "point-and-shoot" pocket cameras, were all using 35 mm film, and manufacturers had proliferated. Colour films improved, both for print negatives and reversal slides, while black-and-white films offered smoother grain and faster speeds than previously available. Since 35 mm

3416-535: Was 18×24 mm (half the full frame size later used in still photography). There were four perforations on each side of a motion picture frame. While the Leica camera popularized the format, several 35 mm still cameras used perforated movie film before the Leica was introduced in the 1920s. The first patent for one was issued to Leo, Audobard, and Baradat in England in 1908. The first full-scale production camera

3477-449: Was a success. It came to be associated with the format, mostly because of this 35 mm popularity, as well as the entire company legacy. Early Leica cameras are considered highly collectable items. The original Leica prototype holds the record as being the world's most expensive camera, selling for €2.16 million in 2012. In the earliest days, the photographer had to load the film into reusable cassettes and, at least for some cameras, cut

3538-682: Was preferred by both amateur and professional photographers, makers of film stock have long offered the widest range of different film speeds and types in the format. The DX film-speed encoding system was introduced in the 1980s, as were single-use cameras pre-loaded with 35 mm film and using plastic lenses of reasonable enough quality to produce acceptable snapshots. Automated all-in-one processing and printing machines made 35 mm developing easier and less expensive, so that quality colour prints became available not only from photographic specialty stores, but also from supermarkets, drugstores, and big box retailers, often in less than an hour. In 1996,

3599-597: Was sold in Germany in 1915. The patent for the Debrie Sept camera, a combination 35 mm still and movie camera was issued in 1918; the camera sold from 1922. The Furet camera made and sold in France in 1923 took full-frame 24x36 mm negatives, and was the first cheap small 35 mm camera of similar appearance to more modern models. The Leica Camera designed by Oskar Barnack used 35 mm film, and proved that

3660-617: Was the Kine Exakta , introduced in 1936. World War II interrupted development of the type. After the war, Exakta resumed development and the Contax S model with the now familiar pentaprism viewing feature was introduced in 1949. In the 1950s, the SLR also began to be produced in Japan by such companies as Asahi and Miranda . Asahi's Pentax introduced the instant-return mirror , important for

3721-519: Was the Homéos, a stereo camera produced by Jules Richard in 1913 and sold until 1920. It took 18x24 mm stereo pairs and used two Tessar lenses. In 1909, the French Étienne Mollier  [ fr ] designed a device for small-format photography, the " Cent-Vues  [ fr ] ", which used the 35 mm perforated film to take consecutive hundred views in 18×24 mm. He manufactured it, won

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