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121-427: Rushkoff is most frequently regarded as a media theorist and is known for coining terms and concepts including viral media (or media virus), digital native , and social currency . He has written ten books on media, technology and culture. He wrote the first syndicated column on cyberculture for The New York Times Syndicate , as well as regular columns for The Guardian of London, Arthur , Discover , and

242-1015: A Master of Fine Arts in Directing from the California Institute of the Arts . Later he took up a post-graduate fellowship from the American Film Institute . He was a PhD candidate at Utrecht University 's New Media Program, writing a dissertation on new media literacies, which was approved in June, 2012. Rushkoff emerged in the early 1990s as an active member of the cyberpunk movement, developing friendships and collaborations with people including Timothy Leary , RU Sirius , Paul Krassner , Robert Anton Wilson , Ralph Abraham , Terence McKenna , Genesis P-Orridge , Ralph Metzner , Grant Morrison , Mark Pesce , Erik Davis , and other writers, artists and philosophers interested in

363-411: A 7" and 12" single on the 10-year anniversary of the death of Joy Division vocalist Ian Curtis . The sleeve was a hand drawn image of Ian Curtis derived from a famous photograph. In the early 1990s, Vice-President of Elektra Records, Howard Thompson took an interest in signing Psychic TV. He explained that he was going to take a one-year sabbatical from the music industry and he had been asked to run

484-618: A DJ set and were interviewed on New York's station WNYU on 5 September 2006. PTV3 performed several songs on WFMU in Jersey City on 7 September. The band were interviewed as well. This was the first time ever Psychic TV had played live on air. To inaugurate the release of Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e , PTV3 hosted a five night residency in September 2006 at Galapagos Art Space in Williamsburg, Brooklyn , USA, followed by

605-418: A Jamaican-born social scientist, also contributed to the field of media studies through his writings on cultural studies, separate but similar to media studies. Hall's main viewpoint was that the mainstream media as a whole served the beliefs of the rich and powerful within society, an idea that was heavily influenced by Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci in his writings. By naming his theory "cultural studies", Hall

726-433: A book inviting Jews to restore the religion to its "open source" roots. He founded a movement for progressive Judaism called Reboot, but subsequently left when he felt its funders had become more concerned with marketing and publicity of Judaism than its actual improvement and evolution. Disillusioned by the failure of the open source model to challenge entrenched and institutional hierarchies from religion to finance, he became

847-465: A colleague of Mark Crispin Miller and Naomi Klein , appearing with them at Smith College as well as in numerous documentaries decrying the corporatization of public space and consciousness. He has dedicated himself most recently to the issues of media literacy, participatory government, and the development of local and complementary currencies . He wrote a book and film called Life Inc. , which traces

968-491: A determining factor in one’s life chances. One’s cultural capital, such as a university degree, can lead them to be offered more opportunities, thus linking the concept to both economic and social capital. Bourdieu explains that it is through the content of the different capitals that the habitus will structure an individual's consumer taste. In Germany , two main branches of media theory or media studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in

1089-485: A different focus. It involves the study of many emerging contemporary media and platforms, with social media growing in popularity in recent years. Broadcast and cable television is no longer the primary form of entertainment, with various screens offering worldwide events and pastimes around the clock. Many institutions within the United States have since changed and revised their media studies programs. In 1999,

1210-709: A different nation, on the 23rd of each month for 23 months; though the series was discontinued after 17 albums, it earned the band an entry in The Guinness Book of World Records . Towards the end of this period Fergusson/P-Orridge completed their third proper studio album, Allegory and Self (1988)Though recorded in 1986. It was at this point that P-Orridge became interested in the burgeoning acid house and techno movements. Alex Fergusson left early 1987, reason bad management. Was replaced by techno artist Fred Giannelli. During this period Fred Giannelli , Dave Ball from Soft Cell, Richard Norris (who later formed

1331-424: A form of invisible censorship. For example, television producers often "pre-interview" participants in news and public affairs programs to ensure that they will speak in simple, attention-grabbing terms. When the search for viewers leads to an emphasis on the sensational and the spectacular, people with complex or nuanced views are not allowed a hearing. Bourdieu is also remembered in the discipline for his theory of

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1452-585: A major independent record label and he wanted to sign Psychic TV to that label. The label was in fact, Herb Alpert's and Jerry Moss's new imprint Almo Sounds, after the sale of A & M Records. Studio time was booked and Genesis P-Orridge, Fred Giannelli and Matthew Best went into Brilliant Studios in San Francisco to record demos. Four tracks were recorded and rough mixes delivered and were rejected by Almo Sounds. The songs were entitled: "Snowflake", "Intoxication", "E-Lusive" and "Avatar". During this period,

1573-444: A media studies department. Numerous French post-secondary institutions offer courses in communications and media studies at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Media and communications programs at ESCP Business School, Paris Institute of Political Studies, and Grenoble Alpes University center around the study of journalism and other multimedia content, teaching media creation and management strategies. Medienwissenschaften

1694-421: A medium will be biased towards either time or space. He claims that this inherent bias will reveal a medium’s significance to the development of its civilization. Innis identifies media biased towards time as a medium durable in character like clay, stone, or parchment. Time biased media are heavy and difficult to relocate, which keeps their message centralized and thus maintains economic and social control within

1815-500: A movie) extends a single sense in "high definition". High definition refers to the state of being well filled with data. A cool medium (i.e., a telephone or television) is considered "low definition" because a small amount of data/information is given and has to be filled in. Hot media are low in participation, because they give one most of the information while excluding certain information. Meanwhile, cool media are high in participation, because inclusively provides information but relies on

1936-616: A national institute for training, teaching, and research in mass communication. Anna University was the first university to start a Master of Science in Electronic Media program. It offers a five-year integrated program and a two-year program in Electronic Media. The Department of Media Sciences was started in January 2002, branching off from the UGC's Educational Multimedia Research Centre (EMMRC). The National Institute of Open Schooling,

2057-607: A new dialogue between the groups. Douglas Rushkoff has served on the board of directors of the Media Ecology Association, The Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics, and is a founding member of Technorealism, as well as of the advisory board of The National Association for Media Literacy Education, MeetUp.com and HyperWords He is the winner of the first Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity, given by

2178-531: A new period with Psychic TV returning to its psychedelic pop roots with Thrasher co-producing and co-writing the critically acclaimed Trip/Reset as well as the album "Cold Blue Torch" and new experimental explorations which centred around the spoken word poetry of P-orridge in releases like "Thee Fractured Garden" and "Breathe". "Thee Fractured Garden" was a seminal example of this period where Psychic TV blended ambient music , samples and sound collages with spoken word . This eventually led P-Orridge and Thrasher to

2299-708: A piece of legislation that protected the Polish language and its use while also promoting the Polish culture and history. Much research in the field of news media studies has been led by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism . Details of the research projects and results are published in the RISJ annual report. In addition to the research performed at the Reuters Institute, media researchers in

2420-426: A process called ‘ context collapse ’. Context collapse refers to how a media platform can flatten multiple audiences into one and allow information intended for one audience to reach another unintended audience. An individual may present themselves to multiple audiences in various ways, but through context collapse, they are put in front of every audience at the same time and must choose which identity to assume. In

2541-470: A range of specializations, such as cultural studies, media theory and analysis, practical film-making, journalism, and communications studies. Media studies has been a nationally mandated and very popular subject in secondary (high) schools, taught across three years in a very structured and developmental fashion, with Scholarship in Media Studies available for academically gifted students. According to

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2662-439: A term originated by Rushkoff, have the chance to mediate the changing landscape more effectively than digital immigrants. With Coercion (1999), Rushkoff realistically examines the potential benefits and dangers inherent in cyberculture and analyzes market strategies that work to make people act on instinct (and buy!) rather than reflect rationally. The book wants readers to learn to "read" the media they consume and interpret what

2783-698: A volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer entitled Literature Studies - Media Studies ( Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft ), which summarizes the presentations given at the Düsseldorfer Germanistentag in 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies . Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions, and its effects on society and individuals. The German Institute for Media and Communication Policy , founded in 2005 by media scholar Lutz Hachmeister ,

2904-414: A years-long pursuit of "pandrogyny", undergoing painful plastic surgery procedures to become gender-neutral human beings that looked like each other. We started out, because we were so crazy in love, just wanting to eat each other up, to become each other and become one. And as we did that, we started to see that it was affecting us in ways that we didn't expect. Really, we were just two parts of one whole;

3025-681: Is a healthy discipline, mainly due to renewed activity in the country's film industry , and is taught at both secondary and tertiary education institutes. Media studies in NZ can be regarded as a singular success, with the subject well-established in the tertiary sector (such as Screen and Media Studies at the University of Waikato ; Media Studies, Victoria University of Wellington ; Film, Television and Media Studies, University of Auckland ; Media Studies, Massey University ; Communication Studies, University of Otago ). Different courses can offer students

3146-457: Is currently one of the most popular courses of study at universities in Germany, with many applicants mistakenly assuming that studying it will automatically lead to a career in TV or other media. This has led to widespread disillusionment, with students blaming the universities for offering highly theoretical course content. The universities maintain that practical journalistic training is not the aim of

3267-414: Is known as media ecology . Media ecology also holds that our environment ultimately changes due to technology. Griffin, Ledbetter, and Sparks elaborate on this theory in their book, stating “...adding smartphones to a family doesn’t create a 'family plus smartphones.' The technology changes the family into something different than what it was before.” McLuhan says that the "technique of fragmentation that

3388-723: Is mostly taken from the CDs PTV released with Thrasher along with contributors such as Skinny Puppy and other notable musical allies of this time. The original motivation for the Electric Newspaper series was to ensure that the PTV sample files were archived after the loss of the entire PTV sampling library in the dramatic five alarm fire at the Houdini Mansion on Laurel Canyon in Hollywood. This fire, which burned down

3509-458: Is no single reason why people consume the messages that they do. Instead, one person consumes specific media for different reasons than another person may consume the same media. Some possible gratifications include “companionship”, “escape”, and “information”. A newer theory from the 2010s comes from danah boyd and Alice Marwick when they studied how media eliminates borders between contexts. In their joint article, they refer to this as part of

3630-535: Is now taught all over the UK. It is taught at Key Stages 1– 3, Entry Level, GCSE and at A level; the Scottish Qualifications Authority also offers formal qualifications at a number of different levels. It is offered through a large area of exam boards, including AQA and WJEC . As mentioned earlier, much research in the field of news media studies has been led by the Reuters Institute for

3751-401: Is one of the few independent research institutions that is dedicated to issues surrounding media and communications policies. The term Wissenschaft cannot be directly translated to studies , as it invokes both scientific methods and the humanities. Accordingly, German media theory combines philosophy, psychoanalysis, history, and scientific studies with media-specific research. According to

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3872-470: Is really being communicated. In Nothing Sacred: The Truth About Judaism , Rushkoff explores the medium of religion and intellectually deconstructs the Bible and the ways that he says religion fails to provide true connectivity and transformative experiences. Most recently, Douglas Rushkoff has turned his critical lens to the medium of currency . One of the most important concepts that he creates and develops

3993-437: Is the essence of machine technology" shaped the restructuring of human work and association and "the essence of automation technology is the opposite". He uses an example of the electric light to make this connection and to explain how "the medium is the message". The electric light is pure information and it is a medium without a message, unless it is used to spell out some verbal ad or a name. The characteristic of all media means

4114-419: Is the notion of social currency , or the degree to which certain content and media can facilitate and/or promote relationships and interactions between members of a community. Rushkoff mentions jokes, scandals, blogs, ambiance, i.e. anything that would engender "water cooler" talk, as social currency. In his book, Life, Inc. and his dissertation "Monopoly Moneys", Rushkoff takes a look at physical currency and

4235-611: Is thought to have been connected with her long-term battle with stomach cancer. Lady Jaye collapsed and died in Genesis' arms, as described in the 2011 movie "The Ballad Of Genesis And Lady Jaye" by Marie Losier. PTV3 released the CD-DVD set Mr. Alien Brain vs. The Skinwalkers in December 2008, the first full-length release since the death of Genesis' "other half" Jaye Breyer (best known as Lady Jaye). The two had previously embarked on

4356-672: The Pakistan Navy , is also offering a BS in media studies. In Switzerland , media and communication studies are offered by several higher education institutions, including the International Institute in Geneva , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , University of Lugano , University of Fribourg , and others. The Swiss programs study current trends and strategies used by media corporations, while examining their influence and consequences on modern day society. In

4477-721: The United Kingdom , media studies developed in the 1960s from the academic study of English and, more broadly, from literary criticism . The key date, according to Andrew Crisell, is 1959: When Joseph Trenaman left the BBC's Further Education Unit to become the first holder of the Granada Research Fellowship in Television at Leeds University . Soon after in 1966, the Centre for Mass Communication Research

4598-548: The University of Western Ontario (respectively) created journalism specific programs or schools. A journalism specific program was also created at Ryerson in 1950. The first communication programs in Canada were started at Ryerson and Concordia Universities. The Radio and Television Arts program at Ryerson was started in the 1950s, while the Film, Media Studies/Media Arts, and Photography programs also originated from programs started in

4719-689: The Yes Men and eToy, contributed to numerous books and documentaries on psychedelics, and spoke or appeared at many events sponsored by counterculture publisher Disinformation. References to media ecologist and Toronto School of Communication founder Marshall McLuhan appear throughout Rushkoff's work as a focus on media over content, the effects of media on popular culture and the level at which people participate when consuming media. Rushkoff worked with both Robert Anton Wilson and Timothy Leary on developing philosophical systems to explain consciousness, its interaction with technology, and social evolution of

4840-692: The online magazines Daily Beast , and TheFeature . Rushkoff is currently Professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics at the City University of New York , Queens College. He has previously lectured at The New School University in Manhattan and the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , where he created the Narrative Lab. In 2012, Rushkoff

4961-789: The primary and junior secondary curriculum, and includes areas such as photography , print media , and television . Victoria also hosts the peak media teaching body known as ATOM which publishes Metro and Screen Education magazines. In Canada , media studies and communication studies are incorporated in the same departments and cover a wide range of approaches (from critical theory and organizations to research-creation and political economy, for example). Over time, research developed to employ theories and methods from cultural studies, philosophy , political economy, gender, sexuality and race theory, management, rhetoric, film theory, sociology , and anthropology . Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are famous Canadian scholars for their contributions to

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5082-399: The "content" of any medium is always another medium. For example, the content of writing is speech, the written word is the content of print, and print is the content of the telegraph. The change that the medium or technology introduces into human affairs is the "message". If the electric light is used for a Friday night football game or to light up a desk, it could be argued that the content of

5203-405: The "content" to a juicy piece of meat being carried by a burglar to distract the "watchdog of the mind". The effect of the medium is made strong because it is given another media "content". The content of a movie is a book, play, or maybe even an opera. McLuhan talks about media being "hot" or "cold" and touches on the principle that distinguishes them from one another. A hot medium (i.e., radio or

5324-647: The "media ecologists", a continuation of what is known as the Toronto School of media theorists including Marshall McLuhan , Walter Ong , and Neil Postman . Simultaneously, Rushkoff continued to develop his relationship with counterculture figures, collaborating with Genesis P-Orridge as a keyboardist for Psychic TV , and credited with composing music for the album Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e . Rushkoff taught classes in media theory and in media subversion for New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program, participated in activist pranks with

5445-563: The "media virus" and "social contagion" became mainstream ideas, Rushkoff was invited to deliver commentaries on National Public Radio's All Things Considered , and to make documentaries for the PBS series Frontline . In 2002, Rushkoff was awarded the Marshall McLuhan Award by the Media Ecology Association for his book Coercion , and became a member and sat on the board of directors of that organization. This allied him with

5566-486: The 'TV' component of the name was intended to focus on the visual elements of the outfit. P-Orridge once claimed that "Psychic TV is a video group who does music unlike a music group which makes music videos". Psychic TV made their live debut in Autumn 1982 as a part of the "Final Academy", a multi-performance event dedicated to and featuring William S. Burroughs . In November 1982, Psychic TV's debut studio album, Force

5687-593: The 13 Colleges and Schools of ZUMC. Both institutions have produced some of China's brightest broadcasting talents for television, as well as leading journalists at magazines and newspapers. There is no university focused on journalism and media studies, but there are seven public universities which have a department of media studies. The three biggest universities are based in Prague (Charles University), Brno (Masaryk University) and Olomouc (Palacký University). There are another nine private universities and colleges that have

5808-441: The 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m ) mansion, left P-Orridge in the intensive care unit at Cedar Sinai hospital with life-threatening injuries after they (along with members of the band Love and Rockets ) jumped from their bedroom windows to escape the flames. Results of this event sent P-Orridge on a two-year health sabbatical to recover, during which they were involved in a million dollar lawsuit against Rick Rubin , who owned

5929-463: The 1950s. The Communication studies department at Concordia was created in the late 1960s. Ryerson's Radio and Television, Film, Media and Photography programs were renowned by the mid 1970s, and its programs were being copied by other colleges and universities nationally and internationally. Western University later followed suit, establishing The Faculty of Information and Media Studies. Carleton later expanded upon its school of journalism, introducing

6050-543: The 1994 publication of Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture . This significant work adopts organic metaphors to show that media, like viruses, are mobile, easily duplicated and presented as non-threatening. Technologies can make our interaction with media an empowering experience if we learn to decode the capabilities offered to us by our media. Unfortunately, people often stay one step behind our media capabilities. Ideally, emerging media and technologies have

6171-584: The 23rd day of 23 consecutive months. Psychic TV was influential in pioneering the acid house genre, releasing several fake compilations in an effort to popularize the sound, such as Jack the Tab and Tekno Acid Beat . According to some, acid house was actually given its name by Genesis Breyer P-Orridge . After breaking up in 1999, they reformed as PTV3 with a completely new line-up in 2003, but disbanded in 2020 when their core member Genesis Breyer P-Orridge died. Since Genesis P-Orridge primarily wrote

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6292-692: The Beijing Broadcasting Institute, dates back to 1954 and includes media studies. CUC has 15,307 full-time students, including 9,264 undergraduates, 3,512 candidates for doctor and master's degrees, and 16,780 students in programs of continuing education. The other university known for media studies in China is Zhejiang University of Media and Communications (ZUMC) which has campuses in Hangzhou and Tongxiang . Almost 10,000 full-time students are currently studying in over 50 programs at

6413-550: The Center for Understanding Media, which became the New School program. Both educators are recognized as pioneers in the discipline, credited with paving the way for media studies curriculum within the education system. In his book "Understanding Media, The Extensions of Man", media theorist Marshall McLuhan suggested that "the medium is the message" , and that all human artefacts and technologies are media. His book introduced

6534-872: The Curriculum, and Writing and Communications Center under the same roof. Psychic TV Psychic TV (also referred to as PTV , Psychick TV , as well as several other aliases) were an English experimental video art and music group, formed by performance artist Genesis P-Orridge and Scottish musician Alex Fergusson in 1981 after the break-up of Throbbing Gristle . Contributors to Psychic TV have included artists such as Coil , Current 93 , Monte Cazazza , Larry Thrasher , Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson , Soft Cell , Fred Giannelli , Hafler Trio , The Cult , Master Musicians of Jajouka , William Breeze , Derek Jarman , John Gosling , Timothy Leary , Rose McDowall , Andrew Weatherall , and Z'EV . Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth (a.k.a. T.O.P.Y.) formed as an organisation at

6655-485: The Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science, and Technology established departments of mass communication in 2002. Peshawar University, BZU Multaan, Islamia University Bahwalpur also started communication programs. Now, newly established universities are also offering mass communication programs, in which University of Gujrat emerged as a leading figure. Bahria University , which was established by

6776-697: The Grid with Dave Ball), John Gosling, engineer Richard Evans and other techno artists released music not only as Psychic TV but also under a variety of fake names. The idea behind this was to release fake "compilations" by imaginary artists, creating a sense that a healthy acid house scene existed in the UK. The key studio albums of this period were Jack the Tab – Acid Tablets Volume One (1988), Tekno Acid Beat (1988), Towards Thee Infinite Beat (1990; credited to Psychic TV) and Beyond Thee Infinite Beat (1992; credited to Psychic TV; 12" remixes of Towards tracks which could be played at 33 or 45 rpm). Almost all of

6897-492: The Hand of Chance , was released by Some Bizzare Records and distributed by WEA International ; its accompanying single, "Just Drifting", came out in the same year's December. Dreams Less Sweet , a follow-up to Force... , was released in 1983. Lyrics were handled by P-Orridge while the music was written by Fergusson and sound experiments primarily created by Christopherson and Geff Rushton, a.k.a. John Balance – foreshadowing

7018-450: The Houdini Mansion. P-Orridge won the case, but was left with a metal plate and eight screws in their permanently disabled and reconstructed arm. In 1998 P-Orridge announced that they primarily wanted to move into spoken word, which is when Campagna left the band to pursue his own projects, and turned to focus on Thee Majesty with musical line-up of Larry Thrasher and Bryin Dall. In 2005,

7139-481: The Internet was rapidly overtaken by corporations and venture capital . Rushkoff often cites two events in particular – the day Netscape became a public company in 1995, and the day AOL bought Time Warner in 2000 – as pivotal moments in his understanding of the forces at work in the evolution of new media. Rushkoff spent several years exploring Judaism as a primer for media literacy , going so far as to publish

7260-710: The MIT Comparative Media Studies program started under the leadership of Henry Jenkins . The program has since grown to include a graduate program; it is MIT's largest humanities major, and, following a 2012 merger with the Writing and Humanistic Studies program, now has a roster of twenty faculty, including Pulitzer Prize-winning author Junot Diaz , science fiction writer Joe Haldeman , games scholar T. L. Taylor , and media scholars William Uricchio (a CMS co-founder), Edward Schiappa , and Heather Hendershot. Now named Comparative Media Studies/Writing,

7381-402: The Media Ecology Association, in 2004. Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy developed from a techno-utopian view of new media to a more nuanced critique of cyberculture discourse and the impact of media on society. Viewing everything except for intention as media, he frequently explores the themes of how to make media interactive, how to help people (especially children) effectively analyze and question

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7502-487: The New Zealand Ministry of Education Subject Enrollment figures, 229 New Zealand schools offered Media Studies as a subject in 2016, representing more than 14,000 students. In Pakistan , media studies programs are widely offered. International Islamic University has the oldest department in the country, now called the "Department of Media and Communication Studies". Later on, the University of Karachi and

7623-520: The Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi has media studies as an emphasis. In the Netherlands , media studies is split into several academic courses, such as (applied) communication sciences , communication and information sciences, communication and media, media and culture or theater, and film and television sciences. While communication sciences focuses on the way people communicate, be it mediated or unmediated, media studies tends to narrow

7744-737: The Study of Journalism , which is one of the leaders in news media research for the United Kingdom. The Institute focuses on journalism and news media as topics of study. Mass communication , communication studies or simply 'communication' are names that are used far more frequently than “media studies” for academic departments in the United States. However, the focus of such programs sometimes excludes certain media—film, book publishing, video games, etc. The title “media studies” may be used to designate film studies and rhetorical or critical theory, or it may appear in combinations like “media studies and communication” to join two fields or emphasize

7865-517: The US, P-Orridge underwent a divorce which traumatised them immensely. Most of the output during this period was made up of re-releases of earlier albums, especially by industrial music record labels who released the albums as a "paying of respects" to the founder of industrial music . In 1992 Kim Cascone , founder of Silent Records, introduced P-Orridge to Larry Thrasher , co-founder of the mid 80's American experimental noise band Thessalonians. This began

7986-578: The United Kingdom have also used comments from the British press to look at their impression of media studies as a topic for study. Researchers Lucy Bennett and Jenny Kidd found that there was a link between the Conservative party in Britain and the idea that media studies was not an academic field worth studying due to its lack of scientific principles and employability for students. Stuart Hall ,

8107-631: The United States, there is a rise in research surrounding social media and its use as a media form for communication. As the amount of social media research is on the rise, many researchers are calling on social media corporations to release data about their services to the general public. Media is studied as a broad subject in most states in Australia . Media studies in Australia was first developed as an area of study in Victorian universities in

8228-597: The University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, University of Groningen, University of Maastricht, and the University of Utrecht. Nine Dutch universities collaborate in the overarching Netherlands Research school for Media Studies (RMeS), which acts as a platform for graduate students to build connections within the media studies discipline and to represent Dutch media scholars on an international level. Media studies in New Zealand

8349-637: The Voiceprint record label in England re-released several older Psychic TV and Genesis P-Orridge albums under the name Thee Majesty, and also a new album recorded with the band Cotton Ferox. Also, a 2005 release, Mary Never Wanted Jesus , credited to Genesis P-Orridge & Thee Majesty featured archive PTV material alongside new Thee Majesty recordings. PTV, as a rock entity, had a "final show" in 1999 at The Royal Festival Hall in London. This show also marked

8470-663: The Zeszyty Prasoznawcze, translated to Press Journals in English, one of the "architects" of media studies in Poland is Professor Walery Pisarek. Pisarek spent over 40 years of his career studying how topics such as persuasion, language, and propaganda intersect with media studies and linguistics, specifically in Poland. This focus on linguistics also led to Pisarek's support of the Polish Language Act ,

8591-631: The above-mentioned tour. Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e was released in 2007. In February 2007 the website Side-Line announced the news that the Fee Lee record label released a Psychic TV live album, Live in Russia . In the same year Psychic TV played at the ZXZW festival. Lady Jaye died suddenly on 9 October 2007 at home in Brooklyn, New York, from a previously undiagnosed heart condition which

8712-618: The academic studies they offer. Media Studies is a fast growing academic field in India , with several dedicated departments and research institutes. With a view to making the best use of communication facilities for information, publicity, and development, the Government of India in 1962-63 sought the advice of the Ford Foundation/UNESCO team of internationally known mass communication specialists who recommended setting up

8833-655: The band famously performed at Mr Floppy's Flophouse events in Oakland. In 1992, a video apparently created by Psychic TV was falsely presented as evidence of Satanic ritual abuse in an edition of Channel 4 TV's Dispatches . As a result, P-Orridge claimed initially that they were deported, although later admitted that they decided not to return to England from Kathmandu, where they and their family had been on holiday after selling an Austin Osman Spare painting to Chris Stein from Blondie for US$ 10,000 which financed

8954-625: The branch of Medienwissenschaft originated. While the Frankfurt-based theatre scholar Hans-Theis Lehmanns' term "post dramatic theater" points directly to the increased blending of co-presence and mediatized material in the German theater (and elsewhere) since the 1970s, the field of theater studies from the 1990s onwards at the Freie Universität Berlin, led in particular by Erika Fischer-Lichte, showed particular interest in

9075-457: The communication down to just mediated communication. Communication sciences (or a derivative thereof) can be studied at Erasmus University Rotterdam , Radboud University , Tilburg University , University of Amsterdam , University of Groningen , University of Twente , Roosevelt Academy , University of Utrecht , VU University Amsterdam , and Wageningen University and Research Centre . Media studies (or something similar) can be studied at

9196-548: The company's use of his personal data. In 2023, he announced his departure from X and other social media platforms, explaining, "And Twitter has no tolerance for ambiguity. It's missing the moderated, the emotional, the poetic...the whole human experience." In his most recent work, Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires (2022), Rushkoff explored the calculus some of

9317-553: The create several offshoot groups Splinter Test and later Thee Majesty , which focused on the spoken word and sonic experiments. Other notable releases upon which P-Orridge collaborated with Thrasher were the Electric Newspapers, a series of open source sample releases that blurred the sampling CD concept with a stream of consciousness listening experience. Material from the Electric Newspaper series of releases (there are six in total, but only four have been released)

9438-475: The department places an emphasis on what Jenkins and colleagues have termed "applied humanities": it hosts several research groups for civic media, digital humanities , games, computational media, documentary, and mobile design, and these groups are used to provide graduate students with research assistantships to cover the cost of tuition and living expenses. The incorporation of Writing and Humanistic Studies also placed MIT's Science Writing program, Writing Across

9559-474: The development of corporatism and centralized currency from the Renaissance to today, and hosted a radio show called The Media Squat on WFMU from 2008 to 2009, concerned with reclaiming commerce and culture from corporate domination. In September 2020, Rushkoff commented on the release of the documentary The Social Dilemma . This was partly based on the prompting from his fanbase that expressed that

9680-706: The development of the Victorian secondary school curriculum were the long time Rusden College media teacher Peter Greenaway, Trevor Barr (who authored one of the first media text books Reflections of Reality ) and later John Murray (who authored The Box in the Corner , In Focus , and 10 Lessons in Film Appreciation ). Today, Australian states and territories that teach media studies at a secondary level are Australian Capital Territory , Northern Territory , Queensland , South Australia , Victoria, and Western Australia . Media studies does not appear to be taught in

9801-636: The early 1960s, and in secondary schools in the mid 1960s. Today, almost all Australian universities teach media studies. According to the Government of Australia 's "Excellence in Research for Australia" report, the leading universities in the country for media studies (which were ranked well above world standards by the report's scoring methodology) are Monash University , QUT , RMIT , University of Melbourne , University of Queensland , and UTS . In secondary schools, an early film studies course

9922-509: The electric light is these activities. The fact that it is the medium that shapes and controls the form of human association and action makes it the message. The electric light is overlooked as a communication medium because it does not have any content. It is not until the electric light is used to spell a brand name that it is recognized as medium. Similar to radio and other mass media, electric light eliminates time and space factors in human association, creating deeper involvement. McLuhan compared

10043-597: The end of P-Orridge's exile from the UK. With encouragement from drummer Edley ODowd of Toilet Böys , Genesis reformed Psychic TV with an all new line-up, returning to the stage in 2003 with a concert in New York under the guise of PTV3, with a lineup including Edley ODowd, Alice Genese (bass), Douglas Rushkoff (keyboards) and Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge (sampler). The concert featured video projections by Sam Zimmerman ( Crash Worship ). In September 2004, an extensive tour of Europe (covering sixteen countries) and North America

10164-408: The essence of mid-1990s culture as being the fusion of rave psychedelia, chaos theory and early computer networks . The promise of the resulting "counter culture" was that media would change from being passive to active, that we would embrace the social over content, and that empowers the masses to create and react. This idea also comes up in the concept of the media virus, which Rushkoff details in

10285-515: The extremely wealthy make in the recognition that their often single-minded pursuit of greater profits and better technology are creating an increasingly unstable world. In a 2022 talk for House of SpeakEasy's Seriously Entertaining program, Rushkoff explained the billionaires' mindset as coming down to this essential question: "How much money and technology do I need to insulate myself from the reality I'm creating by earning money and using technology in this way?" He argues that treating people better in

10406-522: The fields of media ecology and political economy in the 20th century. They were both important members of the Toronto School of Communication at the time. More recently, the School of Montreal and its founder James R. Taylor significantly contributed to the field of organizational communication by focusing on the ontological processes of organizations. In 1945 and 1946, Carleton University and

10527-662: The habitus is not set in stone; it instead acts as a “strategy-generating principle” allowing individuals to navigate new and unfamiliar situations. Bourdieu expanded on the theory of the habitus, introducing his famous term, cultural capital. According to the French sociologist, cultural capital signifies an individual’s socially or culturally valuable skills and knowledge. He claims that these competencies are developed through one’s upbringing and access to education resources, and can be unconsciously shaped by their social environment. Bourdieu highlights this accumulation of competencies as

10648-404: The habitus. In his written work Outline of a Theory of Practice (Bourdieu, 1977), Bourdieu claims an audience's preference in media is shaped by their social context. How an individual interprets and engages with their surroundings, or their habitus, is defined by the lasting and transferable elements of character which structure their consumer preferences. Bourdieu explains that, though durable,

10769-556: The hands of a hierarchical authority structure. He defines media in favor of space as a lighter, more transferable medium like papyrus. Opposite to media in favor of time, Innis explains that the transferable quality of media biased towards space permits civilizations to expand more quickly across vast areas, thus benefiting the growth of sectors like trade. Space biased media influences an empire to decentralize its power and widen its reach of influence. Though these biases are in competition with each other, Innis argued that an empire requires

10890-437: The history of corporatism . Beginning with an overview of how money has been gradually centralized throughout time, and pondering the reasons and consequences of such a fact, he goes on to demonstrate how our society has become defined by and controlled by corporate culture . Rushkoff has long been skeptical of social media. On February 25, 2013, he announced in a CNN op-ed that he was leaving Facebook , citing concerns about

11011-408: The human species, and references both consistently in his work. Leary, along with John Barlow and Terence McKenna characterized the mid-1990s as techno-utopian, and saw the rapid acceleration of culture, emerging media and the unchecked advancement of technology as completely positive. Rushkoff's own unbridled enthusiasm for cyberculture was tempered by the dotcom boom, when the non-profit character of

11132-560: The humanities and cultural studies, such as film studies ("Filmwissenschaft"), theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft"), German language and literature studies ("Germanistik"), and Comparative Literature Studies ("Komparatistik"). This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s, causing a culturally-based media studies (often emphasized more recently through the disciplinary title Medienkulturwissenschaft ) in Germany to be developed and established. This plurality of perspectives make it difficult to single out one particular site where

11253-594: The ideas in the film were direct quotations from his books and films. Rushkoff speculated at the possibility that the programmers interviewed in the film have read something from himself, or other writers such as Nicholas Carr , Sherry Turkle , Andrew Keen , Howard Rheingold , Richard Barbrook , Tim Wu , or even the singer Raffi . He acknowledged that while their work and analogies are being quoted without acknowledgement of their source, that these quotations serve as memes themselves and are indicative of their sustaining value beyond their original authors. Jaron Lanier , who

11374-477: The inception of the band, who conceived it as a magical order and the philosophical wing of Psychic TV. T.O.P.Y. also functions as a cult-like fan-club for the group. Psychic TV have released over one hundred full-length albums to date, and earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records for most records released in one year (1986). This occurred after the band attempted to release 23 live albums on

11495-484: The intersection of technology, society and culture. Cyberia , his first book on cyberculture, was inspired by the San Francisco rave scene of the early 1990s. The initially planned publication was scrapped, however; in Rushkoff's words, "in 1992 Bantam canceled the book because they thought by 1993 the internet would be over." It was eventually published in 1994. As his books became more accepted, and his concepts of

11616-422: The live shows in this period were based around the songs on these albums. From '88–'90 PTV was very stable as a live unit and did more gigs and touring than any other version of PTV before or after. They embarked on a long tour of the US and UK in 1988, Europe in 1989 and another long tour of the United States in 1990. In 1990, Psychic TV released the song "I.C. Water" from the album Towards Thee Infinite Beat as

11737-405: The lyrics instead of the music for Psychic TV, they would assemble different groups of musicians together to create the music. The history of Psychic TV can be broken up into the periods of the main songwriter that was working with them at the time. Psychic TV was formed with the core membership of Genesis P-Orridge (ex- Throbbing Gristle ) and Alex Fergusson in 1981. Alex Fergusson was a member of

11858-656: The mass communication and media studies program in 1978. Today, most universities offer undergraduate degrees in Media and Communication Studies, and many Canadian scholars actively contribute to the field, among which: Brian Massumi (philosophy, cultural studies), Kim Sawchuk (cultural studies, feminist, ageing studies), Carrie Rentschler (feminist theory), and François Cooren (organizational communication). There are two universities in China that specialize in media studies. Communication University of China , formerly known as

11979-405: The media they consume, as well as how to cultivate intention and agency. He has theorized on such media as religion, culture, politics, and money. Up to the late-1990s, Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy towards technology could be characterized as media-deterministic. Cyberculture and new media were supposed to promote democracy and allow people to transcend the ordinary. In Cyberia , Rushkoff states

12100-457: The middle screen overlaid by yet another layer of "analog" projections, including moiréd overlays and liquid/oil effects performed by "something human" a.k.a. Caleigh Fisher, a friend from the TOPY years. Videos from the upcoming album and DVDs were previewed as works in process. Much of the video work revolves around Breyer P-Orridges exploration of the 'pandrogyne'. P-Orridge and Mo Edley performed

12221-473: The moving image as a medium, particularly in the context of illusion (Koch). Many scholars who became known as media scholars in Germany were originally scholars of German, such as Friedrich Kittler, who taught at the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and completed both his dissertation and habilitation in the context of Germanistik . One of the early publications in this branch of media studies was

12342-458: The pair's later work as Coil . Marc Almond of Soft Cell also contributed vocals. The live shows, such as those given at the famous Berlin Atonal festival, continued to bear improvised noise elements until Peter Christopherson left the group and Fergusson implemented new musicians. In 1986, Psychic TV began an intended series of 23 live show performances being recorded and released, each from

12463-640: The pandrogyne was the whole and we were each other's other half. Band leader Genesis P-Orridge was diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia in October 2017, and died in New York City on 14 March 2020, aged 70. Psychic TV have performed live many times in their career with an ever-changing and eclectic selection of musicians. Live releases account for about half of Psychic TV's discography and with one series of live releases they released seventeen live albums in eighteen months, enough to earn them

12584-556: The potential to enlighten, to aid grassroots movements, to offer an alternative to the traditional "top-down" media, to connect diverse groups and to promote the sharing of information. Rushkoff does not limit his writings to the effect of technology on adults, and in Playing the Future turns his attention to the generation of people growing up who understand the language of media like natives, guarded against coercion. These "screenagers",

12705-456: The presence of both time and space biased media to succeed as a lasting civilization. One prominent French media critic is the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu , who wrote books like On Television (New Press, 1999). Bourdieu asserts that television provides far less autonomy (or freedom) than we think. From his perspective, the market (which creates a hunt for higher advertising revenue) not only imposes uniformity and banality, but also necessitates

12826-925: The present may be the most surefire way to avoid widespread catastrophe in the future. Media theory Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media ; in particular, the mass media . Media studies may draw on traditions from both the social sciences and the humanities, but it mostly draws from its core disciplines of mass communication , communication , communication sciences , and communication studies . Researchers may also develop and employ theories and methods from disciplines including cultural studies , rhetoric (including digital rhetoric ), philosophy , literary theory , psychology , political science , political economy , economics , sociology , anthropology , social theory , art history and criticism , film theory , and information theory . Former priest and American educator John Culkin

12947-445: The punk/experimental outfit Alternative TV , with whom P-Orridge performed at one point throughout Throbbing Gristle's run. The "TV" of the band's title contributed the latter half of the name Psychic TV. Similarities can be seen in the artwork for Alternative TV and early Psychic TV releases, with a recurring pastiche on the 'as seen on TV' marketing style. Fellow ex-TG member Peter Christopherson got involved in 1982 and claimed that

13068-448: The state of New South Wales at a secondary level. In Victoria, the VCE media studies course is structured as: Unit 1 – Representation, Technologies of Representation, and New Media; Unit 2 – Media Production, Australian Media Organisations; Unit 3 – Narrative Texts, Production Planning ; and Unit 4 – Media Process, Social Values, and Media Influence. Media studies also forms a major part of

13189-437: The trip. They also spent some time with Tibetan refugees, and instead of returning to the UK chose to go into "self-imposed exile". The programme was later discredited, though not before their house was raided by the police and the allegations had been repeated in the tabloid press. They said that they felt they would not get a fair hearing if they returned to England, so the family moved to California. Shortly after moving to

13310-404: The usage of terms such as "media" into our language along with other precepts, among them "global village" and "Age of Information". A medium is anything that mediates our interaction with the world or other humans. Given this perspective, media study is not restricted to just media of communications but all forms of technology. Media and their users form an ecosystem, and the study of this ecosystem

13431-446: The viewer to fill in the blanks. McLuhan used lecturing as an example for hot media and seminars as an example for low media. Using a hot medium in a hot or cool culture makes a difference. In his book, Empire and Communications , University of Toronto professor Harold Innis highlighted media technologies as a powerful contributor to the rise and collapse of empires. Innis’ theory of media bias utilizes historical evidence to argue that

13552-600: The ways in which theatricality influenced notions of performativity in aesthetic events. Within the field of Film Studies, again, both Frankfurt and Berlin were dominant in the development of new perspectives on moving image media. Heide Schlüpman in Frankfurt and Gertrud Koch  [ de ] , first in Bochum then in Berlin, were key theorists contributing to an aesthetic theory of the cinema (Schlüpmann) as dispositif and

13673-530: The world's largest open schooling system, offers Mass Communication as a subject of studies at senior secondary level. All the major universities in the country have mass media and journalism studies departments, including Asian College of Journalism, Chennai, Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi, Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai, Parul University, Vadodara, Amity University, Jawaharlal Neheru University, Apeejay Institute of Mass Communications, Brainware University Kolkata, and others. Centre for

13794-457: Was a subject in Rushkoff's Cyberia years before, is one of the people included in the documentary. Rushkoff also acknowledged he got a call from the Center for Humane Technology stating that they are starting a new organization called Team Humanity , which is a direct wordplay from Rushkoff's podcast Team Human . Rushkoff asked his fanbase to not act negatively toward this appropriation, and to be inclusive of this new community in order to open up

13915-505: Was able to bring in the cultural element of media studies that he felt was often left out by academics in the field. Despite the field normally being called mass communication in American circles, many theories within the realm of media studies have evolved from the United States. Elihu Katz’s uses and gratifications theory examines why individuals choose to take in media. At its core, the uses and gratifications theory explores how there

14036-613: Was declared the sixth most influential thinker in the world by MIT Technology Review , following Steven Pinker , David Graeber , Nobel prize -winner Daniel Kahneman , Thilo Sarrazin , and Richard Florida . Rushkoff was born in New York City, New York, and is the son of Sheila, a psychiatric social worker, and Marvin Rushkoff, a hospital administrator. His older brother, Bennett, has served as an administrative law judge in Washington, D.C. Rushkoff graduated from Princeton University in 1983. He moved to Los Angeles and completed

14157-471: Was first introduced as a part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s. By the early 1970s, an expanded media studies course was being taught. The course became part of the senior secondary curriculum (later known as the Victorian Certificate of Education or "VCE") in the 1980s. It has since become, and continues to be, a strong component of the VCE. Notable figures in

14278-549: Was founded at Leicester University, and degree programs in media studies began to sprout at polytechnics and other universities during the 1970s and 1980s. James Halloran at the University of Leicester is credited for his influence in the development of media studies and communication studies, as the head of the university's Centre for Mass Communication Research and founder of the International Association for Media and Communication Research. Media Studies

14399-478: Was launched. 2005 saw the band return to the studio, recording their first album in over ten years (P-Orridge also spent 2005 working with Throbbing Gristle on their first album in over twenty-five years). Additionally, a few more dates were performed in Europe throughout the year. In January 2006, a new PTV album was announced by P-Orridge on their website entitled Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e . The album

14520-535: Was one of the earliest advocates for the implementation of media studies curriculum in schools. He believed students should be capable of scrutinizing mass media, and valued the application of modern communication techniques within the education system. In 1975, Culkin introduced the first media studies M.A. program in the U.S, which has since graduated more than 2,000 students. Culkin was also responsible for bringing his colleague and fellow media scholar Marshall McLuhan to Fordham University, and subsequently founding

14641-814: Was recorded in New York and features Nick Zinner ( Yeah Yeah Yeahs ) and Gibby Haynes ( Butthole Surfers ) guesting on some tracks. P-Orridge described it as " The Dark Side of the Moon for the 21st century". Concerts in 2006 included Sheffield, Birmingham and London, UK, as well as Brussels, Amsterdam and Moscow. The 2006 line up consisted of Genesis Breyer P-Orridge (vocals, "noise bass"), Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge (samples), Edley ODowd (drums), Alice Genese (bass), David Max (guitar), Markus Aurelius Cirkus Maximus Dangerous Fabulous Persson (keyboards) and Zef Noi$ e (electric violin). The 2006 shows included an 'all new video light show' by Sterile Cowboys & Co. (a.k.a. Nicolas Jenkins) – three screens of heavily overlaid video with

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