129-526: Eugène Arnold Dolmetsch (24 February 1858 – 28 February 1940), was a French-born musician and instrument maker who spent much of his working life in England and established an instrument-making workshop in Haslemere , Surrey. He was a leading figure in the 20th-century revival of interest in early music . The Dolmetsch family was originally of Bohemian origin, but (Eugène) Arnold Dolmetsch,
258-699: A Parliamentary borough and was represented by two MPs in the House of Commons until 1832. The town began to grow in the second half of the 19th century, following the opening of the London to Portsmouth railway line in 1859. In late- Victorian times , it became a centre for the Arts and Crafts movement and the International Dolmetsch Early Music Festival was founded in 1925. Haslemere became an Urban District in 1913, but under
387-415: A bocal may be used to allow the player to blow into the recorder while maintaining a comfortable hand position. Alternatively, some recorders have a bent bore that positions the windway closer to the keys or finger holes so the player can comfortably reach both. Instruments with a single bend are known as "knick" or bent-neck recorders. Some newer designs of recorder are now being produced. Recorders with
516-579: A lock-up , maintaining local roads and administering poor relief . In 1839, many administrative responsibilities were transferred to the Hambledon Rural District Council and in 1863, the civil parish of Haslemere was created, although local elections did not take place until the following year. In 1896, the Surrey Times praised the town's authorities, writing: "No parish council in the country has done better work than
645-480: A parliamentary borough as early as 1230, when there is a record of the grant of a burgage plot in the settlement. It is referred to as a burgus in a document of 1377, but the first known MPs for the town were not elected until 1584. Elizabeth I confirmed the borough status in the charter of 1596. Until the Reform Act 1832 , two MPs were elected to represent the town in the House of Commons . The electorate
774-654: A 10 km (6 mi) radius of the town. The following month, the research division of the Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment , part of HMS Mercury , was relocated from Portsmouth to Lythe Hill, a country house to the south east of the town. In 1942, a British Restaurant , a communal kitchen for those who had been bombed out of their homes, opened in Wey Hill, although Haslemere sustained only very limited damage from air raids . Several aeroplanes crashed in
903-414: A D-soprano or soprano in D, and a recorder in G 3 as a G-bass or G-basset. This usage is not totally consistent. Notably, the baroque recorder in D 4 is not commonly referred to as a D-tenor nor a D-alto; it is most commonly referred to using the historical name " voice flute ". Recorders have historically been constructed from hardwoods and ivory, sometimes with metal keys. Since the modern revival of
1032-616: A building on Museum Hill, which had been vacated by the Haslemere Educational Museum . Until 1896, Shottermill was part of the Frensham civil parish. It became independent in 1896, following the passing of the Local Government Act 1894. In 1900, the new council set up a District Sanitary Association to improve drainage and to install a sewerage system in the village. The Shottermill civil parish
1161-681: A consort made up of F 3 , C 4 , and G 4 instruments. This is made possible by the fact that adjacent sizes are separated by fifths, with few exceptions. These parts would be written using chiavi naturali , allowing the parts to roughly fit in the range of a single staff, and also in the range of the recorders of the period. (see Renaissance structure ) Transpositions ("registers"), such as C 3 –G 3 –D 4 , G 3 –D 4 –A 4 , or B ♭ 2 –F 3 –C 4 , all read as F 3 –C 4 –G 4 instruments, were possible as described by Praetorius in his Syntagma Musicum . Three sizes of instruments could be used to play four-part music by doubling
1290-402: A consort sounding an octave above written, and 16′ a consort sounding an octave below written. The combination of these consorts is also possible. As a rule of thumb, the tessitura of a baroque recorder lies approximately one octave above the tessitura of the human voice type after which it is named. For example, the tessitura of a soprano voice is roughly C 4 –C 6 , while the tessitura of
1419-430: A full three octaves in tune. In the early twentieth century, Peter Harlan developed a recorder with apparently simpler fingering, called German fingering. A recorder designed for German fingering has a hole five that is smaller than hole four, whereas baroque and neo-baroque recorders have a hole four that is smaller than hole five. The immediate difference in fingering is for F (soprano) or B ♭ (alto), which on
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#17327828426321548-419: A general instrument. As a result, it was frequently the performers' responsibility to read parts not specifically intended for the instrument and to choose appropriate instruments. When such consorts consisted only of recorders, the pitch relationships between the parts were typically preserved, but when recorders were combined with other instruments, octave discrepancies were often ignored. Recorder consorts in
1677-457: A market was given to Richard Poore , Bishop of Salisbury , indicating that the settlement was sufficiently large to be considered a town. In 1397, Richard II granted a charter to the settlement, confirming the order from 1221 and permitting an annual fair to be held in the town. The town remained in the possession of the Bishops of Salisbury until c. 1540 , when it was purchased by
1806-404: A minstrel). The association between the various, seemingly-disparate, meanings of recorder can be attributed to the role of the medieval jongleur in learning poems by heart and later reciting them, sometimes with musical accompaniment. Appending the name recorder to the instrument itself is uniquely English: In Middle-French there is no equivalent noun sense of recorder referring to
1935-550: A musical instrument. The English verb record (from Middle-French recorder , early thirteenth century) meant "to learn by heart, to commit to memory, to go over in one's mind, to recite"; but the term did not refer to playing music until the sixteenth century. It was long after the English recorder was so-named that it gained two additional meanings: "silently practicing a tune", or "sing or render in song"—both referring almost-exclusively to songbirds. Partridge indicates that
2064-752: A neo-baroque instrument must be fingered 0 123 4–67. With German fingering, this becomes a simpler 0 123 4 – – –. Unfortunately, however, this makes many other chromatic notes too out of tune to be usable. German fingering became popular in Europe, especially Germany, in the 1930s, but rapidly became obsolete in the 1950s as people began to treat the recorder more seriously, and the limitations of German fingering became more widely appreciated. Recorders with German fingering are today manufactured exclusively for educational purposes. Modern recorders are most commonly pitched at A=440 Hz, but among serious amateurs and professionals, other pitch standards are often found. For
2193-517: A semitone lower and a semitone higher than A=440 Hz respectively, were chosen because they may be used with harpsichords or chamber organs that transpose up or down a semitone from A=440. These pitch standards allow recorder players to collaborate with other instrumentalists at a pitch other than A=440 Hz. Some recorder makers produce instruments at pitches other than the three standard pitches above, and recorders with interchangeable bodies at different pitches. The recorder produces sound in
2322-515: A settlement at Haslemere is from 1180, when there is a record of a "Chapel of Piperham", belonging to the church at Chiddingfold . The town is recorded as Heselmere in 1221 and 1255, Haselmere in 1255 and 1441, Hasulmere in 1310, Hesselmere in 1612 and Hasselmere in 1654. The "mere" element of the name is thought to refer to a lake or pond on the west side of the High Street, which was visible until at least 1859. The "hasle" element of
2451-461: A soprano recorder is C 5 –C 7 . Modern variations include standard British terminology, due to Arnold Dolmetsch , which refers to the recorder in C 5 (soprano) as the descant and the recorder in F 4 (alto) as the treble. As conventions and instruments vary, especially for larger and more uncommon instruments, it is often practical to state the recorder's lowest note along with its name to avoid confusion. Modern recorder parts are notated in
2580-403: A square cross-section may be produced more cheaply and in larger sizes than comparable recorders manufactured by turning. Another area is the development of instruments with a greater dynamic range and more powerful bottom notes. These modern designs make it easier to be heard in concertos. Finally, recorders with a downward extension of a semitone are becoming available; such instruments can play
2709-618: A turnpike in 1764. A mail coach started running along this road, now the A286, in 1769. In the early 19th century, there were as many as 24 stagecoaches a day passing through the town, however the number reduced following the opening of the railway station at Alton in 1841. The railway line through Haslemere was authorised by parliament in July 1853 and was built by the civil engineer, Thomas Brassey . Construction work started in August 1853, but
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#17327828426322838-518: A water carrier, the last of whom, Hannah Oakford, died in 1898. The piped water supply to Haslemere began in the 1880s, when a series of pumping stations was installed to deliver water to standpipes in the town from springs on the lower slopes of Blackdown. The Wey Valley Water Company was formed in 1898 and its mains were extended to Shottermill in 1900. In 1907, a public water works was opened close to Chase Farm to serve both settlements. The supply of drinking water to Grayswood began in 1920. Until
2967-576: Is Surrey County Council and the statutory fire service is Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . Haslemere Ambulance Station, in Church Lane, is run by the South East Coast Ambulance Service . Recorder (musical instrument) The recorder is a family of woodwind musical instruments in the group known as internal duct flutes : flutes with a whistle mouthpiece, also known as fipple flutes, although this
3096-402: Is able to control the speed and turbulence of the airstream using the diaphragm and vocal tract. The finger holes, used in combination or partially covered, affect the sounding pitch of the instrument. At the most basic level, the sequential uncovering of finger holes increases the sounding pitch of the instrument by decreasing the effective sounding length of the instrument, and vice versa for
3225-424: Is an archaic term. A recorder can be distinguished from other duct flutes by the presence of a thumb-hole for the upper hand and seven finger-holes: three for the upper hand and four for the lower. It is the most prominent duct flute in the western classical tradition . Recorders are made in various sizes with names and compasses roughly corresponding to various vocal ranges. The sizes most commonly in use today are
3354-403: Is demonstrated in the fingering tables of Ganassi 's Fontegara (1535), which illustrate the simultaneous leaking of holes 0, 2, and 5 to produce some high notes. For example, Ganassi's table produces the 15th (third octave tonic) as the fourth harmonic of the tonic, leaking holes 0, 2 and 5 and produces the 16th as the third harmonic of the fifth, leaking holes 0 and 2. On some Baroque recorders,
3483-457: Is divided between three wards, each of which elect three councillors to Waverley Borough Council. The three wards are "Haslemere East and Grayswood", "Haslemere Critchmere and Shottermill" and "Hindhead". Haslemere Town Council is the lowest tier of local government in the civil parish. Eighteen councillors are elected every four years. The council is based at Haslemere Town Hall. Each year in May,
3612-608: Is exposed as an outcrop north of Grayswood and also in the railway cutting , west of the station. The majority of Haslemere and Shottermill lie on the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand and the spring line , where the tributaries of the Wey and Arun rise, is on the junction between this permeable layer and the impermeable Atherfield Clay below. The gravel found in the river valleys is thought to have been deposited during
3741-493: Is the standard recorder of the Baroque, although there is a small repertoire written for other sizes. In seventeenth-century England, smaller recorders were named for their relationship to the alto and notated as transposing instruments with respect to it: third flute (A 4 ), fifth flute (soprano; C 5 ), sixth flute (D 5 ), and octave flute (sopranino; F 5 ). The term flute du quart , or fourth flute (B ♭ 4 ),
3870-417: Is the use of finger seven or eight to support the recorder when playing notes for which the coverage of this hole negligibly affects the sounding pitch (e.g. notes with many holes uncovered). Larger recorders may have a thumb rest, or a neck strap for extra support, and may use a bocal to direct air from the player's mouth to the windway. Recorders are typically held at an angle between vertical and horizontal,
3999-405: Is the use of synthetic ceramics in the manufacture of recorder blocks. Some recorders have tone holes too far apart for a player's hands to reach, or too large to cover with the pads of the fingers. In either case, more ergonomically placed keys can be used to cover the tone holes. Keys also allow the design of longer instruments with larger tone holes. Keys are most common in recorders larger than
Arnold Dolmetsch - Misplaced Pages Continue
4128-525: Is to the north west of Shottermill and the village of Grayswood is to the north of Haslemere town. The oldest outcrops in the civil parish are of Weald Clay , which comes to the surface to the east of Grayswood, where the young tributaries of the River Arun have eroded the overlying strata. A Weald Clay sandstone is also exposed in the same area. The Atherfield Clay lies above the Weald Clay and
4257-606: The Edwardian period , infilling took place in this area in the second half of the 20th century. Other post-war developments include Scotland Close, Lythe Hill Park and Meadowlands Drive. The Deepdene estate, a mixed estate of houses of varying sizes, was constructed at the west end of Shottermill in the 1980s. At the start of the First World War, Haslemere had a population of around 4000, of whom roughly 200 served in
4386-643: The Local Government Act 1972 , its status was reduced to a civil parish with a town council . Shottermill grew up as a hamlet near to one of the watermills on the River Wey in the 16th century. The settlement began to expand in the 1880s and joined the Haslemere Urban District in 1933. Until the end of the 19th century, Grayswood was a small farming community, but became an ecclesiastical parish in 1901. The first indication of
4515-665: The Royal College of Music , where he studied under Henry Holmes and Frederick Bridge and was awarded a Bachelor of Music degree in 1889. Dolmetsch was employed for a short time as a music teacher at Dulwich College , but his interest in early instruments was awakened by seeing the collections of historic instruments in the British Museum . After constructing his first reproduction of a lute in 1893, he began building keyboard instruments. William Morris encouraged him to build his first harpsichord . In 1900, he conducted
4644-488: The Surrey Hills National Landscape . Haslemere town is in the south east of the civil parish. The commercial centre is at the junction of the High Street, Petworth Road and Lower Street, which together form an inverted "T" shape. Shottermill, to the west, is on the north side of the valley of the south branch of the River Wey and is linked to Haslemere via Wey Hill. The hamlet of Critchmere
4773-610: The civil parish of Haslemere in the Borough of Waverley . The tripoint between the counties of Surrey, Hampshire and West Sussex is at the west end of Shottermill. Much of the civil parish is in the catchment area of the south branch of the River Wey , which rises on Blackdown in West Sussex. The urban areas of Haslemere and Shottermill are concentrated along the valleys of the young river and its tributaries, and many of
4902-413: The historically informed performance movement, and became a popular amateur and educational instrument. Composers who have written for the recorder include Monteverdi , Lully , Purcell , Handel , Vivaldi , Telemann , Bach , Hindemith , and Berio . There are many professional recorder players who demonstrate the full solo range of the instrument, and a large community of amateurs. The sound of
5031-594: The penultimate ice age and is composed of rock fragments of local origin. Much of the soil in the civil parish is free-draining, very acidic, sandy, loamy and of low fertility. To the east of Haslemere town and Graywsood, the soil is loamy and clayey, and is of low permeability. The earliest evidence for human activity in the Haslemere area is from the Neolithic . Flints dating from 4000 to 2400 BCE were discovered during archaeological surveys conducted prior to
5160-481: The 14th and 15th centuries near Witley , also in south west Surrey. Shottermill is first recorded as Shottover in 1537 and Schoutouermyll in 1607. The modern spelling is first used in 1583 and references a watermill owned by the Shotter family. The civil parish of Haslemere is in the borough of Waverley in south west Surrey , close to the borders with both Hampshire and West Sussex . The parish includes
5289-520: The 15th to 18th centuries, including viols , lutes , recorders and a range of keyboard instruments. His 1915 book The Interpretation of the Music of the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries was a milestone in the development of ' authentic performances ' of early music. In 1925 he founded an annual chamber music festival, the International Dolmetsch Early Music Festival, which is held every July at Haslemere in
Arnold Dolmetsch - Misplaced Pages Continue
5418-460: The 16th and the 18th centuries, Shottermill was a centre for iron making. A mill at Pophole (located at the modern-day tripoint between Surrey, West Sussex and Hampshire) harnessed water power to drive bellows for smelting and had a hammer for making iron bars. Production was well established by 1574 and it is probable that the mill supplied iron for the manufacture of cannons for the Navy . Much of
5547-454: The 17th can be produced as the third harmonic of the sixth, leaking hole 0 as well as hole 1, 2 or both. Although the design of the recorder has changed over its 700-year history, notably in fingering and bore profile (see History), the technique of playing recorders of different sizes and periods is much the same. Indeed, much of what is known about the technique of playing the recorder is derived from historical treatises and manuals dating from
5676-508: The Baroque were typically notated using the treble clef, although they may also be notated in French violin clef (G clef on the bottom line of the staff). In modern usage, recorders not in C or F are alternatively referred to using the name of the closest instrument in C or F, followed by the lowest note. For example, a recorder with lowest note G 4 may be known as a G-alto or alto in G, a recorder with lowest note D 5 (also "sixth flute") as
5805-628: The Crown. The first indication of a settlement at Shottermill is from 1285, when reference is made to a Manor of Pitfold, covering the extreme southern portion of Farnham Hundred. From 1344, the manor was held by Edward III , but was granted to the Convent of Dartford in 1362. The land remained in the convent's possession until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536, when it reverted to
5934-522: The Crown. A new charter was issued to Haslemere town by Elizabeth I in 1596. Today, this special status is celebrated with the Charter fair , held once every two years in the High Street. Reforms during the Tudor period replaced the day-to-day administration of towns such as Haslemere in the hands of the vestry of the parish church. The vestry was charged with appointing a parish constable , running
6063-464: The French name for the instrument, flute douce , or simply flute , a name previously (and subsequently) reserved for the transverse instrument. Until about 1695, the names recorder and flute overlapped, but from 1673 to the late 1720s in England, the word flute always meant recorder. In the 1720s, as the transverse flute overtook the recorder in popularity, English adopted the convention already present in other European languages of qualifying
6192-548: The Haslemere Hall. Dolmetsch settled in Dulwich (at 'Dowlands', 172 Rosendale Road) and was active in the cultural life of London. His friends and admirers included William Morris , Selwyn Image , Roger Fry , Gabriele D'Annunzio , George Bernard Shaw , Marco Pallis , Ezra Pound , George Moore , whose novel Evelyn Innes celebrates Dolmetsch's life and work, and W. B. Yeats . He was responsible for rediscovering
6321-656: The Haslemere UDC area. The first gas supply to Haslemere began in 1868-69 and was used for street lighting. The gas mains reached Shottermill in 1903. Electric street lighting with sodium lamps was installed between 1952 and 1955. The Hindhead and District Electric Light Company was formed in 1901 and opened an electricity generating station in Hindhead village in the same year. The first mains electricity cables were laid from Hindhead to Haslemere and Shottermill in 1910. The first known parish constable in
6450-483: The Haslemere area in 1856, shortly before the opening of the railway line. The town began to appeal to new wealthy residents, who moved to the area from London, and also to tourists visiting the surrounding countryside. In the late 1860s and early 1870s, houses began to spread along Lower Street towards Shottermill. Little development took place in Shottermill before 1880. The census returns indicate that there
6579-649: The Haslemere council. Sanitation, allotments, charities, lighting, roads, footpaths and waste lands have all been thoroughly and prudently looked after." A further change took place in 1913, when town was removed from the Hambledon Rural District and the Parish Council was promoted to the status of an Urban District Council (UDC). Initially the UDC was based at the Town Hall, but moved in 1926 to
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#17327828426326708-484: The Parish of Chiddingfold, part of the manor of Godalming and is thought to have been either on or close to the site of the current St Bartholomew's Church. There may also have been a settlement on Haste Hill , to the south east of the town centre, and there are references to "Churchliten field" and the "Old church-yard" in records of the area. The first use of the modern name Haslemere is from 1221, when permission for
6837-654: The Sickle Mill, and purchased 100 pre-fabricated houses which had been erected by the Admiralty on Woolmer Hill during the Second World War. In 1953, the UDC bought 38 acres (15 ha) of land to the north of St Bartholomew's Church for the Chatsworth Avenue and Weycombe Road estates. Although many large, detached houses on Bunch and Farnham Lanes, to the north of Shottermill, had been built in
6966-545: The aid of architects Luquer and Godfrey. It was through Dolmetsch's work in Cambridge that a wealthy benefactress, Miss Belle Skinner , was able to restore a number of rare instruments, including a spinet owned by Marie Antoinette , which today comprise the founding collection of Yale's Collection of Musical Instruments . He went on to establish an instrument-making workshop in Haslemere , Surrey, and proceeded to build copies of almost every kind of instrument dating from
7095-422: The alto. Instruments larger than the tenor need at least one key so the player can cover all eight holes. Keys are sometimes also used on smaller recorders to allow for comfortable hand stretch, and acoustically improved hole placement and size. When playing a larger recorder, a player may not be able to simultaneously reach the keys or tone holes with the fingers and reach the windway with the mouth. In this case,
7224-464: The area was dominated by the farms belonging to Pitfold Manor and the mills were mostly used for grinding corn. From the mid-18th century, some of the mill sites were converted for other purposes, including Sickle Mill, owned by the Simmons family, which was used for paper manufacturing from c. 1785 . Paper making took place at three sites around Shottermill until the mid-1850s. Between
7353-609: The area was serving in Haslemere in 1672, when a staff of office was commissioned. Policing became the responsibility of the Surrey Constabulary on its creation in 1851. The first police officer to be stationed in Grayswood was appointed in 1904. Haslemere Police Station, in West Street, closed in 2012. In 2021, policing in the town is the responsibility of Surrey Police and the nearest police station run by
7482-593: The area, including an RAF aircraft close to the Holy Cross Hospital in Shottermill. In the summer of 1944, a V-1 flying bomb landed close to Three Gates Lane, but there were no casualties. The entirety of the Haslemere civil parish is in the parliamentary constituency of Farnham and Bordon . Prior to 2024 it was in South West Surrey and was represented at Westminster since May 2005 by Conservative Jeremy Hunt . Between 1984 and 2005,
7611-478: The armed forces during the conflict. Since the town was on the route from London to Portsmouth, several army units were billeted nearby while awaiting onward transportation to France. In 1915, Canadian soldiers moved to Bramshott Camp and undertook training in the area. Around 2,000 children were evacuated from London to the Haslemere area in September 1939, the majority of whom were found accommodation within
7740-416: The attitude depending on the size and weight of the recorder, and personal preference. Pitches are produced on the recorder by covering the holes while blowing into the instrument. Modern terminology refers to the holes on the front of the instrument using the numbers 1 through 7, starting with the hole closest to the beak, with the thumbhole numbered hole 0. At the most basic level, the fingering technique of
7869-602: The bore is generally reverse conical (i.e. tapering towards the foot) to cylindrical, and all recorder fingering systems make extensive use of forked fingerings . The recorder is first documented in Europe in the Middle Ages , and continued to enjoy wide popularity in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, but was little used in the Classical and Romantic periods. It was revived in the twentieth century as part of
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#17327828426327998-473: The borough for much of the 17th century. However, in 1722, More Molyneux and his favoured co-candidate, Montague Blundell, 1st Viscount Blundell , lost the election to James Oglethorpe and Peter Burrell . In 1754, James More Molyneux , son of More Molyneux, was determined to reclaim the seat for his family. He and his favoured co-candidate, Philip Carteret Webb , purchased 34 freeholds and tenements, and installed their own representative as Bailiff to oversee
8127-525: The construction of the Hindhead Tunnel . There may have been a settlement in the area in the mid-late Bronze Age and a Romano-British cemetery was discovered on the site of Beech Road, to the north of the town centre, at the start of the 20th century. Neither Shottermill nor Haslemere are directly mentioned in Domesday Book , but the land on which the two settlements are now located
8256-604: The councillors elect a Mayor , who serves for a period of one year. Haslemere is twinned with Bernay in France and Horb am Neckar in Germany. Before the start of the 16th century, local residents obtained drinking water either from springs or from the River Wey. Haslemere Town Well was dug c. 1500 and there was also a second well, known as Pilewell, in Lower Street. Water would be delivered to homes by
8385-429: The death of Arnold Dolmetsch at Haslemere in 1940, his family continued to promote the building and playing of early instruments. Haslemere The town of Haslemere ( / ˈ h eɪ z əl m ɪər / ) and the villages of Shottermill and Grayswood are in south west Surrey , England, around 38 mi (62 km) south west of London. Together with the settlements of Hindhead and Beacon Hill , they comprise
8514-487: The deaths of several of the founder members. The earliest surviving map of Haslemere, dating from 1735, shows that the High Street was fronted by a number of large houses. A few buildings survive from this period, including Town House and the Georgian House Hotel, as well as Tudor House, Fern Cottage and 10 High Street, which date from the previous century. There are several houses on Petworth Road, to
8643-412: The different vocal ranges. This is not, however, a reflection of sounding pitch, and serves primarily to denote the pitch relationships between the different instruments. Groups of recorders played together are referred to as "consorts". Recorders are also often referred to by their lowest sounding note: "recorder in F" refers to a recorder with lowest note F, in any octave. The table in this section shows
8772-450: The east of the town centre, which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Comparison of the 1735 map and the tithe map of 1842, indicates that there had been little change in the size of the settlement during the intervening hundred years, although a few properties had been built in the Wey Hill area. Houses constructed in the early 19th century include Broad Dene Grayswood House and Pound Corner House. Acts of Inclosure were passed in
8901-543: The edge is positioned in the center of the airjet, odd harmonics predominate in its sound (when the edge is decidedly off-center, an even distribution of harmonics occurs). The instrument has been known by its modern English name at least since the fourteenth century. David Lasocki reports the earliest use of "recorder" in the household accounts of the Earl of Derby (later King Henry IV ) in 1388, which register i. fistula nomine Recordour (one pipe called 'Recordour'). By
9030-627: The election. The freehold of the Red Cow Inn was split into shares, to further increase the number likely to vote for More Molyneux and Webb, who were duly elected. The final elections in Haslemere Borough took place in 1830 and two years later the constituency was combined with that of Farnham . Before the start of the 18th century, the local roads were the responsibility of the parishes through which they passed. The main road between London and Portsmouth ran over Gibbet Hill to
9159-491: The end of the Middle Ages, it would appear that the market was no longer being held regularly, necessitating the regrant of the charter by Elizabeth I in 1596. The market was held at the south end of the High Street, the widest part, and a market house was built at that location in 1626. The original building would have been constructed of wood, but it was replaced by a brick structure, the present Town Hall, in 1814. By
9288-482: The end of the medieval period, there were at least five watermills on the River Wey and its tributaries near Haslemere. The oldest, at Pitfold, was most likely established in Saxon times and operated as a corn mill until the 1340s, when it appears to have become a fulling mill for wool. The original Shotter Mill, now in West Sussex, was founded in the 1640s and a hamlet grew up to the north, adopting its name. Until 1880,
9417-572: The fifteenth century, the name had appeared in English literature. The earliest references are in John Lydgate's Temple of Glas ( c. 1430): These lytylle herdegromys Floutyn al the longe day..In here smale recorderys, In floutys. ('These little shepherds fluting all day long ... on these small recorders, on flutes.') and in Lydgate's Fall of Princes ( c. 1431–1438): Pan, god off Kynde, with his pipes seuene, / Off recorderis fond first
9546-417: The finger holes through carving and the application of wax. One essential use of partial covering is in "leaking," or partially covering, the thumb hole to destabilise low harmonics. This allows higher harmonics to sound at lower air pressures than by over-blowing alone, as on simple whistles. The player may also leak other holes to destabilise lower harmonics in place of the thumb hole (hole 0). This technique
9675-400: The fingering 0123, air leaks from the open holes 4,5,6, and 7. The pressure inside the bore is higher at the fourth hole than at the fifth, and decreases further at the 6th and 7th holes. Consequently, the most air leaks from the fourth hole and the least air leaks from the seventh hole. As a result, covering the fourth hole affects the pitch more than covering any of the holes below it. Thus, at
9804-603: The first decade of the 20th century. The first houses in Critchmere Lane date from 1921 and were constructed by the Farnham Rural District Council. Many of the houses in the area were built using local bricks and there were brickworks on Wey Hill (formerly Clay Hill) and on Border Road until the early 20th century. Development of the west of Shottermill continued in the 1930s, with the creation of Pitfold and Sunvale Avenues. Beech Road, to
9933-463: The force is at Guildford . Construction of the railway line through Haslemere began in 1853 and, by the summer of 1855, around 200 navvies were lodging in the town. On the night of 29 July of that year, a group of workmen was drinking in the Kings Arms pub, when Police Inspector William Donaldson and a junior colleague arrived to enforce the midnight closing time. A fight broke out soon after
10062-428: The harmonic profile of the recorder sound varies from recorder to recorder, and from fingering to fingering. As a result of the lack of high harmonics, writers since Praetorius have remarked that it is difficult for the human ear to perceive correctly the sounding octave of the recorder. As in organ flue pipes , the sounding pitch of duct type whistles is affected by the velocity of the air stream as it impinges upon
10191-604: The history of Pophole Mill is unclear, but it appears that activity at the site ceased shortly after 1732. The civil parish was also a centre for textiles manufacture. Until c. 1820 , around 200 local inhabitants were engaged in silk weaving, which was carried out as a cottage industry . There was also a crape factory in Church Lane. In 1835, the Appleton family installed machinery for spinning and weaving at Pitfold Mill and began to make worsted lace and epaulettes for military uniforms . By 1851, Thomas Appleton
10320-416: The key they sound in. Parts for alto, tenor and contrabass recorders are notated at pitch, while parts for sopranino, soprano, bass, and great bass are typically notated an octave below their sounding pitch. As a result, soprano and tenor recorders are notated identically; alto and sopranino are notated identically; and bass and contrabass recorders are notated identically. Octave clefs may be used to indicate
10449-430: The labium. The pitch generally increases with velocity of the airstream, up to a point. Air speed can also be used to influence the number of pressure nodes in a process called over blowing. At higher airstream velocities, lower modes of vibration of the air column become unstable, resulting in a change of register. The air stream is affected by the shaping of the surfaces in the head of the recorder (the "voicing"), and
10578-498: The late 19th century, the sewage produced by the town was dumped in cesspits and there are several recorded instances of diphtheria and typhoid outbreaks. The first sewage treatment works in Haslemere was established in Foundry Road in 1898 and a second works followed to the west of Shottermill off Critchmore Lane in 1911. The Shottermill works was enlarged in 1911 and in 1933 became responsible for treating all sewage from
10707-502: The local roads are narrow and steep. The National Trust is a major landowner in the civil parish and its properties include Swan Barn Farm. The Surrey Hills National Landscape is to the north of the town and the South Downs National Park is to the south. Haslemere is thought to have originated as a planned town in the 12th century and was awarded a market charter in 1221. By the early 16th century, it had become
10836-417: The manner of a whistle or an organ flue pipe . In normal play, the player blows into the windway (B), a narrow channel in the head joint , which directs a stream of air across a gap called the window , at a sharp edge called the labium (C). The air stream alternately travels above and below the labium, exciting standing waves in the bore of the recorder, and producing sound waves that emanate away from
10965-468: The melodies. ('Pan, god of Nature, with his pipes seven, / of recorders found first the melodies.') The instrument name recorder derives from the Latin recordārī (to call to mind, remember, recollect), by way of Middle-French verb recorder (before 1349; to remember, to learn by heart, repeat, relate, recite, play music) and its derivative recordeur ( c. 1395 ; one who retells,
11094-701: The middle size, e.g. F 3 –C 4 –C 4 –G 4 , or play six-part music by doubling the upper size and tripling the middle size, e.g. F 3 –C 4 –C 4 –C 4 –G 4 –G 4 . Modern nomenclature for such recorders refers to the instruments' relationship to the other members of consort, rather than their absolute pitch, which may vary. The instruments from lowest to highest are called "great bass", "bass", "basset", "tenor", "alto", and "soprano". Potential sizes include: great bass in F 2 ; bass in B ♭ 2 or C 3 ; basset in F 3 or G 3 ; tenor in B ♭ 3 , C 4 or D 4 ; alto in F 4 , G 4 or A 4 ; and soprano in C 5 or D 5 . The alto in F 4
11223-546: The name may refer to the common hazel tree or to the Heysulle family from Chiddingfold, who are known to have owned land in the area until the 14th century. Grayswood appears as Grasewode in 1479 and 1518, Grasewood in 1537 and 1577, Grace Wood in 1568 and Greyes Wood in 1583. The "gray" element may derive from the Old French personal name "Gerard" and there may be an association with Gerardswoded , recorded in
11352-488: The navvies left the building, during which Donaldson received a fatal blow to the head. He died at the police station around three hours later. Five men were subsequently arrested, of whom four were convicted of manslaughter at the subsequent trial. Thomas Wood, who is thought to have dealt the fatal blow, was transported to Fremantle, Western Australia after serving a one-year prison sentence in London. Inspector Donaldson
11481-564: The north of Haslemere town centre, and Chestnut Avenue, to the west, were laid out in the early 1900s. Houses were also built in Grayswood at around the same time. Between 1900 and 1940, the Haslemere Tenants Society built 91 houses in the Fieldway, Bridge Road and Lion Mead area, which were subsequently acquired by the Haslemere UDC. In 1950, the council began to construct a new estate of 88 houses in Shottermill, close to
11610-563: The northern slopes of Blackdown , to the south of Haslemere town. The area to the east of the town is drained by the River Arun . Around 48% of the civil parish is covered by woodland, 85 ha (210 acres) of which is classified as Ancient Woodland. Approximately 17% of the parish, 395 ha (980 acres), is protected and includes parts of two Special Protection Areas , one Special Area of Conservation and four Sites of Special Scientific Interest . The main settlements are surrounded by
11739-449: The number of notes a player can produce in a given register decreases because of the physical constraint of the spacing of the nodes in the bore. On a Baroque recorder, the first, second, and third registers span about a major ninth, a major sixth, and a minor third respectively. The recorder sound, for the most part, lacks high harmonics and odd harmonics predominate in its sound with the even harmonics being almost entirely absent, although
11868-627: The orchestra at Carpenter’s Hall playing 17th century instruments in a revival of the First Quarto version of Hamlet by the Elizabethan Stage Society . He left England to build clavichords and harpsichords for Chickering of Boston (1905–1911), then for Gaveau of Paris (1911–1914). During Dolmetsch's time at Chickering, he resided in a house in Cambridge, Massachusetts , partially of his own design, with
11997-440: The performance of baroque music, A=415 Hz is the de facto standard, while pre-Baroque music is often performed at A=440 Hz or A=466 Hz. These pitch standards are intended to reflect the broad variation in pitch standards throughout the history of the recorder. In various regions, contexts, and time periods, pitch standards have varied from A=~392 Hz to A=~520 Hz. The pitches A=415 Hz and A=466 Hz,
12126-543: The recorder as an instrument for teaching music in schools. In 1937 he received a British Civil list pension and in 1938 he was created a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by the French government. Arnold Dolmetsch was married three times. On 28 May 1878 he married Marie Morel of Namur, Belgium (a widow, ten years his senior) but was divorced in 1898. His second wife, to whom he was married on 11 September 1899, in Zürich ,
12255-468: The recorder involves the sequential uncovering of the holes from lowest to highest (i.e., uncovering 7, then uncovering 7 and 6, then uncovering 7, 6 and 5, etc.) producing even higher pitches. In practice, however, the uncovering of the holes is not strictly sequential, and the half covering or uncovering of holes is an essential part of recorder technique. A forked fingering is a fingering in which an open hole has covered holes below it: fingerings for which
12384-400: The recorder is often described as clear and sweet, and has historically been associated with birds and shepherds. It is notable for its quick response and its corresponding ability to produce a wide variety of articulations. This ability, coupled with its open finger holes, allow it to produce a wide variety of tone colours and special effects. Acoustically, its tone is relatively pure and, when
12513-407: The recorder, plastics have been used in the mass manufacture of recorders, as well as by a few individual makers. Today, a wide variety of hardwoods are used to make recorder bodies. Relatively fewer varieties of wood are used to make recorder blocks, which are often made of red cedar, chosen because of its rot resistance, ability to absorb water, and low expansion when wet. A recent innovation
12642-404: The recorder, the modern concert flute, or other non-western flutes. Starting in the 1530s, these languages began to add qualifiers to specify this particular flute. Since the fifteenth century, a variety of sizes of recorder have been documented, but a consistent terminology and notation for the different sizes was not formulated until the twentieth century. Today, recorder sizes are named after
12771-411: The right hand is the lower hand, while the left hand is the upper hand, although this was not standardised before the modern revival of the recorder. The recorder is supported by the lips, which loosely seal around the beak of the instrument, the thumb of the lower hand, and, depending on the note fingered, by the other fingers and the upper thumb. A practice documented in many historical fingering charts
12900-408: The same air pressure, the fingering 01235 produces a pitch between 0123 and 01234. Forked fingerings allow recorder players to obtain fine gradations in pitch and timbre. A recorder's pitch is also affected by the partial covering of holes. This technique is an important tool for intonation, and is related to the fixed process of tuning a recorder, which involves the adjustment of the size and shape of
13029-727: The same time. Members, all drawn from the local working class, produced fabrics, rugs and tapestries, which were sold at exhibitions around the country. Ethel Blount and her husband Godfrey set up the Tapestry House in Foundry Meadow for the manufacture of appliqué needlework and embroidered items in 1896. Six years later, they also established the John Ruskin School and the St Cross School of Handicraft. The Peasant Arts Society closed in 1933, following
13158-420: The school of English composers for viol consort (including John Jenkins and William Lawes ), leading to Sir Henry Hadow 's tribute that Dolmetsch had "opened the door to a forgotten treasure-house of beauty". He was also largely responsible for the revival of the recorder , both as a serious concert instrument, and as an instrument which made early music accessible to amateur performers. He went on to promote
13287-427: The seat was held by Virginia Bottomley , who was elevated to the House of Lords as Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone in the year she left the House of Commons . Councillors are elected to Surrey County Council every four years. Haslemere, Shottermill and Grayswood are in the "Haslemere" electoral division, but Hindhead and Beacon Hill are in the "Waverley Western Villages" electoral division. The civil parish
13416-477: The sequential covering of holes. In the fingering 01234567, only the bell of the instrument is open, resulting in a low pressure node at the bell end of the instrument. The fingering 0123456 sounds at a higher pitch because the seventh hole and the bell both release air, creating a low pressure node at the seventh hole. Besides sequential uncovering, recorders can use forked fingering to produce tones other than those produced by simple sequential lifting of fingers. In
13545-448: The sixteenth century were tuned in fifths and only occasionally employed tuning by octaves as seen in the modern C, F recorder consort. This means that consorts could be composed of instruments nominally in B ♭ , F, C, G, D, A and even E, although typically only three or four distinct sizes were used simultaneously. To use modern terminology, these recorders were treated as transposing instruments: consorts would be read identically to
13674-402: The sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The following describes the commonalities of recorder technique across all time periods. In normal playing position, the recorder is held with both hands, covering the fingerholes or depressing the keys with the pads of the fingers: four fingers on the lower hand, and the index, middle and ring fingers and thumb on the upper hand. In standard modern practice,
13803-529: The son of Rudolph Arnold Dolmetsch and his wife Marie Zélie (née Guillouard) was born at Le Mans , France, where the family had established a piano-making business. It was in the family's workshops that Dolmetsch acquired the skills of instrument-making that would later be put to use in his early music workshops. He studied music at the Brussels Conservatoire and learnt the violin with Henri Vieuxtemps . In 1883 he travelled to London to attend
13932-432: The soprano (also known as descant, lowest note C 5 ), alto (also known as treble, lowest note F 4 ), tenor (lowest note C 4 ), and bass (lowest note F 3 ). Recorders were traditionally constructed from wood or ivory. Modern professional instruments are almost invariably of wood, often boxwood ; student and scholastic recorders are commonly of moulded plastic. The recorders' internal and external proportions vary, but
14061-434: The sounding pitch, but usage is inconsistent. Rare sizes and notations include the garklein flutlein , which may be notated two octaves below its sounding pitch, and the sub-contrabass, which may be notated an octave above its sounding pitch. The earliest known document mentioning "a pipe called Recordour" dates from 1388. Historically, recorders were used to play vocal music and parts written for other instruments, or for
14190-413: The standard names of modern recorders in F and C and their respective ranges. Music composed after the modern revival of the recorder most frequently uses soprano, alto, tenor, and bass recorders, although sopranino and great bass are also fairly common. Consorts of recorders are often referred to using the terminology of organ registers: 8′ (8 foot) pitch referring to a consort sounding as written, 4′ pitch
14319-416: The transverse instrument was called flauto traverso . This distinction, like the English switch from recorder to flute , has caused confusion among modern editors, writers and performers. Indeed, in most European languages, the first term for the recorder was the word for flute alone. In the present day, cognates of the word flute , when used without qualifiers, remain ambiguous and may refer to either
14448-407: The tube, called nodes. The perceived pitch is the lowest, and typically loudest, mode of vibration in the air column. The other pitches are harmonics , or overtones . Players typically describe recorder pitches by the number of nodes in the air column. Notes with a single node are in the first register, notes with two nodes in the second register, etc. As the number of nodes in the tube increases,
14577-405: The uncovering of the holes is not sequential. For example, the fingering 0123 (G 5 ) is not a forked fingering, while 0123 56 (F ♯ 5 ) is a forked fingering because the open hole 4 has holes covered below it – holes 5 and 6. Forked fingerings allow for smaller adjustments in pitch than the sequential uncovering of holes alone would allow. For example, at the same air speed
14706-403: The use of the instrument by jongleurs led to its association with the verb: Recorder the minstrel's action, a recorder the minstrel's tool. The reason is uncertain why this flute instrument—rather than some other instrument played by the jongleurs )—is known as the recorder. The introduction of the Baroque recorder to England by a group of French professionals in 1673 popularised
14835-449: The villages of Hindhead , Beacon Hill and Grayswood, the settlements of Shottermill and Critchmere, as well as the town of Haslemere. The area is served by two principal transport routes, the London to Portsmouth railway line and the A3 trunk road , both of which run via Guildford . Much of the civil parish is in the catchment area of the south branch of the River Wey , which rises on
14964-399: The way the player blows air into the windway. Recorder voicing is determined by physical parameters such as the proportions and curvature of the windway along both the longitudinal and latitudinal axes, the bevelled edges ( chamfers ) of the windway facing towards the labium, the length of the window, the sharpness of the labium (i.e. the steepness of the ramp) among other parameters. The player
15093-487: The west of Hindhead, and stagecoaches are known to have travelled along this section from 1732. It became the responsibility of a turnpike trust in 1749 and was rerouted around the edge of the Devil's Punch Bowl in 1826, to reduce the gradient to a maximum of 5%. This road is now known as the A3 and was further improved in 2011, with the opening of the Hindhead Tunnel . The road through Grayswood and Haslemere became
15222-478: The window. Feedback from the resonance of the tube regulates the pitch of the sound. In recorders, as in all woodwind instruments, the air column inside the instrument behaves like a vibrating string, to use a musical analogy, and has multiple modes of vibration . These waves produced inside the instrument are not travelling waves, like those the ear perceives as sound, but rather stationary standing waves consisting of areas of high pressure and low pressure inside
15351-455: The word flute , calling the recorder variously the "common flute", "common English-flute", or simply "English flute" while the transverse instrument was distinguished as the "German flute" or simply "flute". Until at least 1765, some writers still used flute to mean recorder. Until the mid-eighteenth century, musical scores written in Italian refer to the instrument as flauto , whereas
15480-467: Was Elodie Désirée, the divorced wife of his brother. This marriage ended in divorce in 1903. Thirdly, he was married on 23 September 1903 to Mabel Johnston, one of his pupils. Dolmetsch encouraged the members of his family to learn the skills of instrument-making and musicianship and the family frequently appeared together in concerts, playing instruments constructed in the Dolmetsch workshops. Following
15609-561: Was a doubling of the population between 1881 and 1891, stimulated in part by the break-up of the Pitfold Manor estate in 1880. Several new houses for the gentry were built in the following decade, during which land to the north west of the village was donated to the National Trust . Housing for labourers and artisans was constructed along Lion Lane between 1880 and 1901, and dwellings began to spread towards Critchmere Hill in
15738-481: Was buried in St Bartholomew's churchyard in Haslemere. His death is commemorated by a blue plaque on the wall of the Town Hall. The Haslemere fire brigade was formed in 1877 and, until 1907, was equipped with a horse-drawn fire pump. From 1906, Shottermill was served by the Hindhead and Grayshott brigade, but assistance was given by the Haslemere brigade when necessary. In 2021, the local fire authority
15867-421: Was confined to those holding property either as freeholders or as tenants of burgage properties, who paid rent to the lord of the manor. Electoral records show that for the elections of 1664 and 1735, there were only 82 and 85 eligible properties respectively. By the early 17th century, Haslemere had acquired a reputation as a pocket borough . The More family, who owned Loseley Park , effectively controlled
15996-416: Was constructed in 1894. It is built in red brick with a hipped Welsh Slate roof and is one of only two surviving examples of a platform-mounted LSWR Type 4 design. The semaphore signals in the station were replaced by colour lights in 1937, the same year that the line was electrified . The market charter for Haslemere was granted in 1221 and a license to hold an annual fair followed in 1397. By
16125-433: Was disbanded in 1933, when the area became part of the Haslemere Urban District. The most recent change in local government took place in 1974, when the urban districts of Farnham, Godalming and Haslemere were merged with Hambledon Rural District to form Waverley District . The Haslemere UDC was reduced to a town council and the reformed body readopted the town hall as its main meeting place. Haslemere may have become
16254-494: Was divided between the Farnham and Godalming Hundreds respectively. The south western corner of Surrey is thought to have been sparsely populated in the 11th century, but it is possible that some of the mills listed under the entry for Farnham, were located on the Wey in the Shottermill area. The first indication of a settlement at Haslemere is from 1180, when there is a record of a "Chapel of Piperham". The chapel belonged to
16383-434: Was employing 100 workers and in 1854 he expanded his business with the purchase of Sickle Mill. The company moved to London in the 1880s. The Peasant Arts Society was founded in Haslemere in the 1890s, when the weaver Maude King and her sister, the tapestry maker Ethel Blount, moved to the area. It was one of a number of organisations associated with the Arts and Crafts movement , that were founded in rural England at around
16512-505: Was not completed until May 1858, in part because of the magnitude of the excavation work required for the deep cutting through Haslemere. The line opened on 1 January 1859, with trains running as far as Havant . Although the earthworks were built to accommodate two tracks, initially only a single line was installed. The line was doubled in 1876-77 and the station platforms at Haslemere were extended to allow express services to call from January 1894. The Grade II-listed station signal box
16641-444: Was used by Charles Dieupart, although curiously he treated it as a transposing instrument in relation to the soprano rather than the alto. In Germanic countries, the equivalent of the same term, Quartflöte , was applied both to the tenor in C 4 , the interval being measured down from the alto in F 4 , and to a recorder in C 5 (soprano), the interval of a fourth apparently being measured up from an alto in G 4 . Recorder parts in
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