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101-597: State College is a borough and home rule municipality in Centre County, Pennsylvania , United States. It is a college town , dominated economically, culturally, and demographically by the presence of the University Park campus of The Pennsylvania State University . State College is the largest designated borough in Pennsylvania. It is the principal borough of the six municipalities that make up

202-535: A Guinness World Record holder with Light Up State College organizing 5,226 lighted ice luminaries that were displayed across South Allen Street in Downtown State College. This is the most ice luminaries in any one location to date. The previous record was held by Vuollerim, Sweden, with 2,652 ice luminaries. State College is most known for Penn State Nittany Lions football , which draws over 100,000 fans to Beaver Stadium on home games. The borough

303-466: A borough (sometimes spelled boro ) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city , but with a similar population density in its residential areas. Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities. All municipalities in Pennsylvania are classified as either cities , boroughs, or townships . The only exception

404-411: A commission headed by Edward Bassett and signed by Mayor John Purroy Mitchel , became the blueprint for zoning in the rest of the country, partly because Bassett headed the group of planning lawyers who wrote The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act that was issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1924 and accepted almost without change by most states. The effect of these zoning regulations on

505-435: A " mountain lion habitat" to avoid state affordable housing requirements. It backed down on that attempt after California Attorney General Rob Bonta denied this claim. Bonta wrote: "There is no valid basis to claim that the entire town of Woodside is a habitat for mountain lions. Land that is already developed — with, for example a single-family home — is not, by definition, habitat. (...) Our message to local governments

606-490: A "State College, PA" address although they are not part of the borough. Happy Valley and Lion Country are also used to identify the State College area, including both the borough and townships of College , Harris , Patton , and Ferguson . State College evolved from a village to a town to serve the needs of Pennsylvania State College, which was founded in 1855 as Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania. State College

707-856: A "political minefield" for Boston Mayor Michelle Wu. On December 7, 2018, Minneapolis in Minnesota became the first U.S. city to decide to completely phase out exclusionary single-family zoning policies (then covering 70% of its residential land) in three stages. It also planned to allow construction of new three-to-six story buildings near transit stops, abolish off-street minimum parking requirements (the fourth U.S. city to do so), require new apartment developments to set aside 10% of units for moderate-income households, and to increase funding for affordable housing to combat homelessness and support low-income renters. Aside from increasing housing affordability and reducing racial and economic segregation, reducing commutes and making housing more environmentally friendly

808-486: A common yard) in addition to duplexes on land that had until then been reserved for single-family homes. Theoretically, the primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible and provide stability to property values. In practice, zoning is also used as a permitting system to prevent new development from harming existing residents or businesses . Zoning is commonly exercised by local governments such as counties or municipalities , although

909-480: A developer requests rezoning and presents a suitable plan. Development under this practice appears to be piecemeal and uncoordinated. Communities try to influence the timing of development by government expenditures for new streets, sewers, and utilities usually desired for modern developments. Contrary to federal recommendations discouraging it, the development of interstate freeways for purposes unrelated to planned community growth, creates an inexorable rush to develop

1010-404: A family was $ 58,953. The per capita income for the borough was $ 13,336. 46.9% of the population and 9.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.6% of those under the age of 18 and 2.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. However, traditional measures of income and poverty can be very misleading when applied to a community like State College that

1111-758: A growing push from local governments such as Berkeley (set to phase out single-family zoning by December 2022), San Jose and other cities across the state. In 2000, Republican governor Paul Cellucci of Massachusetts passed the Community Preservation Act for housing affordability. In 2004, Republican governor Mitt Romney adopted the 40R law which provided financial incentives to cities, suburbs, and towns to adopt zoning legislation for new rental and condo units around rail stations. In 2012, Democratic governor Deval Patrick expanded 40R with Compact Neighborhoods, incentivizing zoning for denser, multifamily housing near rail and transit hubs across

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1212-784: A law similar to 1910 Baltimore ordinance. Before 1918, race-based zoning ordinances were adopted in New Orleans , Louisville , St. Louis , and Oklahoma City . In the end, the United States Supreme Court struck down the Louisville ordinance, ruling in Buchanan v. Warley that race-based zoning was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; more specifically, the Court held that the law violated

1313-641: A law which prohibited signs for adult cabarets. Beginning in 1987, several United States Supreme Court cases ruled against land use regulations as being a taking requiring just compensation pursuant to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution . First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County ruled that even a temporary regulatory taking may require compensation. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission ruled that construction permit conditions that fail to substantially advance

1414-634: A park that partly spills into Ferguson Township . Holmes–Foster makes up half of the Holmes–Foster–Highlands Historic District , which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. Holmes–Foster had a population of 1,597 during the 2010 census. South State College, also referred to as the South Neighborhood, is shaped by Easterly Parkway, University Drive, and Atherton Street, which form

1515-431: A period of record dating back to 1893, the lowest temperature recorded was −20 °F (−29 °C) on February 10, 1899 , and the highest was 102 °F (39 °C) on July 17, 1988, and July 9, 1936. Weather in State College is strongly influenced by the mountain and valley topology of the area. The surrounding mountains cause significantly lower temperatures in the winter, and make summer heat waves much rarer than in

1616-912: A related or even the same name. There are 956 boroughs and 56 cities in Pennsylvania. Many home rule municipalities remain classified as boroughs or townships for certain purposes, even if the state's borough and township codes no longer apply to them. Zoning in the United States Zoning laws in major cities originated with the Los Angeles zoning ordinances of 1904 and the New York City 1916 Zoning Resolution . Early zoning regulations were in some cases motivated by racism and classism, particularly with regard to those mandating single-family housing. Zoning ordinances did not allow African-Americans moving into or using residences that were occupied by majority whites due to

1717-499: A result of zoning, such as housing affordability crises and racial and socio-economic segregation. In addition, federal legislation to reform exclusionary zoning has been proposed by national politicians from both the Republican and Democratic parties since at least the 2010s. In September 2021, the state of California adopted Senate Bill 9 allowing the development of up to four residential units on single-family lots, following

1818-635: A subcommittee under the title of "Laws and Ordinances." This committee—which included Bassett, Knowles, Lewis, and Veiller—composed a series of drafts for SZEA, with one dated as early as December 15, 1921. A second draft came forth from the subcommittee in January 1922. Several drafts culminated in the first published document in 1924, which was revised and republished in 1926. During their inception, zoning laws were harshly criticized as an overreach of government power. Some believed that they were an unjust restriction of private action, while others believed that

1919-438: A triangular shape. The area began expanding around World War II and has a population of 1,313. Tusseyview is located south of South State College and has a population of 995. The neighborhood has three parks: Tussey View Park, South Hills Park, and Nittany Village Park. The area is home to State College Friends School, a Quaker school that serves the local school districts. Greentree is a neighborhood between Holmes–Foster to

2020-573: A weaker economy. Strict zoning laws have been found to contribute to racial housing segregation in the United States , and zoning laws that prioritize single-family housing have raised concerns regarding housing availability, housing affordability and environmental harms. In the U.S., support for local zoning against multifamily housing is concentrated among white, affluent homeowners. There are no substantial differences between liberal and conservative homeowners in their opposition to

2121-613: Is University Drive at East Park Avenue. Rec Hall is a field house located on the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University . It was opened on January 15, 1929, and remains in use. It is home to the Penn State Nittany Lions women's and men's volleyball teams, and Penn State Nittany Lions wrestling . Rec Hall has a banked indoor track of approximately 257 yards around, or roughly 6.85 laps per mile. Pegula Ice Arena

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2222-561: Is a 46-hour dance marathon that takes place every February on the University Park campus with the goal of raising money for the Four Diamonds Foundation. A number of events throughout the year pave the way to February's THON weekend. Blue-White Football Weekend occurs in April and includes a carnival, fireworks, food vendors, a student entertainment stage, live music, a parade, and more. On game day, autograph sessions with

2323-545: Is a 6,014-seat multi-purpose arena in University Park , on the campus of Penn State University , which opened October 11, 2013, to replace the 1,350-seat Penn State Ice Pavilion . The facility is located on the corner of Curtin Road and University Drive near the Bryce Jordan Center . Beaver Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in University Park , on the campus of Pennsylvania State University . It

2424-653: Is a small neighborhood east of the Highlands, west of College Township, and north of Nittany Hills. The population was 124 people as of the 2010 census. The number of residents is attributed to an apartment building located within the census borders. State College has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ). Temperatures average 27.2 °F (−2.7 °C) in January and 72.2 °F (22.3 °C) in July. Annual precipitation averages 41.53 inches (105 cm), with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of annual snowfall on average. With

2525-526: Is a tool in the treatment of certain social ills and part of the larger concept of social engineering . There is criticism of zoning particularly amongst proponents of limited government or Laissez-faire political perspectives. The inherent danger of zoning, as a coercive force used against property owners seeking to build integrated housing, has been described in detail in Richard Rothstein 's book The Color of Law (2017). Government zoning

2626-502: Is believed that Berkeley, California is where single-family zoning first originated, as an effort to keep minorities out of white neighborhoods. In 1916, New York City adopted the first zoning regulations to apply citywide as a reaction to construction of the Equitable Building (which still stands at 120 Broadway). The building towered over the neighboring residences, completely covering all available land area within

2727-485: Is dominated by students. The population of the State College metropolitan statistical area was 153,990 as of the 2010 U.S. census. Pennsylvania State University is the largest single employer in the region, employing over 27,000 full- and part-time workers as of 2016. Other industries in the area include health care, retail, hospitality services, construction, and government. Other notable employers include

2828-410: Is exempt from compliance. Consequently, zoning may only affect new development in a growing community. In addition, if undeveloped land is zoned to allow development, that land becomes relatively expensive, causing developers to seek land that is not zoned for development with the intention to seek rezoning of that land. Communities generally react by not zoning undeveloped land to allow development until

2929-418: Is far more predominating in U.S. cities than in other countries. The housing shortage in many metropolitan areas, coupled with racial residential segregation , has led to increased public focus and political debates on zoning laws. Studies indicate that strict zoning regulations constrain the supply of housing and inflate housing prices, and increase homelessness, as well as contribute to inequality and

3030-745: Is home to the Penn State Nittany Lions , who have competed in the Big Ten Conference since 1990. Beaver Stadium has an official seating capacity of 106,572, making it the second largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and fourth largest in the world as of 2022. The Nittany Mountain Biking Association (NMBA) is active at maintaining and adding trails throughout the local state forest. There are miles of trails through Rothrock State Forest for

3131-600: Is home to the State College Spikes , a minor league baseball team that is part of the MLB Draft League and plays their home games at Medlar Field at Lubrano Park , and Penn State baseball . Penn State also has Division 1 teams in basketball, ice hockey, soccer, volleyball, and wrestling. Jeffrey Field is a soccer stadium in State College that hosts the Penn State Nittany Lions women's soccer and Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer teams. Address

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3232-457: Is located at an elevation of approximately 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 4.5 square miles (12 km), all land. It is surrounded by large tracts of farmland and an expanse of Appalachian Mountain ranges and forests. Its location within a valley makes it prone to frequent rain and snowfall. Mount Nittany is part of Pennsylvania's geologic ridge-and-valley province of

3333-462: Is simple: act in good faith, follow the law, and do your part to increase the housing supply." According to housing advocate Sonja Trauss, this was just one of about 40 cases in which Californian towns attempted to limit, block or discourage housing development to maintain exclusionary single-family zones in violation of Senate Bill 9 (SB9) adopted in September 2021. Zoning codes have evolved over

3434-422: Is the same as the review of a zoning ordinance: whether the restriction is arbitrary or whether it bears a reasonable relationship to the exercise of the police power of the state. If the residents in the targeted neighborhood complain about the amendment, their argument in court does not allow them any vested right to keep the zoned district the same. However, they do not have to prove the difficult standard that

3535-417: Is the town of Bloomsburg , recognized by the state government as the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania. Boroughs tend to have more developed business districts and concentrations of public and commercial office buildings, including courthouses. Boroughs are larger, less spacious, and more developed than the relatively rural townships, which often have the greater territory and even surround boroughs of

3636-704: The Appalachian Mountains . It is located at the approximate geographic center of Pennsylvania. Two major sections in State College include the Downtown Improvement District and University Park . Some significant neighborhoods include Highlands, Orchard Park, West End, College Heights, Holmes Foster, South State College, Tusseyview, Greentree, Nittany Hills and Penfield, and Vallamont. Four of these neighborhoods, Orchard Park, Greentree, Tusseyview, and South State College, are included as one area called "Suburban State College" under

3737-912: The Baltimore scheme was implemented on a block-by-block basis. Druid Hill had already existed as a de facto all-black neighborhood, but some whites in nearby neighborhoods protested for formal segregation. Just a few months later, Richmond, Virginia passed its race-based zoning law, which was upheld by the Supreme Court of Virginia in the 1915 case Hopkins v. City of Richmond . Over the next few years, several southern cities established race-based residential zoning ordinances, including four other cities in Virginia , one in North Carolina , and another in South Carolina . Atlanta passed

3838-574: The Federal Government (452 employees), YMCA (446 employees), Wegmans (430 employees), Shaner Corporation (380 employees), McDonald's (263 employees), Giant Food Stores (255 employees), Hotel State College & Company (251 employees), Raytheon (251 employees), Sheetz (251 employees), Foxdale Village (250 employees), State College Borough Government (213 employees), Minitab (211 employees), and Penn State Hershey Medical Group (200 employees). The Central Pennsylvania Festival of

3939-528: The State College area , the largest settlement in Centre County and one of the principal cities of the greater State College-DuBois Combined Statistical Area with a combined population of 236,577 as of the 2010 U.S. census . In the 2010 census, the borough population was 42,034 with approximately 105,000 living in the borough and the surrounding townships, often referred to locally as the Centre Region . Many of these Centre Region communities also carry

4040-608: The "right to contract" and the right to alienate property. Despite the Buchanan ruling, the city of Atlanta devised a new race-based zoning ordinance, arguing that the Supreme Court had merely applied to specific defects of the Louisville ordinance. Even after the Georgia Supreme Court struck down the Atlanta ordinance, the city continued to use their racially based residential zoning maps. Other municipalities tested

4141-404: The 12,610 households, 9.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 18.2% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 75.6% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

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4242-571: The 1908 ordinances, even in one case of ex post facto relocation of an existing brickyard. Ordinance 16170, adopted on September 16, 1908, established six industrial districts. These were drawn mainly in areas which had already hosted significant industrial development such as corridors along the freight railroads and the Los Angeles River . A new ordinance adopted on August 3, 1909, established that all land within Los Angeles that

4343-554: The Arts , usually referred to as "Arts Fest", is held downtown every July. The five-day festival features artists from around the country and draws more than 125,000 visitors. Streets are closed off and lined with booths where people can buy paintings, pottery, jewelry, and other hand-made goods. There borough hosts musical performances, plays, and food vendors selling everything from funnel cakes to Indian cuisine. The Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon , commonly referred to as THON,

4444-961: The City Planning Commission that year. Houston is the largest city in the country with no zoning ordinances . Houston voters have rejected efforts to implement zoning in 1948, 1962, and 1993. Houston is similar, however, to other large cities throughout the Sun Belt , who all experienced the bulk of their population growth during the Age of the Automobile . The largest of these cities, such as Los Angeles , Atlanta , Miami , Tampa , Dallas , Phoenix , and Kansas City , have all expanded their metropolitan footprints along with Houston while having land use zoning. While Houston has no official zoning ordinances, many private properties have legal covenants or "deed restrictions" that limit

4545-722: The Commonwealth. In November 2017, Republican governor Charlie Baker introduced the Housing Choice reform (adopted in January 2021), including relaxing the requirement of a two-thirds majority to a simple majority at the local level to pass zoning amendments for new housing, a requirement for 175 cities and towns in the Greater Boston area to rezone land for denser, multi-family housing near MBTA stations, and financial means of compliance to new zoning regulations on top of existing incentives. Unlike California, where

4646-700: The Federal Housing Amendments Act of 1988, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000. Local governments regulate signage on private property through zoning ordinances. Sometimes courts invalidate laws which regulate the content of speech rather than the manners and modes of speech. One court invalidated a local ordinance that prohibited "for sale" and "sold" signs on private property. Another court struck down

4747-415: The Highlands is the borough's most populous neighborhood with a population of 9,726 people, 77% of whom are in the age range of 18–24 years old. The neighborhood also includes a section of the Holmes–Foster–Highlands Historic District . Orchard Park is a multi-family residential area mostly populated by college-aged residents and young professionals. Expansion for the area began in the late 20th century with

4848-745: The National Citizen's Survey. Downtown State College, also known as the Downtown Improvement District, is State College's commercial and cultural center. The area receives approximately 1.5 to 2 million annual visitors and boasts major festivals such as the Central Pennsylvania Festival for the Arts. Downtown State College has a population of 4,417 people. The 2010s saw a construction boom downtown, with several mixed-use towers developed, including Rise, Metropolitan, Fraser Centre, and Here State College (a 15-floor tower on Garner Street), and others. Unlike older towers, many of

4949-479: The US, they tend to liberate relatively little land area from strict single-use zoning. Based on a survey of 25 cities, less than 5% of land allows mixed residential and commercial uses. Amendments to zoning regulations may be subject to judicial review, should such amendments be challenged as ultra vires or unconstitutional. The standard applied to the amendment to determine whether it may survive judicial scrutiny

5050-456: The United States because it never adopted a zoning ordinance. However, strong support existed for zoning in Houston among elements within municipal government and among the city's elites during the 1920s. In 1924, Mayor Oscar Holcombe , appointed the first funded City Planning Commission. City Council voted in favor of hiring S. Herbert Hare of Hare and Hare as a planning consultant. Following

5151-402: The United States were influenced by a demand for class, ethnic, and race-based segregation. Early zoning ordinances in the United States were more narrow in scope and later became more comprehensive. Modesto, California 's 1885 ordinance banning wash houses from certain areas of the city has been argued to be America's first true zoning ordinance. Richmond's 1908 zoning ordinance regulating

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5252-401: The United States, wrote in 1922: Skyscrapers would be built to unnecessary height, their cornices projecting into the street and shutting out light and air. The lower floors needed artificial light in the daytime. Business centers instead of being rationally spread out were intensively congested. Transit and street facilities were overwhelmed... Additionally, many of the earliest zoning laws in

5353-660: The West End has a high population of renters, representing approximately 96.3% of the population. The neighborhood had a population of 2,324 people as of the 2010 U.S. census. The West End also makes up a third of the Holmes–Foster–Highlands Historic District. College Heights is a neighborhood and historic district north of campus. The College Heights Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 and makes up

5454-483: The agency's authorized purposes, require compensation. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council ruled that numerous environmental concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. Dolan v. City of Tigard ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the adverse impacts of the proposed new development. Palazzolo v. Rhode Island ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at

5555-418: The amendment amounts to a taking. If the gain to the public for the rezoning is small compared to the hardships that would affect the residents, then the amendment may be granted if it provides relief to the residents. If the local zoning authority passes the zoning amendment, then spot zoning allegations may arise should the rezoning be preferential in nature and not reasonably justified. Land-use zoning

5656-497: The area at the expense, in their view, of the borough's character. In 2022, the State College Borough Council repealed the zoning regulations in State College to deter dense housing developments. Critics of the change said that it would lead to urban sprawl and make housing less affordable, whereas proponents of the zoning change said that high-rise student housing was inconsistent with the character of

5757-612: The borough was 83.2% White , 3.8% Black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 9.8% Asian , 1.0% Other , and 2.0% from two or more races. 3.9% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. 22,681 or 54.0% of borough residents were males and 19,353 or 46.0% were females. A 2014 estimate had the racial makeup of the borough as 78.9% Non-Hispanic White, 5.6% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American and Alaska Native, 11.5% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 0.8% Some other race, and 2.2% two or more races. 4.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Of

5858-603: The code R5 could refer to 5 residential housing units per acre or to homes on lots of at least 5,000 square feet. There are several limitations to the ability of local governments in asserting police powers to control land use. First, constitutional constraints include freedom of speech (First Amendment), unjust takings of property through the use of zoning that denies land owners the ability to put their land to reasonable, income producing uses (Fifth Amendment), and equal protection (Fourteenth Amendment). There are also federal statutes that sometimes constrain local zoning. These include

5959-664: The college town. University Park is the largest Penn State campus and the postal address for the university. Notable sites include Old Main , a landmark of the Farmers' High School Historic District , Rec Hall , the Nittany Lion Shrine , the Palmer Museum of Art , Penn State Creamery , Beaver Stadium , and the Bryce Jordan Center ; both Beaver Stadium and the Bryce Jordan Center are located in

6060-500: The constitutionally objectionable problems of the RFRA. RLUIPA has been found to be constitutional as applied to institutionalized persons in three United States Supreme Court cases ( Cutter v. Wilkinson , Sossamon v. Texas, and Holt v. Hobbs ), but as of 2020 no case had decided RLUIPA's constitutionality as it relates to religious land uses. In early 2022, the town of Woodside, California drew widespread derision for declaring itself

6161-762: The construction of dense housing in their neighborhoods. However, among the mass public and elected officials, Democrats are more likely to support dense, multi-family housing. Zoning in the United States is expected to cost hundreds of billions or over a trillion per year in lost economic output. Many argue that German urban planner Reinhard Baumister was the first to develop a system of land use separation that could be considered "zoning". Frankfurt's nineteenth century zoning plans were used as inspiration across America and other countries in Western Europe. The purported need for formal zoning in America arose at

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6262-615: The expanding list of exceptions, new ordinances in other cities (i.e., 1914 Oakland ordinance) followed the 1908 Los Angeles model through about 1917. There existed 22 cities with zoning ordinances by 1913. Many American cities passed residential segregation laws based on race between 1910 and 1917. Baltimore City Council passed such a law in December 1910. Unlike the Los Angeles Residential District which created well-defined areas for residential land use,

6363-611: The fact that their presence would decrease the value of home. The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. in 1926. According to the New York Times , " single-family zoning is practically gospel in America," as a vast number of cities zone land extensively for detached single-family homes. Low-density residential zoning

6464-664: The following district courts. The jurisdictions include civil claims and summary offenses. Higher level courts are located in Bellefonte: State College is a member of the Centre Region Council of Governments (CRCOG). Other members are: At the local level, the State College government is currently run by the following elected officials: Borough (Pennsylvania) In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ,

6565-624: The football student-athletes is held in Beaver Stadium prior to kickoff of the Blue-White football intra-squad scrimmage game. Other annual events in the area include "First Night State College", a New Year's Eve celebration with carved ice sculptures and musical performances that takes place in downtown State College, and "Central PA 4th Fest", a day-long event that includes Fourth of July fireworks, crafts, food vendors, and entertainers. On Saturday, February 4, 2017, State College set

6666-401: The future uses of land, with effects similar to those of zoning systems. Also, the city has enacted development regulations that specify how lots are subdivided, standard setbacks, and parking requirements. The regulations have contributed to the city's automobile -dependent sprawl, by requiring the existence of large minimum residential lot sizes and large commercial parking lots. During

6767-499: The height and arrangement of buildings was upheld by the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals in 1910, a decision used as precedent in the implementation of New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution . Zoning in Los Angeles is commonly believed to have been first enacted in 1908, although Los Angeles City Council passed the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States, Ordinance 9774, on July 25, 1904. Though

6868-448: The height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot ( setbacks ), the proportions of the types of space on a lot (for example, how much landscaped space and how much paved space), and how much parking must be provided ). Some commercial zones specify what types of products may be sold by particular stores. Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting variances (exceptions to

6969-500: The law. The trial court originally ruled in Ambler's favor, holding zoning unconstitutional. Among other reasons, the trial court found that zoning was an illegitimate device to facilitate social and economic segregation. Nonetheless, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed that decision, holding that zoning was a nuisance-preventing device, and as such a proper exercise of the state regulatory police power. Houston remains an exception within

7070-424: The limits of Buchanan ; Florida , Apopka and West Palm Beach drafted race-based residential zoning ordinances. Birmingham , Indianapolis , and New Orleans all passed race-based zoning laws, while Atlanta, Austin , Kansas City, Missouri , and Norfolk considered race in their "spot zoning" decisions. In some cases, these practices continued for decades after Buchanan . While not explicitly race-based, it

7171-449: The local zoning ordinances effectively diminished its property values. The village had zoned an area of land held by Ambler Realty as a residential neighborhood. Ambler argued that it would lose money because if the land could be leased to industrial users it would have netted a great deal more money than as a residential area. Ambler Realty claimed these breaches implied an unconstitutional taking of property and denied equal protection under

7272-450: The majority of the area. College Heights is dominated by families of professionals, other Penn State faculty, and Penn State students due to the area's proximity to the campus. From 1852 to 1920, the neighborhood included 15 homes just north of Penn State. Over the next decade, however, the number more than quadrupled to 69. Development continued throughout the 2010s with College Heights's population growing to 1,839 people. The neighborhood has

7373-488: The mid-twentieth century, use-based zoning became flatter, and hierarchical provisions that allowed residential uses in industrial areas became less common. Zoning districts also became larger, increasing the distance between properties zoned for different uses. In the early 21st century, several local and state governments across the United States have been relaxing or abolishing specific zoning classes (e.g. single-family zoning ) to address various issues that have arisen as

7474-433: The newer buildings are mixed-use, with retail on the ground floor, offices on the next couple floors up, and apartments on the top floors. This high-rise building boom has drawn debate in the local area. Some residents see it as a boon to increase foot traffic downtown and reduce congestion on the arterial roads leading into the town. Others, however, are skeptical of the developments since they replace historical buildings in

7575-401: The north, Orchard Park to the south, and Ferguson Township to the west. The population was 923 people. Nittany Hills and Penfield are two sections of the same neighborhood. Nittany Hills includes the eastern half and Penfield makes up the western half. The neighborhood is sandwiched between State College South and College Township. The population was 353 people as of the 2010 census. Vallamont

7676-410: The ordinance did not assign all parts of the city to a zoning map, as with later American ordinances, it did establish three residential districts in which laundries and wash houses were prohibited. The prohibition against laundries had a racial component since many were owned by Chinese residents and citizens. This ordinance would later be replaced in 1908 with other ordinances that expanded the scope of

7777-492: The passage of a state zoning enabling statute in 1927, Holcombe appointed Will Hogg to chair a new City Planning Commission. Will Hogg was a co-founder of the River Oaks development, the son of a former Texas Governor and an heir to family oil wealth. By 1929, both Hare and Hogg abandoned efforts to push the zoning ordinance to a referendum. In their estimation, there was not enough support for it. Hogg resigned as chair of

7878-650: The population then about 4,000 people. The neighborhood is home to two parks and is adjacent to Westerly Parkway Plaza, which houses many businesses. Orchard Park houses the South Hills Business School, a YMCA , and the Cedar Heights Church, which is used as a location for voters in State College. The West End, also referred to as Urban Village, is an extension of the Downtown and Holmes–Foster areas. Located adjacent to west campus,

7979-459: The power of zoning would be corrupted in the hands of bureaucrats. General P. Lincoln Mitchell went as far as to call zoning laws "an advanced form of communism." Others supported zoning laws for their uniform and consistent application, and believed that they would be a force of social equality. The constitutionality of zoning laws was highly debated until the ruling of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty . The constitutionality of zoning ordinances

8080-566: The property boundary, blocking windows of neighboring buildings and diminishing the availability of sunshine for the people in the affected area. Bassett's zoning map established height restrictions for the entire city, expressed as ratios between maximum building height and the width of adjacent streets. Residential zones were the most restrictive, limiting building height to no higher than the width of adjoining streets. The law also regulated land use, preventing factories and warehousing from encroaching on retail districts. These laws , written by

8181-571: The purposes of mountain biking and hiking. At the federal level, State College is located in Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district , represented by Republican Glenn Thompson . Republican Greg Rothman represents Pennsylvania Senate, District 34 , and Democrat Scott Conklin represents Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 77 . The county seat of Centre County is Bellefonte , approximately 12 miles northeast of State College. State College Borough falls under jurisdiction of

8282-455: The relatively cheap land near interchanges. Property tax suppression measures such as California Proposition 13 led many communities desperate to capture sales tax revenue to disregard their comprehensive plans and rezone undeveloped land for retail establishments. In Colorado, local governments are free to choose not to enforce their own zoning and other land regulation laws. This is called selective enforcement. Steamboat Springs, Colorado

8383-506: The residential districts and greatly expanded the scope of prohibited industries. Existing nuisance laws had already prohibited some industrial land uses in Los Angeles . Dangerous businesses (such as warehousing explosives) were illegal before 1908, as were odorous land uses, such as slaughterhouses and tanneries . The California Supreme Court had already upheld such rules in Yick Wo (1886). Many later California court cases supported

8484-533: The rest of the state. Precipitation is about 20% lower than areas at comparable elevations, again due to the surrounding mountains. Snowfall typically occurs between October and April, but has happened as late as June. According to the 2010 census, there were 42,034 people, 12,610 households, and 3,069 families residing in the borough. The population density was 9,258.6 inhabitants per square mile (3,574.8/km). There were 13,007 housing units at an average density of 2,865.0 per square mile (1,106.2/km). The racial makeup of

8585-507: The shape of skyscrapers was illustrated famously by architect and illustrator Hugh Ferriss . The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) is a federal planning document first drafted and published through the United States Commerce Department in 1922, which gave states a model under which they could enact their own zoning enabling laws. The genesis for this act is the initiative of Herbert Hoover while he

8686-561: The sign content. On other occasions, religious institutions sought to circumvent zoning laws, citing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA). The Supreme Court eventually overturned RFRA in just such a case, City of Boerne v. Flores 521 U.S. 507 (1997). Congress enacted the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) in 2000, however, in an effort to correct

8787-496: The state determines the nature of the zoning scheme with a zoning enabling law. Federal lands are not subject to state planning controls. Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities that will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural , commercial , or industrial), the densities at which those activities may be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings ),

8888-592: The state legislature has taken a more leading role in local zoning reform, the focus in Massachusetts is on local government control of zoning policy changes; both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. In February 2024, residents in the Town of Milton, a Boston suburb, voted to not comply with the law. Massachusetts Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell has filed suit to force compliance. The Boston Globe has characterized efforts to update zoning codes as

8989-679: The time the complaining property owner acquired title. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection ) or were considered to violate free speech . In the Atlanta suburb of Roswell , Georgia , an ordinance banning billboards was overturned in court the grounds that it unconstitutionally violated the right to freedom of speech. Cities are now advised not to regulate signs based on their content. Roswell has amended its sign ordinance to regulate signs based strictly on dimensional and aesthetic features rather than

9090-591: The town to change its name as well. A referendum failed to yield a majority for any of the choices proposed as a new name, so the town remains State College. After this, Penn State requested a new name for its on-campus post office in the HUB-Robeson Center from the U.S. Postal Service . The post office, which has since moved across an alley to the McAllister Building, is the official home of ZIP Code 16802 for University Park. State College

9191-435: The turn of the twentieth century as cities such as New York, experiencing rapid urbanization and growth in industry, felt a growing need to reduce congestion , stabilize property values, combat poor urban design , and protect residents from issues such as crowded living conditions, outbreaks of disease, and industrial pollution , through legal means. Edward M. Bassett , author of the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in

9292-509: The university township half of University Park. From 1909 to 1932, the Highlands in State College were annexed. The area was acclaimed for its plots of land in proximity to the post office. Twenty mansions were built between 1925 and 1933 to attract fraternities , while smaller houses were also constructed. The neighborhood terminated around Irvin Avenue, but after World War II expansion was necessary to accommodate for returning soldiers. Today,

9393-556: The years as urban planning theory has changed, legal constraints have fluctuated, and political priorities have shifted. The various approaches to zoning may be divided into four categories: Use-based (known as Euclidean in the US), performance, incentive, and form-based. Euclidean zoning codes with strict use separation are by far the most prevalent type in the United States. While the use of innovations such as form-based, performance, planned-unit development, and mixed-use zoning are common in

9494-809: The zoning rules), usually because of some perceived hardship due to the particular nature of the property in question. If the variance is not warranted, then it may cause an allegation of spot zoning to arise. Most state zoning-enabling laws prohibit local zoning authorities from engaging in any spot zoning because it would undermine the purpose of a zoning scheme. Zoning laws in different jurisdictions can each specify their rules using their own systems. Although there are some general patterns, such as abbreviations starting with R for residential, C for commercial, and I for industrial, zoning laws do not follow any single consistent system. As one example, residential zones in one city might be coded as R1 for single-family homes and R5 for multiple-family homes . In other places,

9595-409: Was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.71. The age distribution of the borough was overwhelmingly influenced by its student population: 5.1% of the population was under the age of 18, 70.6% from 18 to 24, 13.1% from 25 to 44, 6.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.7% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. The median income for a household in the borough was $ 23,513, and the median income for

9696-595: Was Secretary of Commerce. Deriving from a general policy to increase home ownership in the United States, Secretary Hoover established the Advisory Committee on Zoning, which was assigned the task of drafting model zoning statutes. This committee was later known as the Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning. Among the members of this committee were Edward Bassett, Alfred Bettman , Morris Knowles , Nelson Lewis , Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , and Lawrence Veiller . The Advisory Committee on Zoning appointed

9797-615: Was an additional stated purpose. The House Bill 2001, adopted by the Oregon Senate in a 17–9 vote on June 30, 2019, effectively eliminated single-family zoning in large Oregonian cities. Towns with at least 10,000 residents were required to allow the development of duplexes in single-family zones, while cities with over 25,000 residents and a few smaller places in the Portland metropolitan area also had to permit triplexes, fourplexes, and "cottage clusters" (several small homes around

9898-582: Was incorporated as a borough on August 29, 1896, and it has grown with the college, which was renamed The Pennsylvania State University in 1953. In 1973, State College adopted a home rule charter which took effect in 1976; since then, it has not been governed by the state's Borough Code, although it retains "Borough of State College" as its official name. The university has a post office address in University Park, Pennsylvania . When it changed its name from Penn State College to Penn State University in 1953, its president, Milton S. Eisenhower , sought to persuade

9999-477: Was not part of an industrial district would become a residence district. However, between 1909 and 1915, Los Angeles City Council responded to some requests by business interests to create exceptions to industrial bans within the three residential districts. They did this through the legal device of districts within districts. While some might have been benign, such as motion picture districts, some others were polluting, such as poultry slaughterhouse districts. Despite

10100-611: Was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. in 1926. The zoning ordinance of Euclid, Ohio was challenged in court by a local land owner on the basis that restricting use of property violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Ambler Realty Company filed suit on November 13, 1922, against the Village of Euclid, Ohio, alleging that

10201-460: Was used significantly as an instrument to advance racism through enforced segregation in all regions of the U.S., not only in the South, from the early part of the 20th century up until recent decades. Generally, existing development in a community is not affected by the new zoning laws because it is " grandfathered " or legally non-conforming as a nonconforming use , meaning the prior development

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