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70-564: General Douglas Hamilton (8 April 1818 – 20 January 1892) was a British Indian Army officer, gazetted to the 21st Regiment of the Madras Native Infantry from 1837 to 1871. He was a well known surveyor of the early British hill stations in South India and a famous sportsman , shikari , big-game hunter and trophy collector. He was an acute observer of nature and a gentleman . He legitimately shot more game in

140-646: A man eater that attacked him and the trained elephant he was riding. That tiger was 50 in (130 cm) tall at the shoulder and 122 in (310 cm) long with length of skin, 150 in (380 cm). In 1855 in the Annaimalai Hills , he killed his first elephant , a large tusker which measured 110 in (280 cm)nine feet two inches at the shoulder, with tusks 5.5 in (14 cm) in diameter and 64.5 in (164 cm) and 57 in (140 cm) long, respectively. In 1863, at Hassanoor together with Sir Victor Brooke , Hamilton shot

210-599: A moor and deer forest in Scotland , for the purpose of following his favorite pursuit of deer stalking , and many a grand stag fell to his rifle. The invigorating air of the Highlands restored his health and strength. He never appeared to suffer from severe exertion and fatigue till the autumn of 1887, when, from constant exposure in bad weather he got a violent chill, and from that date, although at times appearing to get fairly well he never recovered his health. After

280-449: A black Leopard near his hut in 1857. He shot his last leopard in 1870, an old male 74 in (190 cm) long with a beautiful skin. In 1861, Hamilton recorded 114 species of birds near Kodaikanal . On 20 June 1871 he finally left India after thirty-five years' service, and arrived at Southampton on 19 July. The "Oriental Sporting Magazine," in noticing his departure, has the following passage: From 1872 to 1887 he annually rented

350-504: A happy event to take advantage of what he called "breathing-time" to harvest their own crops and carry out wage-producing harvest work for large farmers. But the return of the blight had deprived labourers of any crops to harvest and farmers of agricultural work to hire labourers for. Trevelyan expressed his views in letters that year to Lord Monteagle of Brandon and in an article in The Times . But in 1846, more than ninety percent of

420-582: A report that stated that the Berijam Lake area was the best site in the Palani Hills for a military cantonment or Sanatorium . Hamilton described the place as being located near a lake. As the report progressed, however, it became clear that what Hamilton initially had termed a lake was no such thing: it was a valley where he thought he detected evidence of an ancient lake bed. The distinction seemed scarcely worthy of note to Hamilton, so persuaded

490-460: A residence of four years, he was entrusted with the conduct of several important missions. For some time he acted as guardian to the youthful Madhu Singh , the Rajah of Bhurtpore . He also worked to improve the condition of the native population. He abolished the transit duties by which the internal trade of India had long been fettered. For these and other services, he received the special thanks of

560-667: A sharp attack of influenza , he suddenly died on the night of 20 January 1892. Presidency armies The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the Company until the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , when the Crown took over the Company and its three armies. In 1895, the three presidency armies were merged into a united Indian Army . The origin of the British Indian Army and subsequently

630-468: A surprise to Alfred Trevelyan , who was advised at the end of a lengthy letter that detailed the evils of alcohol. He issued a costly and unsuccessful challenge for the title and estate. The Trevelyan (Charles Edward) Archive, which includes Trevelyan's papers covering 25 years of his personal life and career, is held at Newcastle University Library Special Collections and Archives. It has been said that: Trevelyan's most enduring mark on history may be

700-632: The East India Company's Army in 1837, being gazetted to the 21st Regiment of the Madras Native Infantry . He embarked at Portsmouth in the "Duke of Argyle" on 1 September of the same year, arriving in the Madras Roads on 14 December. His regiment was sent to Kulladghee in the Bombay Presidency to replace one which had gone to the front in the first Afghan Campaign . In 1846, he went with his regiment to Singapore , and

770-540: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Irregular cavalry were raised by the " silladar system " employed by rulers of Indian states. Irregular cavalry regiments had very few British officers. In addition, native artillery and pioneers (referred to later as Sappers and Miners) were also raised. Between 1796 and 1804, a regimental system on a two battalion basis was introduced. The battalions were only theoretically linked together and shared no esprit de corps . The number of British officers went up to 22 per battalion, which diminished

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840-696: The Madras Forest Department and whose work led to the establishment of the Forest Department of India . In 1860 he went with his regiment to Hong Kong and returned to Madras in February, 1861. In 1862 he was relieved of routine regimental duties and given a roving commission by Sir Charles Trevelyan , the Finance Minister of India and former Governor of Madras Presidency , to conduct surveys and make drawings for

910-841: The Martial Race system. Another change resulting from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 was that henceforward artillery was confined to the British Army. In 1895, the separate Presidency Armies were at last abolished and a fully unified Indian Army came into being. As before, its British officers were not members of the British Army, though as young subalterns they did serve for a year with a British Army regiment as part of their training before taking up permanent commissions with their Indian Army regiment. Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan, 1st Baronet , KCB (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886)

980-572: The Nilgiri Hills than any other sportsman. Hamilton was born on 8 April 1818, and educated at Harrow School . He was the youngest of eight sons of Charles Hamilton esq. of Sudbury Grove house, Middlesex - not far from Harrow on the Hill - and of Kensworth House , Hertfordshire . His father was employed at the War Office and died on 28 June 1834 aged 56. Hamilton's brother Edward was

1050-471: The anti-Irish racial sentiment he expressed during his term in the critical position of administrating relief for the millions of Irish peasants suffering under the potato blight as Assistant Secretary to HM Treasury (1840–1859) under the Whig administration of Lord Russell . In February 2023, one of Trevelyan's descendants, Laura Trevelyan , stunned to discover Charles Edward's father Rev. George Trevelyan

1120-486: The hill plateaus in Southern India which were likely to suit as Sanitaria, or quarters for European troops. On his return home in 1865, Trevelyan became engaged in discussions of the question of army purchase, on which he had given evidence before the royal commission in 1857. Later he was associated with a variety of social questions, such as charities, pauperism , and the like, and in the treatment of these. He

1190-707: The British Army, but its 'Native' regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies therefore continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army . However, the Presidency Armies began to be described collectively as the Indian Army . Following the Rebellion recruitment of 'Native' Regiments switched to

1260-534: The Government of all the hill plateaus in Southern India which were likely to suit as Sanitaria, or quarters for European troops. Thereafter, Douglas Hamilton was on "special duty" with the 44th Regiment, Madras Native Infantry. A series of careful drawings by Douglas Hamilton of the Annaimalai Hills , Palani Hills and Shevaroy Hills was the result. While at work on this commission he had great opportunities to follow his favorite pursuit, and also to observe

1330-536: The Indian Army". From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to maintain armies at each of its three main stations, or Presidencies of British India , at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay . The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite distinct, each with its own Regiments and cadre of European officers. All three armies contained European regiments in which both

1400-590: The Irish Catholic Church. A leading exponent of the providentialist perspective was Trevelyan, who was chiefly responsible for administering Irish relief policy throughout the famine years. In his book The Irish Crisis , published in 1848, Trevelyan later described the famine as "a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence", one which laid bare "the deep and inveterate root of social evil", that evil being Ireland's rural economic system of exploitative landlords and peasants overly dependent on

1470-733: The Irish famine is often attributed to this formative tutelage. In 1826, as a young man, Trevelyan joined the East India Company as a writer (clerk) and was posted to the Bengal Civil Service at Delhi , India. There, by a combination of diligence and self-discipline together with his outstanding intellectual talents he achieved rapid promotion . He occupied several important and influential positions in various parts of India, but his priggish and often indiscreet behaviour endeared him to few of his colleagues and involved him in almost continual controversy. On return to Britain in 1840 he

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1540-580: The Irish people would come to rely on the British government instead of fixing their problems. In the summer of 1846, Trevelyan ordered the Peelite Relief Programmes, which had been operating since the early years of the famine, to be shut down. This was done on 21 July 1846 by Sir Charles Wood . Trevelyan believed that if the relief continued while a new food crisis was unfolding, the poor would become permanently conditioned to having

1610-615: The Ootacamund Hunt, and the oldest and most intimate of all, General James Michael. The hut was still in his possession when he died 38 years later. He closely observed over 50 wild tigers during his career and in 1854 he killed his first tiger at the Avalanche in the Nilgiri Hills . One tiger he killed in 1857 was 98 in (250 cm) long and 38 in (97 cm) tall at the shoulder. A friend of Hamilton, Colonel Nightingale, once killed eight tigers in six days, including

1680-542: The army of independent India lies in the origins of the Presidency Armies which preceded them. The first purely Indian troops employed by the British were watchmen employed in each of the Presidencies of the British East India Company to protect their trading stations. These were all placed in 1748 under one Commander-in-Chief , Major-General Stringer Lawrence who is regarded as the "Father of

1750-597: The author of Game under the soubriquet of " Hawkeye." His uncle was Captain George Peevor of His Majesty's Royal Leicestershire Regiment , who served in the Nepal Campaign of 1815-16 and in the Mahratta and Pindari wars, 1817–18, including the capture of Jubbulpore in 1839-40. In 1834 Douglas Hamilton went to the East India Company 's Addiscombe Military Seminary , and received his commission in

1820-466: The central and responsible authority. In 1862, Trevelyan returned to India as finance minister. His tenure of office was marked by important administrative reforms and by extensive measures for the development of natural resources in India by means of public works. In 1862, Colonel Douglas Hamilton was given a roving commission by Trevelyan to conduct surveys and make drawings for the Government of all

1890-465: The civil service, he is widely regarded as the founder of the modern Civil Service . He married twice: He entered the East India Company 's Bengal civil service as a writer in 1826, having displayed from an early age a great proficiency in Asian languages and dialects. On 4 January 1827, Trevelyan was appointed assistant to Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe , the commissioner at Delhi , where, during

1960-627: The conservancy when Michael returned to England on sick leave in 1854. He showed great aptitude for these new forestry duties. In 1857 Michael was again ill and had to relinquish the work altogether. Douglas succeeded permanently to the appointment and for the three years was in charge of the Annaimalai forests, supplying teak lumber for shipbuilding at the Bombay Dockyard . During this period he also became Assistant Conservator of Forests under Dr. Hugh Francis Cleghorn who established

2030-589: The crops of oats and grains as well as meat that were exported under armed guard to England. The potato blight eventually spread to the Western Highlands of Scotland, causing similar destitution and deaths. In 1851, in response to that crisis, Trevelyan and Sir John McNeill founded the Highland and Island Emigration Society . From 1851 until its termination in 1858, the society sponsored the emigration of around 5,000 Scots to Australia and thus increasing

2100-535: The crowd, killing at least two people and wounding several others. British naval escorts were then provided for the riverboats. He was cofounder in 1851, with Sir John McNeill , of the Highland and Island Emigration Society which during the Highland Clearances supported an exodus of nearly 5,000 people to Australia between 1851 and 1858. Trevelyan was Governor of Madras from 1859 to 1860, and Indian Finance Minister from 1862 to 1865. A reformer of

2170-620: The devastation of the Clearances. Trevelyan likewise supported Irish emigration, saying "We must not complain of what we really want to obtain". In 1853, Trevelyan proposed the organisation of a new system for hiring of people in the government civil service. The Northcote–Trevelyan Report , signed by himself and Sir Stafford Northcote in November 1853, entitled The Organisation of the Permanent Civil Service , laid

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2240-730: The document found its way into the papers. On arrival of this intelligence in Britain, the Governor of Madras was at once recalled. This decision occasioned much discussion both in and out of Parliament . Defending the recall of Trevelyan, Palmerston , in his place in Parliament, said: Undoubtedly it conveys a strong censure on one act of Sir Charles Trevelyan's public conduct, yet Sir Charles Trevelyan has merits too inherent in his character, to be clouded and overshadowed by this simple act, and I trust in his future career he may be useful to

2310-484: The editor of his 1892 autobiography, "Records of sport in southern India chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan,   ..." This is about "years long gone by when the muzzle loader , with all its drawbacks, was the chief weapon in use." His brother Richard, a Captain in the 1st Regiment M.N.I. , was well known to all Southern Indian sportsmen as

2380-540: The famine. However, he displayed a distinct contrast in his attitude to the Highland Potato Famine; in one letter addressing the situation in Scotland dated 29 April 1846, Trevelyan wrote: Our measures must proceed with as little disturbance as possible of the ordinary course of private trade, which must ever be the chief resource for the subsistence of the people, but, coûte que coûte (at any cost),

2450-463: The foundation for securing the admission of qualified and educated persons into positions that had been dominated by members of aristocratic and influential families who benefitted by personal networks. It was intended to be a merit system. In 1858, Lord Harris resigned the governorship of the presidency of Madras , and Trevelyan was offered the appointment. Having maintained his knowledge of oriental affairs by close attention to all subjects affecting

2520-560: The functions of that office for nineteen years. In Ireland, he administered the relief works of 1845–47, when upwards of 734,000 men were employed by the government during the Great Famine . Altogether, about a million people in Ireland are reliably estimated to have died of starvation and epidemic disease between 1846 and 1851, and some two million emigrated in a period of a little more than a decade (1845–55). On 27 April 1848, Trevelyan

2590-582: The government to do nothing to restrain mass evictions. . Historians disagree concerning Trevelyan's responsibility for famine relief policy in Ireland, and what exactly was his role in it. Karen Sonnelitter discusses the subject in her edited collection of primary sources, The Great Irish Famine: A History in Documents . During the Great Famine , specifically 1846, the Whig –Liberal Government held power in Britain, with Trevelyan acting as treasurer. In this position Trevelyan had considerable influence over

2660-439: The governor-general in council. Before leaving Delhi, he donated personal funds for construction of a broad street through a new suburb, then in course of erection, which thenceforth became known as Trevelyanpur. In 1831, he moved to Calcutta, and became deputy secretary to the government in the political department. Trevelyan was especially zealous in the cause of education, and in 1835, largely owing to his persistence, government

2730-460: The gratitude and esteem of the Madras population. All went well until February 1860. Towards the close of 1859, James Wilson had been appointed financial member of the legislative council of India. At the beginning of the new year, he proposed a plan of retrenchment and taxation by which he hoped to improve the financial position of the British administration: his plan was introduced at Calcutta ,

2800-400: The habits of the various animals inhabiting the different districts. These well-known drawings showed him as an accurate observer and a careful draughtsman. Each series of drawings was accompanied by a Survey article describing all aspects of the district. Some of his publications about these surveys include: Berijam Swamp was first described in 1864 by Hamilton. In 1864, Hamilton submitted

2870-681: The idea of sepoy battalions for the Bengal Presidency. These would be Indian soldiers, armed, dressed, and trained the same as the " red coats " (British soldiers), and commanded by a nucleus of British officers. The Madras Presidency followed suit with six battalions in 1759, followed by the Bombay Presidency in 1767. Recruitment in all cases was done locally, with battalions each drawn from single castes, and from specific communities, villages, and families. Regular cavalry regiments were raised in 1784, of which only three survived

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2940-461: The importance of native officers. Control by Regimental commanders was excessive and exasperating to the battalions, and the system was reverted in 1824. Thereafter, units were formed into single battalion regiments, which were numbered per their seniority of raising. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the consequent takeover of power by the British government from the East India Company , its European regiments were amalgamated in 1860 with

3010-498: The interest of India, he entered upon his duties as governor of Madras in the spring of 1859. He soon became popular in the presidency. It is claimed that due to his conduct in office, the natives became reconciled to the government. An assessment was carried out, a police system organised in every part, and, contrary to the traditions of the East India Company , land was sold in fee simple to any one who wished to purchase. These and other reforms introduced or developed by Trevelyan won

3080-498: The largest elephant ever killed in Southern India. This trophy had one perfect tusk 96 in (240 cm) long and a broken tusk measuring 71 in (180 cm) long. It was 11 feet (3.4 m) tall at the shoulder. Between 1855 and 1869, Hamilton shot and killed two hundred and ninety-five sambar . The largest ever killed in the Nilgiri Hills, shot by Hamilton, stood fourteen hands (56 in (140 cm)) high at

3150-542: The officers and men were Europeans, as well as a larger number of 'Native' regiments, in which the officers were Europeans and the other ranks were Indians. They included Artillery, Cavalry and Infantry regiments, so historical sources refer to the Bengal/Madras/Bombay Artillery/Cavalry/Infantry (the latter often termed "Native Infantry" or "N.I."). From the mid-eighteenth century onwards, the Crown began to dispatch regiments of

3220-524: The parliament's decisions, especially the plans for the relief effort in Ireland. Along with the Whig government, he believed Ireland needed to correct itself and that a laissez-faire attitude was the best solution. Though the efforts made by Trevelyan did not produce any permanent remedy to the situation, he believed that if the British Government gave Ireland all that was necessary to survive,

3290-559: The people must not, under any circumstances , be allowed to starve. Meanwhile, in Ireland a million people starved to death, as the Irish watched with increasing fury as boatloads of homegrown oats and grain departed on schedule from their shores for shipment to England. Food riots erupted in ports such as Youghal, near Cork, where people tried unsuccessfully to confiscate a boatload of oats. At Dungarvan, in County Waterford, British troops were pelted with stones as they shot into

3360-399: The potato crop had been destroyed. The large crops of oats and grain were not affected, and if those crops had been distributed to the Irish people rather than exported, mass starvation could have been avoided. Trevelyan said in his 9 October 1846 letter to Lord Monteagle that "the government establishments are strained to the utmost to alleviate this great calamity and avert this danger" as

3430-416: The potato. In his letter to Lord Monteagle, Trevelyan identified the gentry with the "defective part of the national character" and chastised them for expecting the government to fix everything, "as if they have themselves no part to perform in this great crisis." By blaming the famine on the gentry, Trevelyan justified the actions—or inaction—of the British Government. These same gentry were of course raising

3500-417: The potato. The famine, he declared, was "the sharp but effectual remedy by which the cure is likely to be effected... God grant that the generation to which this great opportunity has been offered may rightly perform its part and we may not relax our efforts until Ireland fully participates in the social health and physical prosperity of Great Britain." This mentality of Trevelyan's was influential in persuading

3570-539: The public service and do honour to himself. Sir Charles Wood , the President of the Board of Control , said: A more honest, zealous, upright, and independent servant could not be. He was a loss to India, but there would be danger if he were allowed to remain, after having adopted a course so subversive of all authority, so fearfully tending to endanger our rule, and so likely to provoke the people to insurrection against

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3640-434: The regular British Army to India, to reinforce the Company's armies. These troops are often referred to as "H.M.'s Regiments" or "Royal regiments". By 1824, the size of the combined armies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay was about 200,000 and had at least 170 sepoy and 16 European regiments. In 1844 the combined average strength of the three armies was 235,446 native and 14,584 European. In 1757, Robert Clive came up with

3710-482: The same time, the representative of the Madras government in the legislative council of India was prohibited from following the instructions of his superiors to lay their views upon the table and to advocate on their behalf. On 21 March, the government sent another telegram to Madras declaring the bill would be introduced and referred to a committee which was due to report in five weeks. On 26 March, opinions among Trevelyan and his council were recorded and, on his authority,

3780-406: The seat of government, on 18 February, and transmitted to Madras. On 4 March, an open telegram was sent to Calcutta implying an adverse opinion of this proposal by the governor and council of Madras. On 9 March, a letter was sent to Madras stating the central government's objection to the transmission of such a message in an open telegram at a time when native feeling could not be considered stable. At

3850-535: The shoulder and antlers measuring 41.5 in (105 cm) and 38.75 in (98.4 cm), respectively. In 1856 he was attacked and run over by a large injured bison bull he shot in the Annaimalai Hills, but suffered only minor injuries. The larger horn was 35 in (89 cm) long and 5.75 in (14.6 cm) in diameter at the base. He killed his last bison at Permund in 1866. He did not kill many leopards , but did kill one fine specimen of

3920-695: The state take care of them. After the end of the Peelite Relief Programs, the Whig–Liberal government instituted the Labour Rate Act, which provided aid only to the most severely affected areas of the famine. This Labour Act took time to be implemented, as was Trevelyan's intention, allowing the British government to spend the bare minimum to feed those starving from the famine. He was nicknamed as "linchpin of relief operations". Trevelyan believed that labourers should have seen this as

3990-519: Was a slaveholder, announced a plan to travel to the Caribbean and apologize for the family's ownership of 1,004 enslaved Africans. The Trevelyan family plans to pay reparations to Grenada's people. Members of the family decided to sign a letter of apology for enslaving captive Africans on six sugar plantations in Grenada. The Trevelyan family received compensation from the British government in 1835 for

4060-727: Was a staunch Liberal , and gave his support to the Liberal cause in Northumberland , while residing at Wallington Hall in that county. Trevelyan died at 67 Eaton Square, London, on 19 June 1886, aged 79. Trevelyan was appointed KCB on 27 April 1848. Three decades later on 2 March 1874, he was created the first Trevelyan baronet of Wallington , when his cousin Walter Calverley Trevelyan , 6th Baronet of Nettlecombe, died at Wallington on 23 March 1879, childless after two marriages, and his north-country property

4130-530: Was an English civil servant and colonial administrator. As a young man, he worked with the colonial government in Calcutta , India. He returned to Britain and took up the post of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury . During this time he was responsible for facilitating the government's response to the Great Famine in Ireland . In the late 1850s and 1860s he served there in senior-level appointments. Trevelyan

4200-453: Was appointed as a KCB in reward of his services. The Great Famine in Ireland began as a catastrophe of extraordinary magnitude, but its effects were severely worsened by the actions and inactions of the Whig government, headed by Lord John Russell in the crucial years from 1846 to 1852. Many members of the British upper and middle classes believed that the famine was a divine judgment—an act of Providence although these views also existed in

4270-615: Was appointed as assistant secretary to HM Treasury , and served to 1859, during both the Irish famine and the Highland Potato Famine of 1846–1857 in Scotland. In Ireland, he administered famine relief , whilst in Scotland he was closely associated with the work of the Central Board for Highland Relief. His inaction and personal negative attitude towards the Irish people are widely believed to have slowed relief for

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4340-402: Was at Kulladghee in 1839. In those days Blackbuck antelopes were very numerous, but very wild and difficult to approach. In 1854, Hamilton bought Mallock's Bungalow at Pykara for 200 rupees. This is the well known hut, where for many years he entertained and showed sport to many of his friends, amongst whom were Prince Frederick of Schleswig Holstein , Sir Victor Brooke , Bob Jago father of

4410-430: Was bequethed to Charles. A biographer from the family notes that Walter had changed his will in 1852, having been impressed by Charles' son. The young George Otto Trevelyan had visited Walter and his wife and received hints of the secret will. The modest social position of the family was suddenly elevated to one of wealth and property, recorded as an important event in the history of the baronetcy. The changed will came as

4480-661: Was born in Taunton , Somerset , a son of the Venerable George Trevelyan , then a Cornish clergyman, later Archdeacon of Taunton , the 3rd son of Sir John Trevelyan Bt MP of Nettlecombe Court in Somerset. His mother was Harriet Neave, a daughter of Sir Richard Neave Bt , Governor of the Bank of England. Much of the wealth of the family derived from the holding of slaves in Grenada. He

4550-761: Was educated at Blundell's School in Devon, at Charterhouse School and then the East India Company College at Haileybury in Hertfordshire. R.A.C. Balfour stated that "his early life was influenced by his parents' membership of the Clapham Sect – a group of sophisticated families noted for their severity of principle as much as for their fervent evangelism." Trevelyan was a student of the economist Thomas Malthus while at Haileybury. His rigid adherence to Malthusian population theory during

4620-524: Was fortunate to obtain three months' leave in 1848 to visit the Island of Java for hunting. In 1849, he visited England on furlough and returned to India in 1852. Douglas was very interested in forest conservation in South India, and often visited his old friend General James Michael who was organizing an experimental forest conservancy in the Annaimalai Hills . He was appointed to temporarily manage

4690-791: Was he that this location offered the most picturesque environment for a settlement. "Let but the lake be reconstructed and a road made to it, and this magnificent sheet of water ... will of itself attract residents to its vicinity. "The Fort Hamilton military outpost, later built there, was named for him. In March 1866 he went to the Budan Hills for the purpose of making drawings and a report. In August, 1870, he obtained three months' leave due to poor health and went to Australia . He visited King George Sound , Melbourne , Sydney , and Adelaide , and returned to Madras in November much better health. The dates of Gen. Douglas Hamilton's military commissions indicate ten promotions in his 54-year career: Douglas Hamilton's earliest introduction to big game shooting

4760-487: Was instrumental in the process of reforming the British Civil Service in the 1850s. Today Trevelyan is mostly remembered for his reluctance to disburse direct government food and monetary aid to the Irish during the famine due to his strong belief in laissez-faire economics. Trevelyan's defenders say that larger factors than his own acts and beliefs were more central to the problem of the famine and its high mortality. Descended from an ancient family of Cornwall , he

4830-484: Was led to decide in favour of the promulgation of European literature and science among the Indians. An account of the efforts of government, entitled On the Education of the People of India, was published by Trevelyan in 1838. In April 1836, he was nominated secretary to the Sudder board of revenue, an office he had held until his return in January 1838. On 21 January 1840, he entered on the duties of assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury in London, and discharged

4900-403: Was within their power so to do. Trevelyan praised the government and denounced the Irish gentry in his letter, blaming them for the famine. He believed that the landlords had a responsibility to feed the labourers and increase land productivity. The Times agreed with Trevelyan, faulting the gentry for not instructing their proprietors to improve their estates and not planting crops other than

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