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70-405: Starting in 2004, each Domino Day has featured Builders' Challenges, with three challenges in 2004 and 2005, and four challenges starting in 2006. Builders are usually chosen in pairs for each Builder's Challenge. The chosen builders then have to complete vital parts of the setup while the dominoes are already toppling elsewhere, in order to allow another field of dominoes to topple. This usually takes

140-516: A chip log to enable the measurement of a ship's speed in knots . The hourglass also found popularity on land as an inexpensive alternative to mechanical clocks. Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet. After 1500,

210-464: A hiatus and those that occur when a program is syndicated . In the United Kingdom , the word "repeat" refers only to a single episode; "rerun" or "rerunning" is the preferred term for an entire series/season. A "repeat" is a single episode of a series that is broadcast outside its original timeslot on the same channel/network. The episode is usually the "repeat" of the scheduled episode that

280-415: A concept. The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often used as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the " sands of time " will run out for every human life. It was used thus on pirate flags, to evoke fear through imagery associated with death. In England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass

350-450: A distributor that does not hold syndication rights to the program (such as Shout! Factory ) secures the rights for future DVD releases. TV Guide originally used the term "rerun" to designate rebroadcast programs, but abruptly changed to "repeat" between April and May in 1971. Other TV listings services and publications, including local newspapers, often indicated reruns as "(R)"; since the early 2000s, many listing services only provide

420-505: A given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width. Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase tempus fugit ("time flies"). The origin of

490-656: A long period of time without losing its cultural relevance. Game shows , variety shows , Saturday morning cartoons , and to a lesser extent, newsmagazines , tabloid talk shows , and late-night talk shows (often in edited form) have been seen less commonly in reruns; game shows can quickly become dated because of inflation , while talk shows often draw humor from contemporary events. Tabloid talk shows, with episode archives of thousands of episodes, tend to do well in reruns compared to talk shows without an element of conflict. Newsmagazines, especially those that focus on evergreen stories such as true crime , are easily repackaged for

560-555: A notation if an episode is new -"(N)", with reruns getting no notation. Reruns are often carried by Canadian broadcasters in much the same way as they are in the United States, especially on specialty television channels that rely largely on off-network or library rights to programs (and in many cases, may originate little to no first run programming of their own). Reruns of a broadcaster's own library programs are often used to comply with Canadian content regulations enforced by

630-646: A program is in an infinite loop and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD). Unicode has an HOURGLASS symbol at U+231B (⌛). In the 21st century, the Extinction symbol came into use as a symbol of the Holocene extinction and climate crisis . The symbol features an hourglass to represent time "running out" for extinct and endangered species, and also to represent time "running out" for climate change mitigation . In modern mobile hidden object games,

700-683: A repeating circle and cross pattern from the Solomon Islands . Both the members of Project Tic Toc, from television series the Time Tunnel and the Challengers of the Unknown use symbols of the hourglass representing either time travel or time running out. Books Periodicals Rerun A rerun or repeat is a rebroadcast of an episode of a radio or television program . The two types of reruns are those that occur during

770-546: A rights fee. Free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) relies on the barter model for its revenue. With the growing availability of cable and satellite television channels, as well as over-the-air digital subchannels , combined with a growing body of available postsyndication programming, a handful of specialty channels have been built solely or primarily to run former network programming, which otherwise would no longer be in syndication. Branded as "classic television", these often carry reruns of programming dating back to

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840-721: A season similar to the American format. As in the U.S., fewer new episodes are made during the summer. Until recently, the BBC , ITV and Channel 4 commonly repeated classic shows from their archives, but this has more or less dried up in favor of newer (and cheaper) formats such as reality shows, except on the BBC, where older BBC shows, especially sitcoms , including Dad's Army and Fawlty Towers , are frequently repeated. Syndication did not exist as such in United Kingdom until

910-569: A timekeeper. For example, the American television soap opera Days of Our Lives (1965–present) displays an hourglass in its opening credits, with narration by Macdonald Carey : "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives." Various computer graphical user interfaces may change the pointer to an hourglass while the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period of time, other programs, such as those open in other windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests

980-412: A weekly series to be rerun in daily syndication (at least four times a week). Very popular series running more than four seasons may start daily reruns of the first seasons, while production and airings continue of the current season's episodes; until around the early 1980s, shows that aired in syndication while still in production had the reruns aired under an alternate name (or multiple alternate names, as

1050-666: A €200 fine to the exterminator. A new world record was set on 17 November on Domino Day. 4,079,381 stones were toppled out of the 4,400,000 that were set up. The first three builders' challenges failed so the success of the last challenge was crucial to setting the world record. The design of the course took about a year and a team of 90 builders took around two months to build it. The theme, Music in Motion, represents 9 different kinds of music: Rock n' Roll, Classical Music, Pop Star, Schlager, Roaring 20's, Flower Power, World Music, Hip Hop, and Disco Fever. The Builder's Challenges represent

1120-401: Is a device used to measure the passage of time . It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically sand ) from the upper bulb to the lower one due to gravity . Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time

1190-526: Is entitled 'The World in Domino - The Show with the Flow'. It was the 11th edition of the show; it showed different aspects of the world with the display moving from continent to continent. The design used 4.8 million dominoes. 4,345,028 dominoes were needed to be toppled in order to break the standing world record. Even though part of the final section of the piece did not fall, and three builder's challenges failed,

1260-445: Is the shape that it is. The glass bulbs used, however, have changed in style and design over time. While the main designs have always been ampoule in shape, the bulbs were not always connected. The first hourglasses were two separate bulbs with a cord wrapped at their union that was then coated in wax to hold the piece together and let sand flow in between. It was not until 1760 that both bulbs were blown together to keep moisture out of

1330-499: The Australian Parliament use three hourglasses to time certain procedures , such as divisions . Sand timers are sometimes included with boardgames such as Pictionary and Boggle that place time constraints on rounds of play. Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future , and this has made it an enduring symbol of time as

1400-569: The British Museum in London. Not until the 18th century did John Harrison come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds. Little written evidence exists to explain why its external form

1470-473: The CRTC , requiring that a minimum of the broadcaster's programming be dedicated to programming that is produced by Canadians. In the United Kingdom, most drama and comedy series run for shorter seasons – typically six, seven, or thirteen episodes – and are then replaced by others. An exception is soap operas , which are either on all year-round (for example, EastEnders and Coronation Street ), or are on for

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1540-1386: The Hallmark Channel . Equity Media Holdings had been using low-power television stations to carry its own Retro Television Network in various markets; those stations were, as a result of Equity going bankrupt, sold to religious broadcaster Daystar Television Network . Since the early 2010s, the growth of digital subchannel networks has allowed for increasing specialization of these classic networks: in addition to general-interest program networks such as MeTV , MeTV+ , getTV , Antenna TV and Rewind TV , there exist networks solely for comedies ( Catchy Comedy and Laff ), game shows ( Buzzr ), ethnic-oriented programs ( Bounce TV and TheGrio ), lifestyle and reality programming ( Story Television , TBD , TrueReal , Defy TV , Twist , and Quest ), westerns ( Grit , and Heroes & Icons ), music programming ( Circle ), sports programming ( Stadium and SportsGrid ), sci-fi and action programming ( Comet and Charge! ), true crime and court programming ( True Crime Network , Court TV , Ion Mystery , and Start TV ), news programming ( Newsy ), and feature films ( Movies! , and This TV ). Traditionally, shows most likely to be rerun in this manner are scripted comedies and dramas. Such shows are more likely to be considered evergreen content that can be rerun for

1610-586: The VCR era, this would be the only opportunity audiences had of seeing a program more than once. Seasonal programming such as How the Grinch Stole Christmas , The Ten Commandments , It's A Wonderful Life , or the Charlie Brown television specials are normally reshown each year, for the appropriate holiday season . A television program goes into syndication when many episodes of

1680-654: The black-and-white television era and are promoted as nostalgia. The corresponding radio format would be that of an oldies , classic rock , classic hits , or adult standards station. Depending on the programs chosen for a classic network, running the format can be very inexpensive, due to many shows beginning to fall into the public domain . On cable and satellite, channels that devote at least some of their program schedule to postsyndication reruns include Nick at Nite , TV Land , TBS , USA Network , WGN America , Logo TV , Pop , Discovery Family , Game Show Network , Boomerang , Nicktoons , INSP , fetv , RFD-TV , and

1750-469: The marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from c.  1345 , in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George , in

1820-407: The 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the church, in industry, and in cookery. During the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe, 18 hourglasses from Barcelona were in the ship's inventory, after the trip had been authorized by King Charles I of Spain . It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for

1890-432: The 1950s and 1960s, dropped below 26 (the number of episodes required to fill a time slot for a year without rerunning any episode more than once) in the 1970s. Specials typically pad out the remainder of the schedule. Often, if a television special such as Peter Pan or a network television broadcast of a classic film such as The Wizard of Oz is especially well received, it will be rerun from time to time. Before

1960-442: The 1980s and beyond, it is still expensive to repeat archive television series on British terrestrial television , as new contracts have to be drawn up and payments made to the artists concerned. Repeats on multichannel television are cheaper, as are reshowings of newer programs covered by less strict repeat clauses. However, programs are no longer destroyed, as the historical and cultural reasons for keeping them have now been seen and

2030-510: The 1990s made preservation far more economical) and the Copyright Act of 1976 extended copyright terms to much longer lengths, eliminating the need for renewal. Once a series is no longer performing well enough to be sold in syndication, it may still remain in barter syndication, in which television stations are offered the program for free in exchange for a requirement to air additional advertisements (without compensation) bundled with

2100-477: The Best Sitcoms ever. In 2019, the series was ranked 6th on The Guardian ' s list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century. Early on in the history of British television, agreements with the actors' union Equity and other trade bodies limited the number of times a single program could be broadcast, usually only twice, and these showings were limited to within a set time period such as five years. This

2170-593: The UK (for example, Gold ) repackage and rebroadcast "classic" programming from both sides of the Atlantic. Some of these channels, like their U.S. counterparts, make commercial timing cuts; others get around this by running shows in longer time slots, and critics of timing cuts see no reason why all channels should not do the same. It has been common practice by networks, notably the BBC, to rerun some series after they have not fared particularly well on their original run. This

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2240-527: The United States began making kinescope recordings of shows broadcast live from the East Coast . This allowed the show to be broadcast later for the West Coast . These kinescopes, along with previously filmed shows, and later, videotape , paved the way for extensive reruns of syndicated television series. In the United States, currently running shows rerun older episodes from the same season to fill

2310-658: The WTC Expo convention centre in Leeuwarden to try topping the previous record of 2 years ago, which was at 4,079,381 dominoes toppled. 'Celebrating 10 years of Domino Day - Breaking more World Records than ever' is the central theme of Domino Day 2008. Domino Day celebrates its 10th anniversary this year. Although the second Builder's Challenge failed, the record was broken with 4,345,027 dominoes toppled. Also, 10 additional world records were attempted and successfully broken. These additional world records were: The 2009 event

2380-515: The arrival of satellite , cable, and later, from 1998 on, digital television, although many ITV programs up to the early 1990s, particularly imported programming, were syndicated in the sense that each ITV region bought some programs independently of the ITV Network, and in particular many programs out of primetime made by smaller ITV stations were "part-networked" where some regions would show them and others would not. Nowadays, many channels in

2450-591: The body of the Thunderbird or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a Chuncho jungle dweller. In Zulu textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman. Neolithic examples can be seen among Spanish cave paintings . Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as

2520-428: The bulbs and regulate the pressure within the bulb that varied the flow. While some early hourglasses actually did use silica sand as the granular material to measure time, many did not use sand at all. The material used in most bulbs was "powdered marble , tin / lead oxides, [or] pulverized, burnt eggshell". Over time, different textures of granule matter were tested to see which gave the most constant flow within

2590-413: The bulbs. It was later discovered that for the perfect flow to be achieved the ratio of granule bead to the width of the bulb neck needed to be 1/12 or more but not greater than 1/2 the neck of the bulb. Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From

2660-522: The challenge was completed, but due to incorrect timing the gates did not lift, thus stopping the flow before it reached the fields. Starting in 2006, a series of "Slow Stones" are placed just before the final Builders Challenge. Slow Stones are relatively large, transparent domino stones filled with colored powder, with each Slow Stone containing a different-colored powder. Upon reaching the first Slow Stone, its powder begins to drain (similar to an hourglass ) until it becomes light enough to tip over, hitting

2730-444: The copyright expired; many shows did not even have their copyrights renewed and others were systematically destroyed , such was the lack of awareness of the potential for revenue from them. This situation went unchanged until the mid-1970s, when contracts for new shows extended residual payments for the performers, regardless of the number of reruns, while tape recycling effectively came to an end (rapid advancements in digital video in

2800-450: The fall schedule to see how they fare with the public. These series usually run six to 13 episodes. If they do well with the public, they may get a renewal for a half (13 weeks) or full season in the new schedule. Shows that are already popular return from February sweeps until the end of the season (which sometimes ends before May sweeps) with only limited reruns used. The number of episodes per season, originally well over 30 episodes during

2870-440: The form of trying to bridge the gap(s) in an unfinished setup before the toppling dominoes reach it. For the 2005 event, the dominoes which fell during the third builders challenge were not counted for the record as it was determined that one of the builders restarted the flow of the dominoes after they had stopped due to two being placed too far apart. In the 2006 event the second and third builders challenge were successful in that

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2940-522: The free program during other shows (barter syndication is far more common, if not the norm, in radio, where only the most popular programs charge rights fees). The Program Exchange was once the most prominent barter syndicator in United States television, offering mostly older series from numerous network libraries. Barter syndicated series may be seen on smaller, independent stations with small budgets or as short-term filler on larger stations; they tend not to be as widely syndicated as programs syndicated with

3010-542: The history of the music players, which are: Record Player, Tape Player, CD Player, and MP3 player. Each Builder's Challenge has a field with a number of dominoes with the number 4 At the beginning. The record player challenge field contains 400 dominoes, the tape player challenge has a field of 4,000 dominoes, the CD player challenge contains 40,000 dominoes, and the MP3 player challenge contains 400,000 dominoes. The theme of this year

3080-593: The hourglass is often used as a universal symbol for a time limit or countdown. It visually reinforces the idea that players need to complete the objective within a specific time frame. Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in Native American art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example,

3150-579: The hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra , or water clock , is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE. There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Late Middle Ages ; the first documented example dates from the 14th century, a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti . Use of

3220-410: The hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in

3290-499: The inventors of the rerun. It was first used for the American television series I Love Lucy (1951–57) during Ball's pregnancy. Prior to I Love Lucy rerunning its episodes during the summer, shows typically went on a summer hiatus and were replaced with summer replacements, generally lower-priority programs; this strategy has seen increased use in the 21st century as fewer episodes have been produced each season and in-season reruns have increased. Rod Serling 's 1955 teleplay Patterns

3360-406: The late 1990s primarily due to lack of demand, which had only a DVD set of the first and second seasons released due to the expensiveness of relicensing songs used in later seasons of the series that are performed by the show's two lead characters . In some cases, series whose later season releases have been held up for these reasons may have the remaining seasons made available on DVD, often after

3430-522: The most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, hourglasses using granular materials were not affected by the motion of a ship and less affected by temperature changes (which could cause condensation inside a clepsydra). While hourglasses were insufficiently accurate to be compared against solar noon for the determination of a ship's longitude (as an error of just four minutes would correspond to one degree of longitude), they were sufficiently accurate to be used in conjunction with

3500-461: The next Slow Stone to start its powder draining. The process takes approximately one minute per Slow Stone. The Slow Stones are used as an opportunity to cut to advertising, show highlights from earlier in the show, do interviews, etc. The builders of the last Builders Challenge are also selected during the Slow Stones, and the challenge itself starts after the last Slow Stone has fallen. During

3570-556: The number of dominoes toppled was 4,491,863. The flows for 2009 are: The American Dream, Latin Extravaganza, The African Life, Colors of Europe, Balancing Yin and Yang, Rough Ice, and Sun, Sand, and Sealife. The 1st and 2nd Builder's Challenges contained 25,000 dominoes representing earth and air, the 3rd Builder's Challenge contained 50,000 dominoes representing water, and the 4th Builder's Challenge had 500,000 dominoes representing all of Earth's continents. From 2010, until 2020,

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3640-614: The preparations of Domino Day 2005 on 14 November, with only four days to go until event, a sparrow flew into the building and landed on several domino bricks, eventually causing 23,000 of them (out of 4 million) to fall. The sparrow was eventually shot by a hired exterminator. Outraged by the shooting, animal rights groups took court actions against the exterminator and the Domino Day production company Endemol . Public prosecutors in The Hague opened an investigation and eventually issued

3710-442: The prior season between the end of that season and the beginning of the next. Some television programs that are released on DVD (particularly those that have been out of production for several years) may not have all of the seasons released, either due to poor overall sales or prohibitive costs for obtaining rights to music used in the program; one such incidence is Perfect Strangers , which has seldom been in wide syndication since

3780-459: The program are sold as a package. Generally, the buyer is either a cable channel or an owner of local television stations. Often, programs are not particularly profitable until they are sold for syndication. Since local television stations often need to sell more commercial airtime than network affiliates , syndicated shows are usually edited to make room for extra commercials. Often, about 100 episodes (four to five seasons' worth) are required for

3850-517: The reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345: The same Thomas accounts to have paid at Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9 s. Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3 s. 4 d. Marine sandglasses were popular aboard ships, as they were

3920-434: The retirement and death of creator Charles M. Schulz ). In South Africa , reruns of the daily soap opera 7de Laan and others are called an omnibus. The omnibus is a weekly rerun that is broadcast on a Sunday afternoon on the original channel/network. It only broadcasts the past week's episodes back-to-back. When used to refer to the rebroadcast of a single episode, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz are generally credited as

3990-474: The same issues reality shows face, have found a niche on multichannel television and free ad-supported streaming television. With the rise of the DVD video format, box sets featuring season or series runs of television series have become an increasingly important retail item. Some view this development as a rising new idea in the industry of reruns as an increasingly major revenue source in themselves instead of

4060-785: The ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its zenith . A number of sandglasses could be fixed in a common frame, each with a different operating time, e.g. as in a four-way Italian sandglass likely from the 17th century, in the collections of the Science Museum, in South Kensington, London, which could measure intervals of quarter, half, three-quarters, and one hour (and which were used in churches, for priests and ministers to measure lengths of sermons). While hourglasses are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of

4130-506: The show was officially paused due to financial and organizational problems. On February 3, 2020, EndemolShine Nederland announced Domino Day 2020 through an Instagram post, on 16 June producer EndemolShine announced that the 2020 edition will be postponed to March 2021. On 9 September 2021, Domino Day was postponed to an indefinite date. As of March 2024, no further date has been announced. (* reruns ) Hourglass An hourglass (or sandglass , sand timer , or sand clock )

4200-401: The standard business model as a draw for audiences for advertising. While there were videotape releases of television series before DVD, the format's limited content capacity, large size and reliance on mechanical winding made it impractical as a widespread retail item. Many series which continue to air first-run episodes (such as Modern Family and Grey's Anatomy ) may release DVD sets of

4270-574: The syndication market, which (along with much lower residuals compared to a scripted series with star talent) can also make them cheaper than a first-run program or scripted reruns. Most variants of reality television have proven to be a comparative failure in reruns, due to a number of factors (high cast turnover, loss of the element of surprise, overall hostility toward the format , and lack of media cross-promotion among them); some self-contained and personality-driven reality shows have been successfully rerun. Reruns of sports broadcasts, which face many of

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4340-503: The time slot with the same program during the "off-season" period when no new episodes are being made. Shows tend to start rerunning episodes after the November sweeps period (the ratings that determine the cost of a commercial run during that time slot), and usually show only reruns from mid-December until mid-January or even February sweeps . This winter (or "mid-season") phase is also used to try out new shows that did not make it onto

4410-460: The unsuccessful final challenge to create a bridge of dominoes on a revolving hammer/clock structure to link up with over 400,000 stones. However, it was later revealed that even if this area had fallen, the 2006 record would not have been broken. It was the first time that Domino Day failed to set a new record. On 14 November 2008 the team of Weijers Domino Productions tried to break the world record domino toppling. They set up 4.5 million dominoes in

4480-444: Was 'Falling into Life'. A total of 4,500,000 stones were placed by 85 builders from 12 countries. Only 81.6% of the dominoes fell, resulting in a final count of 3,671,465. The theme,'Falling into Life', represents 9 different topics which are part of our Life: Loving, Having Fun, Dreaming, Communication, Consuming, Letting Go, Growing, Struggling, Traveling. Domino Day 2007 was held on 16 November and appeared to fail mostly because of

4550-527: Was also used in alchemy as a symbol for hour . The former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich in London used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) . The district's successor, the Royal Borough of Greenwich , uses two hourglasses on its coat of arms . Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as

4620-452: Was broadcast in the original timeslot earlier the previous week. It allows viewers who were not able to watch the show in its timeslot to catch up before the next episode is broadcast. The term "rerun" can also be used in some respects as a synonym for " reprint ", the equivalent term for print items; this is especially true for print items that are part of ongoing series such as comic strips . ( Peanuts , for instance, has been in reruns since

4690-472: Was credited with proving reruns' viability. Buoyed by strong word of mouth , the rerun of Patterns drew more viewers than the first run as people who had missed the first airing a month prior tuned in to catch the reairing. In the United States , most television shows from the late 1940s and early 1950s were performed live, and in many cases, they were never recorded. However, television networks in

4760-403: Was due to the unions' fear that the channels filling their schedules with repeats could put actors and other production staff out of work as fewer new shows would be made. It also had the unintentional side effect of causing many programs to be junked after their repeat rights had expired, as they were considered to be of no further use by the broadcasters. Although these agreements changed during

4830-413: Was particularly common with sitcoms such as The Office , which had very low ratings in its first series, as well as a poor reception from both critics and focus groups and was almost cancelled. The series started to gain traction once the BBC decided to repeat it in a different timeslot and The Office went on to be an award-winning and critically acclaimed show which has regularly featured in lists of

4900-399: Was the case with Death Valley Days ) to differentiate the reruns from the first-run episodes. Few people anticipated the long life that a popular television series would eventually have in syndication, so most performers signed contracts that limited residual payments to about six repeats. After that, the actors received nothing and the production company would keep 100% of any income until

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