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78-418: SCRIPT is a procedural markup language. Inline commands called control words , indicated by a period in the first column of a logical line, describe the desired appearance of the formatted text. SCRIPT originally provided a 2PASS option to allow text to refer to variables defined later in the text, but subsequent versions allowed more than two passes. In 1968 "IBM contracted Stuart Madnick of MIT to write

156-604: A dot product , i.e. the scalar product of two vectors. In many languages, an ordinal dot is used as the ordinal indicator . This apply mostly in Central and Northern Europe: in German , Hungarian , several Slavic languages ( Czech , Slovak , Slovene , Serbo-Croatian ), Faroese , Icelandic , Danish , Norwegian , Finnish , Estonian , Latvian , and also in Basque and Turkish . The Serbian standard of Serbo-Croatian (unlike

234-484: A pathname to be the character string that must be entered into a file system by a user in order to identify a file. On early personal computers using the CP/M operating system, filenames were always 11 characters. This was referred to as the 8.3 filename with a maximum of an 8 byte name and a maximum of a 3 byte extension. Utilities and applications allowed users to specify filenames without trailing spaces and include

312-413: A semicolon ), while the low dot ⟨.⟩, called the hypostigmḕ ( ὑποστιγμή ) or "underdot", marked a division in a thought occasioning a shorter breath (essentially a comma ). In practice, scribes mostly employed the terminal dot; the others fell out of use and were later replaced by other symbols. From the 9th century onwards, the full stop began appearing as a low mark (instead of a high one), and by

390-414: A Fortran compiler might use the extension FOR for source input file, OBJ for the object output and LST for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use REL and RPT . Extensions have been restricted, at least historically on some systems, to a length of 3 characters, but in general can have any length, e.g., html . There

468-401: A dot before the extension. The dot was not actually stored in the directory. Using only 7 bit characters allowed several file attributes to be included in the actual filename by using the high-order-bit; these attributes included Readonly, Archive, and System. Eventually this was too restrictive and the number of characters allowed increased. The attribute bits were moved to a special block of

546-417: A dot marking a full stop, in the works of the 16th-century grammarians. In 19th-century texts, British English and American English both frequently used the terms period and full stop . The word period was used as a name for what printers often called the "full point", the punctuation mark that was a dot on the baseline and used in several situations. The phrase full stop was only used to refer to

624-589: A file: additionally, the exact byte representation of the filename on the storage device is needed. This can be solved at the application level, with some tricky normalization calls. The issue of Unicode equivalence is known as "normalized-name collision". A solution is the Non-normalizing Unicode Composition Awareness used in the Subversion and Apache technical communities. This solution does not normalize paths in

702-459: A filename, although most utilities do not handle them well. Filenames may include things like a revision or generation number of the file, a numerical sequence number (widely used by digital cameras through the DCF standard ), a date and time (widely used by smartphone camera software and for screenshots ), or a comment such as the name of a subject or a location or any other text to help identify

780-406: A filesystem to storing components of names, so increasing limits often requires an incompatible change, as well as reserving more space. A particular issue with filesystems that store information in nested directories is that it may be possible to create a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than

858-421: A maximum of eight plus three characters was a filename alias of " long file name.??? " as a way to conform to 8.3 limitations for older programs. This property was used by the move command algorithm that first creates a second filename and then only removes the first filename. Other filesystems, by design, provide only one filename per file, which guarantees that alteration of one filename's file does not alter

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936-560: A means of accessing a member of a struct , and this syntax was inherited by C++ as a means of accessing a member of a class or object . Java and Python also follow this convention. Pascal uses it both as a means of accessing a member of a record set (the equivalent of struct in C), a member of an object, and after the end construct that defines the body of the program. In APL it is also used for generalised inner product and outer product . In Erlang , Prolog , and Smalltalk , it marks

1014-522: A number of units including inches, centimeters, millimeters, picas , ciceros , m-spaces, or device units ( pels at the current device resolution). Vertical space units are assumed to be lines unless otherwise specified. Script includes a facility for user-defined macros and for automatically reading a profile containing macro definitions and other commands. Several packages for semantic tagging, including GML and EasyScript , are built on top of this facility. IBM's Generalized Markup Language (GML)

1092-593: A period must occur at least once each 8 characters, two consecutive periods could not appear in the name, and must end with a letter or digit. By convention, the letters and numbers before the first period was the account number of the owner or the project it belonged to, but there was no requirement to use this convention. On the McGill University MUSIC/SP system, file names consisted of The Univac VS/9 operating system had file names consisting of In 1985, RFC   959 officially defined

1170-750: A simple document preparation ..." to run on CP/67 . He modeled it on MIT's CTSS RUNOFF . In 1974, William Dwyer at Yale University ported the CP-67 version of Script to the Time Sharing Option (TSO) of OS/360 under the name NSCRIPT. The University of Waterloo rewrote and extended NSCRIPT as Waterloo SCRIPT, also in 1974, making it available for free to CMS and TSO users for several releases before eventually charging for new releases. By 1978, IBM's Script/370, running on VM/CMS, had evolved into Document Composition Facility (DCF), supporting SCRIPT/VS on CMS, DOS/VS , OS/VS1 and OS/VS2 , and supported

1248-474: A solid dot. When used with traditional characters , the full stop is generally centered on the mean line ; when used with simplified characters , it is usually aligned to the baseline. In written vertical text , the full stop is sometimes positioned to the top-right or in the top- to center-middle. In Unicode, it is the U+FE12 ︒ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP . Korean uses

1326-488: A valid filename. The characters allowed in filenames depend on the file system. The letters A–Z and digits 0–9 are allowed by most file systems; many file systems support additional characters, such as the letters a–z, special characters, and other printable characters such as accented letters, symbols in non-Roman alphabets, and symbols in non-alphabetic scripts. Some file systems allow even unprintable characters, including Bell , Null , Return and Linefeed , to be part of

1404-640: A variety of systems. BookManager BookServer is a multi-platform system to "serve your electronic books to HTML browsers." BookManager electronic documents typically have filenames ending with the extension .BOO. IBM offers several no charge tools to work with and read BookManager documents including a reader/viewer called IBM Softcopy Reader. An independent developer, Ken Bowling, created and released software that uses IBM's BookManager code libraries to convert BookManager documents to PDF. Period (punctuation) The full stop ( Commonwealth English ), period ( North American English ), or full point .

1482-416: A word. It is often placed after each individual letter in acronyms and initialisms (e.g. "U.S."). However, the use of full stops after letters in an initialism or acronym is declining, and many of these without punctuation have become accepted norms (e.g., "UK" and "NATO"). The mark is also used to indicate omitted characters or, in a series as an ellipsis ( ... or … ), to indicate omitted words. In

1560-451: Is Gabriel Gama Jr."). Though two full stops (one for the abbreviation, one for the sentence ending) might be expected, conventionally only one is written. This is an intentional omission, and thus not haplography , which is unintentional omission of a duplicate. In the case of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence ending with an abbreviation, a question or exclamation mark can still be added (e.g. "Are you Gabriel Gama Jr.?"). According to

1638-602: Is a descriptive markup layer describing the logical structure of a document. Both SCRIPT/VS and the GML Starter Set are part of IBM's Document Composition Facility (DCF), used in the System/370 platform and successors. The tag sets of the BookMaster and BookManager BUILD/MVS products are built on a foundation of the GML Starter Set syntax and implementation. The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

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1716-555: Is a punctuation mark used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence (as distinguished from a question or exclamation). A full stop is frequently used at the end of word abbreviations —in British usage , primarily truncations like Rev. , but not after contractions like Revd ; in American English , it is used in both cases. It may be placed after an initial letter used to abbreviate

1794-401: Is a descendant of GML. While DCF does not directly handle SGML, there is an SGML translator available as a separate product. EasyScript is a set of macro definitions and profiles included with Script/370 Version 3 that implements a primitive version of GML. Tags are variables whose values have been set to control words, allowing multiple tags in a single line. is roughly equivalent to This

1872-454: Is a paragraph The GML Starter Set (GMLSS) is a set of macro definitions and profiles that implements a set of tags that has more of a semantic orientation than the raw Script/VS control words. Tags begin with a colon and end with a period, and may contain attributes between the name and the closing period; a line may contain multiple tags. Bookmaster is an IBM product, "designed for high-volume in-house publishing applications", that extends

1950-420: Is less strict. A few style guides discourage full stops after initials. However, there is a general trend and initiatives to spell out names in full instead of abbreviating them in order to avoid ambiguity. A full stop is used after some abbreviations . If the abbreviation ends a declaratory sentence there is no additional period immediately following the full stop that ends the abbreviation (e.g. "My name

2028-606: Is no general encoding standard for filenames. File names have to be exchanged between software environments for network file transfer, file system storage, backup and file synchronization software, configuration management, data compression and archiving, etc. It is thus very important not to lose file name information between applications. This led to wide adoption of Unicode as a standard for encoding file names, although legacy software might not be Unicode-aware. Traditionally, filenames allowed any character in their filenames as long as they were file system safe. Although this permitted

2106-543: Is some national crossover. The American style is common in British fiction writing. The British style is sometimes used in American English. For example, The Chicago Manual of Style recommends it for fields where comma placement could affect the meaning of the quoted material, such as linguistics and textual criticism. The use of placement according to logical or grammatical sense, or "logical convention", now

2184-747: Is that different instances of the script or program can use different files. This makes an absolute or relative path composed of a sequence of filenames. Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are hard links to the file's inode or equivalent. Windows supports hard links on NTFS file systems, and provides the command fsutil in Windows XP, and mklink in later versions, for creating them. Hard links are different from Windows shortcuts , classic Mac OS/macOS aliases , or symbolic links . The introduction of LFNs with VFAT allowed filename aliases. For example, longfi~1.??? with

2262-464: Is to place full stops and commas inside quotation marks in most styles. In the British system, which is also called "logical quotation", full stops and commas are placed according to grammatical sense: This means that when they are part of the quoted material, they should be placed inside, and otherwise should be outside. For example, they are placed outside in the cases of words-as-words, titles of short-form works, and quoted sentence fragments. There

2340-644: Is used to mark the end of a poetic verse. However, some languages that are written in Devanagari use the Latin full stop, such as Marathi . In the Eastern Nagari script used to write languages like Bangla and Assamese , the same vertical line ("।") is used for full-stop, known as Daa`ri in Bengali. Also, languages like Odia and Panjabi (which respectively use Oriya and Gurmukhi scripts) use

2418-523: The English-speaking world , a punctuation mark identical to the full stop is used as the decimal separator and for other purposes, and may be called a point . In computing, it is called a dot . It is sometimes called a baseline dot to distinguish it from the interpunct (or middle dot). The full stop symbol derives from the Greek punctuation introduced by Aristophanes of Byzantium in

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2496-664: The GML Starter Set of DCF. It consists of "a rich set of GML vocabulary for creating complex document layouts." Bookmaster runs under the z/VM and z/OS operating systems. BookManager is a family of products for producing and reading online books. BookManager BUILD/MVS and BookManager BUILD/VM are layered on top of SCRIPT and BookMaster and can run on z/VM and z/OS . Other BookManager BUILD products for generating text run on Linux , Windows or OS/2 and convert files produced by various word processors to BookManager format. BookManager Read products for viewing text run on

2574-542: The IBM 3800 . In addition, there was a PC / MS - DOS version called SCRIPT/PC. Native Script control begin with a period and have a space prior to operands. They normally begin in column 1, but you may code multiple control words, separated by semicolons, on a single line. The description and table below refer to selected control words in DCF; older versions are similar. SCRIPT allows space units in control words to be specified in

2652-487: The Oxford A–Z of Grammar and Punctuation , "If the abbreviation includes both the first and last letter of the abbreviated word, as in 'Mister' ['Mr'] and 'Doctor' ['Dr'], a full stop is not used." This does not include, for example, the standard abbreviations for titles such as Professor ("Prof.") or Reverend ("Rev."), because they do not end with the last letter of the word they are abbreviating. In American English ,

2730-521: The ano teleia , which is named " high stop" but looks like an interpunct , and principally functions as the Greek semicolon . The Armenian script uses the ։ ( վերջակետ , verdjaket ). It looks similar to the colon (:). Punctuation used with Chinese characters (and in Japanese ) often includes U+3002 。 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP , a small circle used as a full stop instead of

2808-431: The file type . Some other file systems, such as Unix file systems, VFAT , and NTFS , treat a filename as a single string; a convention often used on those file systems is to treat the characters following the last period in the filename, in a filename containing periods, as the extension part of the filename. Multiple output files created by an application may use the same basename and various extensions. For example,

2886-607: The hierarchical file system when writing path names—similar to / (forward-slash) in Unix -based systems and \ (back-slash) in MS-DOS -based systems and the Windows NT systems that succeeded them. In Unix-like operating systems, some applications treat files or directories that start with a dot as hidden . This means that they are not displayed or listed to the user by default. In Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows ,

2964-407: The 3rd century  BCE . In his system, there were a series of dots whose placement determined their meaning. The full stop at the end of a completed thought or expression was marked by a high dot ⟨˙⟩, called the stigmḕ teleía ( στιγμὴ τελεία ) or "terminal dot". The "middle dot" ⟨·⟩, the stigmḕ mésē ( στιγμὴ μέση ), marked a division in a thought occasioning a longer breath (essentially

3042-753: The BBC, but only with 24-hour times, according to its news style guide as updated in August 2020. The point as a time separator is also used in Irish English, particularly by the Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), and to a lesser extent in Australian, Cypriot, Maltese, New Zealand, South African and other Commonwealth English varieties outside Canada. The practice in the United States and Canada

3120-480: The C-shell.) Versions of software are often denoted with the style x . y . z (or more), where x is a major release, y is a mid-cycle enhancement release and z is a patch level designation, but actual usage is entirely vendor specific. The term STOP was used in telegrams in the United States in place of the full stop. The end of a sentence would be marked by STOP ; its use "in telegraphic communications

3198-498: The Croatian and Bosnian standards) uses the dot in role of the ordinal indicator only past Arabic numerals, while Roman numerals are used without a dot. In Polish , the period can be omitted if there is no ambiguity whether a given numeral is ordinal or cardinal. In modern texts, multilevel numbered headings are widely used. E.g. number 2.3.1.5 is a 4th level heading within the chapter 2. In older literature on mathematical logic ,

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3276-478: The Latin full stop along with its native script . Indo-Aryan languages predominantly use Nagari -based scripts. In the Devanagari script used to write languages like Hindi , Maithili , Nepali , etc., a vertical line । (U+0964 "Devanagari Danda") is used to mark the end of a sentence. It is known as poorna viraam (full stop). In Sanskrit , an additional symbol ॥ (U+0965 "Devanagari Double Danda")

3354-460: The Unicode version in use. For instance, UDF is limited to Unicode 2.0; macOS's HFS+ file system applies NFD Unicode normalization and is optionally case-sensitive (case-insensitive by default.) Filename maximum length is not standard and might depend on the code unit size. Although it is a serious issue, in most cases this is a limited one. On Linux, this means the filename is not enough to open

3432-527: The attributes separately from the file name. Around 1995, VFAT , an extension to the MS-DOS FAT filesystem, was introduced in Windows 95 and Windows NT . It allowed mixed-case long filenames (LFNs), using Unicode characters, in addition to classic "8.3" names. Programs and devices may automatically assign names to files such as a numerical counter (for example IMG_0001.JPG ) or a time stamp with

3510-424: The clock of their camera. Internet-connected devices such as smartphones may synchronize their clock from a NTP server. An absolute reference includes all directory levels. In some systems, a filename reference that does not include the complete directory path defaults to the current working directory . This is a relative reference. One advantage of using a relative reference in program configuration files or scripts

3588-405: The comma as a decimal separator, the point is sometimes found as a multiplication sign; for example, 5,2 . 2 = 10,4; this usage is impractical in cases where the point is used as a decimal separator, hence the use of the interpunct : 5.2 · 2 = 10.4. The interpunct is also used when multiplying units in science – for example, 50 km/h could be written as 50 km·h  – and to indicate

3666-542: The common convention is to include the period after all such abbreviations. In acronyms and initialisms , the modern style is generally to not use full points after each initial (e.g.: DNA , UK , USSR ). The punctuation is somewhat more often used in American English, most commonly with U.S. and U.S.A. in particular, depending upon the house style of a particular writer or publisher. As some examples from American style guides, The Chicago Manual of Style (primarily for book and academic-journal publishing) deprecates

3744-459: The current date and time. The benefit of a time stamped file name is that it facilitates searching files by date, given that file managers usually feature file searching by name. In addition, files from different devices can be merged in one folder without file naming conflicts. Numbered file names, on the other hand, do not require that the device has a correctly set internal clock. For example, some digital camera users might not bother setting

3822-410: The dot character represents the working directory of the file system. Two dots ( .. ) represent the parent directory of the working directory. Bourne shell -derived command-line interpreters, such as sh , ksh , and bash , use the dot as a command to read a file and execute its content in the running interpreter . (Some of these also offer source as a synonym, based on that usage in

3900-637: The dot is commonly used and some style guides recommend it when telling time, including those from non- BBC public broadcasters in the UK, the academic manual published by Oxford University Press under various titles, as well as the internal house style book for the University of Oxford , and that of The Economist , The Guardian and The Times newspapers. American and Canadian English mostly prefers and uses colons (:) (i.e., 11:15 PM/pm/p.m. or 23:15 for AmE/CanE and 11.15 pm or 23.15 for BrE), so does

3978-474: The encoding used for a filename as part of the extended file information. This forced costly filename encoding guessing with each file access. A solution was to adopt Unicode as the encoding for filenames. In the classic Mac OS, however, encoding of the filename was stored with the filename attributes. The Unicode standard solves the encoding determination issue. Nonetheless, some limited interoperability issues remain, such as normalization (equivalence), or

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4056-503: The end of a statement ("sentence"). In a regular expression , it represents a match of any character. In Perl and PHP , the dot is the string concatenation operator. In the Haskell standard library, it is the function composition operator. In COBOL a full stop ends a statement. In file systems , the dot is commonly used to separate the extension of a file name from the name of the file. RISC OS uses dots to separate levels of

4134-480: The entire name. Many Windows applications are limited to a MAX_PATH value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit. From Windows 10, version 1607 , MAX_PATH limitations have been removed. Filenames in some file systems, such as FAT and the ODS-1 and ODS-2 levels of Files-11 , are composed of two parts: a base name or stem and an extension or suffix used by some applications to indicate

4212-670: The exact capitalization by which it is named. On a case-insensitive, case-preserving file system, on the other hand, only one of "MyName.Txt", "myname.txt" and "Myname.TXT" can be the name of a file in a given directory at a given time, and a file with one of these names can be referenced by any capitalization of the name. From its original inception, the file systems on Unix and its derivative systems were case-sensitive and case-preserving. However, not all file systems on those systems are case-sensitive; by default, HFS+ and APFS in macOS are case-insensitive but case-preserving, and SMB servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when

4290-633: The file including additional information. The original File Allocation Table (FAT) file system, used by Standalone Disk BASIC-80 , had a 6.3 file name, with a maximum of 6 bytes in the name and a maximum of 3 bytes in the extension. The FAT12 and FAT16 file systems in IBM PC DOS / MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows prior to Windows 95 used the same 8.3 convention as the CP/M file system. The FAT file systems supported 8-bit characters, allowing them to support non-ASCII characters in file names, and stored

4368-535: The file. Some people use the term filename when referring to a complete specification of device, subdirectories and filename such as the Windows C:\Program Files\Microsoft Games\Chess\Chess.exe . The filename in this case is Chess.exe . Some utilities have settings to suppress the extension as with MS Windows Explorer. During the 1970s, some mainframe and minicomputers had operating systems where files on

4446-454: The introduction of VFAT , store filenames as upper-case regardless of the letter case used to create them. For example, a file created with the name "MyName.Txt" or "myname.txt" would be stored with the filename "MYNAME.TXT" (VFAT preserves the letter case). Any variation of upper and lower case can be used to refer to the same file. These kinds of file systems are called case-insensitive and are not case-preserving . Some filesystems prohibit

4524-456: The more common practice in regions other than North America, was advocated in the influential book The King's English by Fowler and Fowler, published in 1906. Prior to the influence of this work, the typesetter's or printer's style, or "closed convention", now also called American style, was common throughout the world. There have been a number of practices relating to the spacing after a full stop. Some examples are listed below: Although

4602-415: The new Unicode encoding. Mac OS X 10.3 marked Apple's adoption of Unicode 3.2 character decomposition, superseding the Unicode 2.1 decomposition used previously. This change caused problems for developers writing software for Mac OS X. Within a single directory, filenames must be unique. Since the filename syntax also applies for directories, it is not possible to create a file and directory entries with

4680-560: The original Hart's Rules (before it became The Oxford Guide to Style in 2002) exclusively used full point . Full stops are the most commonly used punctuation marks; analysis of texts indicate that approximately half of all punctuation marks used are full stops. Full stops indicate the end of sentences that are not questions or exclamations. It is usual in North American English to use full stops after initials; e.g. A. A. Milne , George W. Bush . British usage

4758-838: The other filename's file. Some filesystems restrict the length of filenames. In some cases, these lengths apply to the entire file name, as in 44 characters in IBM z/OS . In other cases, the length limits may apply to particular portions of the filename, such as the name of a file in a directory, or a directory name. For example, 9 (e.g., 8-bit FAT in Standalone Disk BASIC ), 11 (e.g. FAT12 , FAT16 , FAT32 in DOS), 14 (e.g. early Unix), 21 ( Human68K ), 31, 30 (e.g. Apple DOS 3.2 and 3.3), 15 (e.g. Apple ProDOS ), 44 (e.g. IBM S/370), or 255 (e.g. early Berkeley Unix) characters or bytes. Length limits often result from assigning fixed space in

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4836-449: The period glyph used to indicate how expressions should be bracketed (see Glossary of Principia Mathematica ). In computing , the full point, usually called a dot in this context, is often used as a delimiter , such as in DNS lookups, Web addresses, file names and software release versions: It is used in many programming languages as an important part of the syntax. C uses it as

4914-517: The point represents a decimal separator, visually dividing whole numbers from fractional (decimal) parts. The comma is then used to separate the whole-number parts into groups of three digits each, when numbers are sufficiently large. The more prevalent usage in much of Europe, southern Africa, and Latin America (with the exception of Mexico due to the influence of the United States), reverses

4992-505: The present Greek full stop ( τελεία , teleía ) is romanized as a Latin full stop and encoded identically with the full stop in Unicode , the historic full stop in Greek was a high dot and the low dot functioned as a kind of comma , as noted above . The low dot was increasingly but irregularly used to mark full stops after the 9th century and was fully adapted after the advent of print. The teleia should also be distinguished from

5070-498: The punctuation mark when it was used to terminate a sentence. This terminological distinction seems to be eroding. For example, the 1998 edition of Fowler's Modern English Usage used full point for the mark used after an abbreviation, but full stop or full point when it was employed at the end of a sentence; the 2015 edition, however, treats them as synonymous (and prefers full stop ), and New Hart's Rules does likewise (but prefers full point ). The last edition (1989) of

5148-482: The repository. Paths are only normalized for the purpose of comparisons. Nonetheless, some communities have patented this strategy, forbidding its use by other communities. To limit interoperability issues, some ideas described by Sun are to: Those considerations create a limitation not allowing a switch to a future encoding different from UTF-8. One issue was migration to Unicode. For this purpose, several software companies provided software for migrating filenames to

5226-594: The roles of the comma and point, but sometimes substitutes a ( thin -)space for a point. (To avoid problems with spaces, another convention sometimes used is to use apostrophe signs (') instead of spaces.) India , Bangladesh , Nepal , and Pakistan follow the Indian numbering system , which utilizes commas and decimals much like the aforementioned system popular in most English-speaking countries, but separates values of one hundred thousand and above differently, into divisions of lakh and crore : In countries that use

5304-558: The same character set for composing a filename. Before Unicode became a de facto standard, file systems mostly used a locale-dependent character set. By contrast, some new systems permit a filename to be composed of almost any character of the Unicode repertoire, and even some non-Unicode byte sequences. Limitations may be imposed by the file system, operating system, application, or requirements for interoperability with other systems. Many file system utilities prohibit control characters from appearing in filenames. In Unix-like file systems,

5382-531: The same name in a single directory. Multiple files in different directories may have the same name. Uniqueness approach may differ both on the case sensitivity and on the Unicode normalization form such as NFC, NFD. This means two separate files might be created with the same text filename and a different byte implementation of the filename, such as L"\x00C0.txt" (UTF-16, NFC) (Latin capital A with grave) and L"\x0041\x0300.txt" (UTF-16, NFD) (Latin capital A, grave combining). Some filesystems, such as FAT prior to

5460-415: The same symbol. Filenames A filename or file name is a name used to uniquely identify a computer file in a file system . Different file systems impose different restrictions on filename lengths. A filename may (depending on the file system) include: The components required to identify a file by utilities and applications varies across operating systems, as does the syntax and format for

5538-505: The system were identified by a user name, or account number. For example, on the TOPS-10 and RSTS/E operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation , files were identified by On the OS/VS1 , MVS , and OS/390 operating systems from IBM , a file name was up to 44 characters, consisting of upper case letters, digits, and the period. A file name must start with a letter or number,

5616-523: The time printing began in Western Europe, the lower dot was regular and then universal. The name period is first attested (as the Latin loanword peridos ) in Ælfric of Eynsham 's Old English treatment on grammar. There, it was distinguished from the full stop (the distinctio ), and continued the Greek underdot's earlier function as a comma between phrases. It shifted its meaning, to

5694-439: The underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g. Samba on most Unix-like systems), and SMB client file systems provide case-insensitive behavior. File system case sensitivity is a considerable challenge for software such as Samba and Wine , which must interoperate efficiently with both systems that treat uppercase and lowercase files as different and with systems that treat them the same. File systems have not always provided

5772-405: The use of any encoding, and thus allowed the representation of any local text on any local system, it caused many interoperability issues. A filename could be stored using different byte strings in distinct systems within a single country, such as if one used Japanese Shift JIS encoding and another Japanese EUC encoding. Conversion was not possible as most systems did not expose a description of

5850-606: The use of full points in acronyms, including U.S. , while The Associated Press Stylebook (primarily for journalism) dispenses with full points in acronyms except for certain two-letter cases, including U.S. , U.K. , and U.N. , but not EU . The period glyph is used in the presentation of numbers, either as a decimal separator or as a thousands separator . In the more prevalent usage in English-speaking countries, as well as in South Asia and East Asia,

5928-413: The use of lower case letters in filenames altogether. Some file systems store filenames in the form that they were originally created; these are referred to as case-retentive or case-preserving . Such a file system can be case-sensitive or case-insensitive . If case-sensitive, then "MyName.Txt" and "myname.txt" may refer to two different files in the same directory, and each file must be referenced by

6006-529: The word "period" serves this function. Another common use in African-American Vernacular English is found in the phrase "And that's on period", which is used to express the strength of the speaker's previous statement, usually to emphasise an opinion. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses the full stop to signify a syllable break. In British English, whether for the 12-hour clock or sometimes its 24-hour counterpart ,

6084-550: Was greatly increased during the World War, when the Government employed it widely as a precaution against having messages garbled or misunderstood, as a result of the misplacement or emission [ sic ] of the tiny dot or period." In British English, the words "full stop" at the end of an utterance strengthen it; they indicate that it admits of no discussion: "I'm not going with you, full stop." In American English,

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