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30-528: DNDO coordinates United States federal efforts to detect and protect against nuclear and radiological terrorism against the United States. DNDO, utilizing its interagency staff, is responsible for the development of the global nuclear detection architecture, the underlying strategy that guides the U.S. government’s nuclear detection efforts. DNDO conducts its own research, development, test, and evaluation of nuclear and radiological detection technologies, and

60-493: A 2023 EdWeek article citing Everytown an organization that advocates for firearm safety. The 2023 article "A state mandated school threat assessment: Here's what it means for students" reviews the results of a study funded by the U.S. Department of Justice that analyzed 23,000 student threat assessment done in Florida in the 2021-2022 school year. As the most comprehensive study so far done by University of Virginia researchers,

90-474: A fine. In the United States , federal law criminalizes certain true threats transmitted via the U.S. mail or in interstate commerce . It also criminalizes threatening the government officials of the United States . Some U.S. states criminalize cyberbullying . Threats of bodily harm are considered assault . In the state of Texas , it is not necessary that the person threatened actually perceive

120-571: A new radiation detection technology – the ASP - that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has concluded is only marginally better than existing technology. The ASP may have drained resources from other programs, including development and deployment of mobile, portable or hand-held technologies that could screen other types of inbound cargo or bulk shipments, like international trains and commercial aviation. According to

150-580: A pathway to commit "predatory or instrumental violence, the type of behavior associated with targeted attacks," according to J. Reid Meloy, PhD, co-editor of the International Handbook of Threat Assessment . "Predatory and affective violence are largely distinctive modes of violence." Threat assessments are commonly conducted by government agencies such as FBI and CIA on a national security scale. However, many private companies can also offer threat assessment capabilities targeted towards

180-431: A port environment, and CBP is considering whether to allow DNDO to collect operational data in a port environment. During recent discussions with DNDO officials, they agreed that the language in the budget justifications lacked clarity and stated that they are not planning to complete a cost benefit analysis since such analyses are generally associated with acquisition programs. Threat assessment Threat assessment

210-418: A preliminary DNDO/CBP CAARS production and deployment program had been successfully developed and that CAARS machines would be developed that would detect both contraband and shielded nuclear material with little or no impact on CBP operations. The fiscal years 2010 and 2011 DHS budget justifications both cited that an ongoing testing campaign would lead to a cost benefit analysis, followed by rapid development of

240-547: A prototype that would lead to a pilot deployment at a CBP point of entry. Furthermore, the fiscal year 2010 budget justification stated that while the CAARS technology was less mature than originally estimated, successful development was still feasible. However, DHS’s description and assessment of the CAARS program in its budget justification did not reflect the actual progress of the program. Specifically, DNDO officials told GAO that when they made their course correction and cancelled

270-413: A student Brian O. came to first period with a shotgun that he fired and left a chest wound for one student and a near miss for another before Brian surrendered. He was criminally convicted and sentenced to 27 years in prison. The ensuing California Court of Appeals civil court case found in 2022 that there was 54 percent negligence with the threat assessment and management team and awarded $ 3.8 million for

300-421: A student's risk of suicide , alcohol and drug use , physical abuse , dropping out and criminal activity. Threat assessment also applies to risk management. Information security risk managers often perform a threat assessment before developing a plan to mitigate those threats. Per a Senator King hearing in 2022, a top U.S. military officer was reprimanded by Senator King, the chairman of the committee, because

330-409: A threat for a threat to exist for legal purposes. A true threat is threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law. It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications: preventing fear, preventing the disruption that follows from that fear, and diminishing

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360-598: Is also evidence that Black and Hispanic students are disproportionately determined threats as well as students with disabilities. In the 2016 Oregonian/OregonLive article "Targeted: A Family and the Quest to Stop the Next School Shooter," a sixteen-year-old boy on the autism spectrum eventually drops out of school after being selected for a threat assessment. The family allowed the reporter full access to their experience of not being able to get information from

390-713: Is one known as Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines ) as well as what is deemed a threat, according to the Ed Week article. Another 2024 Ed Week article "How Columbine shaped 25 years of school safety" This article chronicles how threat assessments were recommended in the wake of the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School in Littleton, Co., but schools still struggle to get it right. A 2022 New Yorker article "Can researchers show that threat assessment stops mass shootings" states that there isn’t definitive evidence that threat assessments stop school shootings. However,

420-785: Is responsible for acquiring the technology systems necessary to implement the domestic portions of the global nuclear detection architecture. DNDO also provides standardized threat assessments , technical support, training, and response protocols for federal and non-federal partners. In December 2017, DNDO became one of the constituent components of the newly formed Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction office. DNDO has come under heavy criticism for its failed Advanced Spectroscopic Portal Monitor (ASP) and Cargo Advanced Automated Radiography System (CAARS) programs. The U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs has accused DNDO of wasting 5 years and millions of dollars. As of June 30, 2010, DNDO had spent $ 200 million trying to develop

450-458: Is that these assessments have the potential to stop school shootings. Threat A threat is a communication of intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. Intimidation is a tactic used between conflicting parties to make the other timid or psychologically insecure for coercion or control. The act of intimidation for coercion is considered a threat. Threatening or threatening behavior (or criminal threatening behavior)

480-461: Is the crime of intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of bodily injury . Some of the more common types of threats forbidden by law are those made with an intent to obtain a monetary advantage or to compel a person to act against their will . In most U.S. states, it is an offense to threaten to (1) use a deadly weapon on another person; (2) injure another's person or property; or (3) injure another's reputation. In Brazil ,

510-410: Is the practice of determining the credibility and seriousness of a potential threat, as well as the probability that the threat will become a reality. Threat assessment is separate to the more established practice of violence- risk assessment , which attempts to predict an individual's general capacity and tendency to react to situations violently. Instead, threat assessment aims to interrupt people on

540-498: The 2024 shooting in a Windor, Ga highschool resulted in four deaths, Education Week analyzed the subject in the article, "Why responding to student threats is so complicated." This case had reports to the FBI in 2023, but these reports did not lead to a conclusive identification of the then 13-year-old boy who about a year later used an AR-15 style gun at Apalachee High School. The article looks at how there were many systems in play between

570-594: The CAARS program was among numerous acquisition programs at DNDO for which appropriate DHS oversight was lacking. Furthermore, the development of the CAARS algorithms—a key part of the machine needed to identify shielded nuclear materials automatically—did not mature at a rapid enough pace to warrant acquisition and deployment. Moreover, the description of the progress of the CAARS program used to support funding requests in DNDO’s budget justifications for fiscal years 2009 through 2011

600-798: The FBI Atlanta Field Office, the Jackson County Sheriff's Office that alerted that areas schools, and then the Barrow County School District that was next to Jackson County but it wasn't determined if they got the warning, and no threat assessment team was in place at the school where the shooting happened. Federal data says for the 2023-2024 school year eighty-five percent of public schools have behavioral threat assessment teams or something similar. Issues arise with different state laws and wide variation in what practices they use (evidence based

630-565: The GAO, from the start of the CAARS program in 2005 until the course correction in December 2007, DNDO planned the acquisition and deployment of CAARS machines without understanding that they would not fit within existing primary inspection lanes at CBP ports of entry. This occurred because during the first year or more of the program DNDO and CBP had few discussions about operating requirements for primary inspection lanes at ports of entry. In addition,

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660-552: The acquisition part of the program in 2007, they also decided not to conduct a cost benefit analysis because such analyses are generally needed to justify going forward with acquisitions. In addition, DNDO completed CAARS testing in March 2010; however, as of today, the final test results for two of the three CAARS machines are not yet available. Currently, no CAARS machines have been deployed. CAARS machines from various vendors have either been disassembled or sit idle without being tested in

690-439: The article states the assessments done that year produced mixed results. The main takeaways are that better data needs to be gathered by both states and school districts to ensure fairness, that threat assessments need to be fully funded to offer support to struggling students, that sixty-four percent of the student threats studied were transient, and that Black students were disproportionately referred for threat assessments. After

720-478: The crime of threatening someone, defined as a threat to cause unjust and grave harm, is punishable by a fine or three months to one year in prison , as described in the Brazilian Penal Code , article 147. Brazilian does not treat as a crime a threat that was proffered in a heated discussion. The German Strafgesetzbuch § 241 punishes the crime of threat with a prison term for up to three years or

750-505: The district and their son feeling singled out and criminalized. The "threat" was eventually determined to be a misunderstanding. The book "Trigger Points" by Mark Follman (a Mother Jones national affairs editor) covers threat assessments and traces them to an awareness of stalking behavior after the murder of John Lennon and shooting of Ronald Reagan. Follman elaborates how the field of behavioral threat assessment first grew out of Secret Service and FBI serial-killer investigations. His thesis

780-436: The needs of individuals and businesses. Threat assessment involves several major components: Threat assessment is relevant to many businesses and other venues, including schools. Threat assessment professionals, who include psychologists and law enforcement agents, work to identify and help potential offenders, guiding students to overcome underlying sources of anger , hopelessness or despair . These feelings can increase

810-491: The plaintiff, Bowe Cleveland, who was shot in the chest. There have been more incidents covered by the media where bias may have effected students lives when they were determined to be threats as shown in cbs8.com articles about the long-term stigma of falsely being determined a threat and a twelve-year-old being arrested and subsequently charged with a felony regarding his Snapchat message in San Diego, California. There

840-532: The threat assessment surrounding the Russian conflict with Ukraine was not anywhere near the actual outcome. Senator King commented that additional arms could have been sent by the U.S. government more quickly to aid Ukraine defense if a more reliable assessment would have been performed. Many U.S. states require schools have threat assessmentsincluding Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, and Washington state, according to

870-534: The upside of threat assessments can be a warmer school community when struggling students get support. A California case that challenged the practice of threat assessments was the Taft Union case covered in the Psychology Today article "Threat Assessment Team Negligence: The Taft Union Case." This article outlines steps to avoid negligence in threat assessments based on a school shooting where in 2013

900-483: Was misleading because it did not reflect the actual status of the program. For fiscal year 2009 through fiscal year 2011, DHS justified annual budget requests to Congress by citing significant plans and accomplishments of the CAARS program, including that CAARS technology development and deployment was feasible, even though DNDO had made the decision in December 2007 to cancel the acquisition of CAARS. For example, in its fiscal year 2009 budget justification, DHS stated that

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