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36-614: Domínguez ( [doˈmiŋɡeθ] in Peninsular Spanish or [doˈmiŋɡes] elsewhere) is a name of Spanish origin, meaning son of Domingo . The surname is usually written without the accent in the Philippines and the United States. As of 2014, 40.7% of all known bearers of the surname Domínguez were residents of Mexico (frequency 1:242), 12.8% of Spain (1:288), 8.5% of Argentina (1:396), 7.7% of

72-596: A voiceless dental fricative /θ/ , as in English th in thing . Thus, in most varieties of Spanish from Spain, cinco , 'five' is pronounced /ˈθinko/ as opposed to /ˈsinko/ in Latin American Spanish, and similarly for zapato , 'shoe', cerdo , 'pig', zorro , 'fox', Zurbarán . A restricted form of distinción also occurs in the area around Cusco , Peru, where [ θ ] exists in words such as

108-522: A central-northern, found north of Madrid and equated with Castilian Spanish, a southern or Andalusian dialect, and an intermediary zone. This division does not include the Spanish of bilingual regions. While a more narrow division includes the following dialect regions: The related term Castilian Spanish is often applied to formal varieties of Spanish as spoken in Spain. According to folk tradition,

144-523: A clause (Viste lo que pasó anoche → Lo viste) . This gives us a set like the above: le, la, lo . Furthermore, le also follows the pattern of me ("me") and te ("you") which operate as both direct and indirect objects. There is a tendency, discussed at Spanish prepositions , to treat as indirect objects those direct objects which happen to refer to people. Hence some speakers say le/les vi "I saw him/her/them" when referring to people and lo/la/los/las vi "I saw it/them" when referring to things. This

180-592: A lesser extent the Philippines ). Le%C3%ADsmo Leísmo ("using le ") is a dialectal variation in the Spanish language that occurs largely in Spain . It involves using the indirect object pronouns le and les in place of the (generally standard) direct object pronouns lo , la , los , and las , especially when the direct object refers to a male person or people. Leísmo with animate objects

216-423: A lot" if " se " means "people" and " le " means "him/her", and reserve se lo/la lee mucho "he/she reads it a lot for him/her" for sentences in which the " se " is not impersonal. All of the theoretical reasons for using le/les detailed above actually influence the way Spanish speakers use these pronouns, and this has been demonstrated by various surveys and investigations. Not all usage of direct-object le/les

252-564: A result the /t/ is subject to weakening. Thus, [aðˈlantiko] , [aðˈleta] are the resulting pronunciations. The Spanish language is a pluricentric language . Spanish is spoken in numerous countries around the world, each with differing standards. However, the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), based in Madrid , Spain, is affiliated with the national language academies of 22 other hispanophone nations through

288-499: A third party or an object, but le/les vi "I saw you" when the pronoun is intended to represent usted/ustedes . This is known as leísmo de cortesía and is permitted by the RAE. The general tendency to use indirect objects for people is intensified when the subject of the sentence is not human, thus creating a contrast in the mind of the speaker between the human and the thing. Hence some speakers say la halagó "he flattered her" when

324-429: Is both common and prescriptively accepted in many dialects spoken in Spain, but uncommon in most others. It thus typically correlates with the use of the preposition a for animate direct objects (for this "personal a", see Spanish prepositions ). Leísmo is always rejected in linguistic prescription when the direct object to which it refers is not an animate object. For example: Le and les are properly speaking

360-528: Is dialectal, however. In some cases, it is universal across the educated Spanish-speaking world. Let us first look at dialectal extremes. There is leísmo (covered under point a above) motivated by the tendency towards masculine e in uneducated Madrid speech. This actually used to be quite standard, and the Real Academia only stopped endorsing it in the 1850s. We therefore find in old texts: Unos niegan el hecho, otros le afirman = "Some deny

396-507: Is known as leísmo de persona and is permitted by the Real Academia Española (RAE) only when used in the masculine singular (i.e. le to mean "him"). The general tendency to use indirect objects for people also occurs when the speaker wishes to convey respect. The second person formal usted is conjugated the same as the third person, hence some speakers use lo/la/los/las vi "I saw him/her/it/them" when speaking about

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432-669: Is masculine, instead of the Hispanic-American-preferred computadora , which is feminine, from the English word 'computer' (the exceptions being Colombia and Chile, where PC is known as computador , which is masculine). Speakers from Latin America tend to use words and polite-set expressions that, even if recognized by the Real Academia Española , are not widely used nowadays (some of them are even deemed as anachronisms ) by speakers of Castilian Spanish. For example, enojarse and enfadarse are verbs with

468-586: Is noticeable in Northwestern Spain , especially Navarre and the Basque Country , where regional speech uses le vi for "I saw him/her" and lo/la vi for "I saw it". The same phenomenon is sporadically heard elsewhere, e.g. in Valencia and Paraguay . Now let us look at less extremely dialectal cases. For the majority of educated speakers in Spain and parts of Latin America, neither of

504-956: The Association of Academies of the Spanish Language , and their coordinated resolutions are typically accepted in other countries, especially those related to spelling. Also, the Instituto Cervantes , an agency of the Government of Spain in charge of promoting the Spanish language abroad, has been adopted by other countries as the authority to officially recognize and certify the Spanish level of non-native Spanish speakers as their second language, as happens in Australia, South Korea or Switzerland. The variants of Spanish spoken in Spain and its former colonies vary significantly in grammar and pronunciation , as well as in

540-536: The United States (1:3,721), 4.3% of Cuba (1:212), 3.2% of Colombia (1:1,186), 3.0% of Peru (1:831), 2.6% of Venezuela (1:904), 2.6% of Honduras (1:265), 2.4% of Paraguay (1:241), 2.0% of the Dominican Republic (1:412), 2.0% of the Philippines (1:4,049), 1.5% of Panama (1:214), 1.2% of Ecuador (1:1,028), 1.0% of Guatemala (1:1,243) and 1.0% of El Salvador (1:500). In Spain ,

576-805: The autonomous communities in which the latter languages are spoken notoriously involve borrowings at the lexical level , but also in the rest of the linguistic structure. Variation in Peninsular Spanish, especially phonetic, largely follows a north-south axis, often imagined or characterized as Castilian versus Andalusian in the popular imagination. That said, different isoglosses intersect and never exactly coincide with regional borders. The Spanish dialects of bilingual regions, such as Castrapo in Galicia or Catalan Spanish , have their own features due to language contact. A simple, north-south division is: Another north-south division would include

612-483: The epicene indirect object pronouns, used for both masculine and feminine antecedents, whether animate or inanimate. In certain dialects the reverse occurs and the indirect object pronouns are replaced by lo , la , los , or las ( loísmo and laísmo ), but this usage is not accepted by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy): There are various diachronic and synchronic reasons for

648-543: The "purest" form of Peninsular Spanish is spoken in Valladolid , although the concept of "pure" languages has been rejected by modern linguists. Dialectal variation in the Peninsula follows both north-south and east-west axes. Leísmo is native to a large swath of western Castile, as well as Cantabria and neighboring parts of Leon and Extremadura. In much of eastern Castile, as well as Navarre, Aragon and Álava,

684-648: The Madrid region, 90% preferred la halagó for "he flattered her" and 87% preferred le halagó for "it flattered her". García (1975) reports a similar but less extreme tendency in Buenos Aires: only 14% of García's sample said él le convenció for "he convinced him" (the rest said él lo convenció ). With an inanimate subject, a slight majority (54%) said este color no le convence . García reports Buenos Aires natives differentiating between lo llevaron al hospital and le llevaron al hospital depending on how active

720-477: The clitic pronoun se can express plural number, becoming sen , when it follows an infinitive, gerund, or subjunctive form used to express a command, as in casarsen 'to get married', siéntensen 'sit down'. In an area of northern Spain, centered on Burgos, La Rioja, Álava and Vizcaya and also including Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Cantabria and Palencia, the imperfect subjunctive forms tend to be replaced by conditional ones. In rural Aragon and Navarre ,

756-542: The cluster /tɾ/ is often realized as a voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [tɹ̝̊] , not unlike the initial consonant cluster in the English word trick . Similarly, the trilled /r/ may also be assibilated to [ ɹ̝ ] in this region. The same pronunciations are also found in much of Latin America, especially Mexico , Central America , and the Andes . In a chunk of northwestern Spain which includes Galicia and Bilbao and excludes Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville,

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792-532: The defricativization of /tʃ/, realizations of /x/ as [x] and [h] and weakening or change of liquid consonants /l/ and /r/. Morphologically , a notable feature in most varieties of Peninsular Spanish setting them apart from varieties from the Americas is the use of the pronoun vosotros (along with its oblique form os ) and its corresponding verb forms for the second person plural familiar. Language contact of Spanish with Catalan , Basque and Galician in

828-523: The dialectalism whereby lo is overused. The Real Academia's current line is that le for "him" is officially "tolerated". A case on which the Academy is silent is the tendency described in point b1 . It is perfectly common in educated speech in many parts of the world to distinguish between no quería molestarlo "I did not mean to bother him" and no quería molestarle "I did not mean to bother you". Those Spaniards who would not just say le anyway for

864-693: The dialects of the language: carro refers to car in some Latin American dialects but to cart in Spain and some Latin American dialects. There also appear gender differences: el PC ('personal computer') in Castilian Spanish and some Latin American Spanish, la PC in some Hispanic American Spanish, due to the widespread use of the gallicism ordenador (from ordinateur in French) for computer in Peninsular Spanish, which

900-408: The fact; others assert it" ( Feijóo , mid-eighteenth century; emphasis added) Such speakers would say le afirman in reference to a word like el hecho , la afirman in reference to a word like la verdad , and lo afirman only in reference to a general neuter "it". The second extreme leísmo is the one motivated by the second point mentioned: the tendency to use indirect objects for people. This

936-503: The frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:288) in the following autonomous communities: In Cuba , the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:212) in the following provinces: Peninsular Spanish From a phonological standpoint, there is a north-south gradient contrasting conservative and innovative pronunciation patterns. The former generally retain features such as / s / – / θ / distinction and realization of intervocalic /d/, whilst

972-429: The hospital" when the patient is unconscious and le llevamos al hospital "we took/led him to the hospital" when the patient is able to walk. The general tendency to use indirect objects for people is intensified when the impersonal se is used instead of a real subject. This is to avoid the misinterpretation of the se as being an indirect object pronoun. Hence some speakers say se le lee mucho "people read him/her

1008-450: The latter may not. Processes of interaction and levelling between standard (a construct popularly perceived as based on northern dialects) and nonstandard varieties however involve ongoing adoption of conservative traits south and innovative ones north. In line with Spanish language's rich consonant fluctuation, other internal variation within varieties of Peninsular Spanish is represented by phenomena such as weakening of coda position -/s/,

1044-413: The numbers doce , 'twelve', and trece , 'thirteen'. Additionally, all Latin American dialects drop the familiar (that is, informal) vosotros verb forms for the second person plural, using ustedes in all contexts. In most of Spain, ustedes is used only in a formal context. Some other minor differences are: The meaning of certain words may differ greatly between all

1080-479: The reasons explained in the last paragraph are likely to use le in this case. Butt & Benjamin (1994) says that their Argentine informants made this distinction, whereas their loísta Colombian informants preferred molestarlo always. The Academy is also silent on the tendency described in b2 ; however, it is universal across the Spanish-speaking world. In a questionnaire given to 28 Spaniards in

1116-411: The same meaning (to become angry), enojarse being used much more in the Americas than in Spain, and enfadarse more in Spain than in the Americas. Below are select vocabulary differences between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Words in bold are unique to Spain and not used in any other country (except for perhaps Equatorial Guinea which speaks a very closely related dialect, and to

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1152-472: The sequence /tl/ in words such as atleta 'athlete' and Atlántico 'Atlantic' is treated as an onset cluster, with both consonants being part of the same syllable. The same is true in the Canary Islands and most of Latin America, with the exception of Puerto Rico. On the other hand, in most of Peninsular Spanish, each consonant in /tl/ is considered as belonging to a separate syllable, and as

1188-402: The subject is "he" referring to a person, but le halagó "it flattered her" when the subject is "it", a thing. The general tendency to use indirect objects for people is intensified when the humanity of the person who is the object of the sentence is emphasised by the way the verb is used. Hence some speakers opt for a subtle distinction between lo llevamos al hospital "we took/carried him to

1224-446: The two tendencies ( a or b ) is enough on its own to justify the use of le/les ; but together they are. Thus, speakers who would reject sentences like le vi for "I saw it" and le vi for "I saw her" would nevertheless accept and use le vi for "I saw him". Indeed, this use of le to mean "him" is so common in an area of central Spain that some would call the use of lo vi to mean "I saw him" an example of loísmo/laísmo , i.e.

1260-493: The use of idioms . Courses of Spanish as a second language commonly use Mexican Spanish in the United States and Canada , whereas European Spanish is typically preferred in Europe. Dialects in central and northern Spain and Latin American Spanish contain several differences, the most apparent being Distinción (distinction), i.e., the pronunciation of the letter z before all vowels, and of c before e and i , as

1296-760: The use of le/les for direct objects. To understand why there is vacillation and hesitation in usage, it is helpful to understand these often-conflicting linguistic forces. There is a strong tendency in Spanish, inherited from Latin, for pronouns and determiners to have a set of three different endings for the three genders. These are: -e or -o for masculine pronouns, -a for feminine pronouns and -o for neuter pronouns. Thus, éste, ésta, esto ; ése, ésa, eso ; aquél, aquélla, aquello ; el, la, lo ; él, ella, ello . Hence some speakers say le vi ("I saw him") for any masculine person, la vi ("I saw her/it") for any feminine noun, and lo vi ("I saw it") to refer to an inanimate masculine noun (e.g. Vi al piso → Lo vi) , or

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